Antihypertensive therapy prevents new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with isolated systolic hypertension: the LIFE study

References

• Kannel WB, Gordon T, Schwartz MJ. Systolic versus diastolic blood pressure and risk of coronary heart disease. The Framingham study. Am J Cardiol. 1971;27:335–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannel WB, Wolf PA, McGee DL, et al. Systolic blood pressure, arterial rigidity, and risk of stroke. The Framingham Study. JAMA. 1981;245:1225–1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. JAMA 1991;265:3255–3264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002;359:995–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wachtell K, Lehto M, Gerdts E, et al. Angiotensin II receptor blockade reduces new-onset atrial fibrillation and subsequent stroke compared to atenolol: the LIFE Study. JACC 2005;45:712–719.
   Google Scholar
• Okin PM, Wachtell K, Devereux RB, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy and decreased incidence of new-onset atrial fibrillation in hypertensive patients: the LIFE study. JAMA 2006;296:1242–1248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okin PM, Wachtell K, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Incidence of atrial fibrillation in relation to changing heart rate over time in hypertensive patients: the LIFE study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2008;1:337–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjeldsen SE, Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, et al. Effects of losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. A losartan intervention for endpoint reduction (LIFE) substudy. JAMA 2002;288:1491–1498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larstorp ACK, Okin PM, Devereux RB, et al. Regression of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy during antihypertensive therapy and the prediction of major cardiovascular events in patients with isolated systolic hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2011;25:178–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larstorp ACK, Okin PM, Devereux RB, et al. Reduced ECG-LVH during antihypertensive therapy is associated with less new-onset heart failure and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The LIFE study. Am J Hypertens. 2012;25:1101–1109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larstorp ACK, Ariansen I, Gjesdal K, et al. Association of pulse pressure with new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy: the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint (LIFE) reduction in hypertension study. Hypertension. 2012;60:347–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlöf B, Devereux R, de Faire U, et al. The Losartan Intervention for Endpoint reduction (LIFE) in Hypertension study: rationale, design, and methods. The LIFE Study Group. Am J Hypertens. 1997;10:705–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, Julius S, et al. Characteristics of 9194 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. Losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension. Hypertension. 1998;32:989–997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjeldsen SE, Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, et al. Lowering of blood pressure and predictors of response in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. Losartan Intervention for Endpoint. Am J Hypertens. 2000;13:899–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molloy TJ, Okin PM, Devereux RB, et al. Electrocardiographic detection of left ventricular hypertrophy by the simple QRS voltage-duration product. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20:1180–1186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okin PM, Roman MJ, Devereux RB, et al. Electrocardiographic identification of increased left ventricular mass by simple voltage-duration products. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:417–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okin PM, Roman MJ, Devereux RB, et al. Time-voltage QRS area of the 12-lead electrocardiogram: detection of left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension. 1998;31:937–942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokolow M, Lyon TP. The ventricular complex in left ventricular hypertrophy as obtained by unipolar precordial and limb leads. Am Heart J. 1949;37:161–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox DR. Regression models and life-tables. J R Stat Soc B. 1972;34:187–220.
   Google Scholar
• Kalbfleisch JD, Prentice RL. The statistical analysis of failure time data. New York (NY): John Wiley & Sons; 1980.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan EL, Meier P. Nonparametric estimation from incomplete observations. J Am Stat Assoc. 1958;53:457–481.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd-Jones DM, Wang TJ, Leip EP, et al. Lifetime risk for development of atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2004;110:1042–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2012;125:e2–e220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heeringa J, van der Kuip DA, Hofman A, et al. Prevalence, incidence and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation: the Rotterdam study. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:949–953.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khairallah F, Ezzedine R, Ganz LI, et al. Epidemiology and determinants of outcome of admissions for atrial fibrillation in the United States from 1996 to 2001. Am J Cardiol. 2004;94:500–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Vaziri SM, et al. Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort. The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 1994;271:840–844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psaty BM, Manolio TA, Kuller LH, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for atrial fibrillation in older adults. Circulation 1997;96:2455–2461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang TJ, Parise H, Levy D, et al. Obesity and the risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA 2004;292:2471–2477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke 1991;22:983–988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Go AS. The epidemiology of atrial fibrillation in elderly persons: the tip of the iceberg. Am J Geriatr Cardiol. 2005;14:56–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benjamin EJ, Wolf PA, D’Agostino RB, et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1998;98:946–952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aksnes TA, Flaa A, Strand A, et al. Prevention of new-onset atrial fibrillation and its predictors with angiotensin II-receptor blockers in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. J Hypertens. 2007;25:15–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huxley RR, Lopez FL, Folsom AR, et al. Absolute and attributable risks of atrial fibrillation in relation to optimal and borderline risk factors: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Circulation 2011;123:1501–1508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aviv A. Hypothesis: pulse pressure and human longevity. Hypertension. 2001;37:1060–1066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darne B, Girerd X, Safar M, et al. Pulsatile versus steady component of blood pressure: a cross-sectional analysis and a prospective analysis on cardiovascular mortality. Hypertension 1989;13:392–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin SS, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Belle SH, et al. The importance of pulsatile components of hypertension in predicting carotid stenosis in older adults. J Hypertens. 1997;15:1143–1150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaziri SM, Larson MG, Lauer MS, et al. Influence of blood pressure on left atrial size. The Framingham Heart Study. Hypertension. 1995;25:1155–1160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouthier JD, De Luca N, Safar ME, et al. Cardiac hypertrophy and arterial distensibility in essential hypertension. Am Heart J. 1985;109:1345–1352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutouyrie P, Laurent S, Girerd X, et al. Common carotid artery stiffness and patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 1995;25:651–659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerdts E, Papademetriou V, Palmieri V, et al. Correlates of pulse pressure reduction during antihypertensive treatment (losartan or atenolol) in hypertensive patients with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy (the LIFE study). Am J Cardiol. 2002;89:399–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurent S, Briet M, Boutouyrie P. Large and small artery cross-talk and recent morbidity-mortality trials in hypertension. Hypertension. 2009;54:388–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benetos A, Rudnichi A, Safar M, et al. Pulse pressure and cardiovascular mortality in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Hypertension. 1998;32:560–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domanski MJ, Davis BR, Pfeffer MA, et al. Isolated systolic hypertension: prognostic information provided by pulse pressure. Hypertension. 1999;34:375–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millar JA, Lever AF. Implications of pulse pressure as a predictor of cardiac risk in patients with hypertension. Hypertension 2000;36:907–911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin SS, Khan SA, Wong ND, et al. Is pulse pressure useful in predicting risk for coronary heart disease? The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1999;100:354–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaccarino V, Berger AK, Abramson J, et al. Pulse pressure and risk of cardiovascular events in the systolic hypertension in the elderly program. Am J Cardiol. 2001;88:980–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glynn RJ, Chae CU, Guralnik JM, et al. Pulse pressure and mortality in older people. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2765–2772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khattar RS, Swales JD, Dore C, et al. Effect of aging on the prognostic significance of ambulatory systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressure in essential hypertension. Circulation 2001;104:783–789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fyhrquist F, Dahlöf B, Devereux RB, et al. Pulse pressure and effects of losartan or atenolol in patients with hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. Hypertension. 2005;45:580–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roman MJ, Devereux RB, Kizer JR, et al. Central pressure more strongly relates to vascular disease and outcome than does brachial pressure: the Strong Heart Study. Hypertension 2007;50:197–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar