RAS-challenge as a first-look test for detection of primary aldosteronism in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension

References

• Rossi GP, Bernini G, Caliumi C, et al. A prospective study of the prevalence of primary aldosteronism in 1,125 hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(11):2293–2300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monticone S, Burrello J, Tizzani D, et al. Prevalence and clinical manifestations of primary aldosteronism encountered in primary care practice. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(14):1811–1820.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hundemer GL, Curhan GC, Yozamp N, et al. Cardiometabolic outcomes and mortality in medically treated primary aldosteronism: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(1):51–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen JB, Cohen DL, Herman DS, et al. Testing for primary aldosteronism and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist use among u.s. veterans a retrospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(3):289–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulatero P, Monticone S, Burrello J, et al. Guidelines for primary aldosteronism: uptake by primary care physicians in Europe. J Hypertens. 2016;34(11):2253–2257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funder JW, Carey RM, Mantero F, et al. The management of primary aldosteronism: case detection, diagnosis, and treatment: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(5):1889–1916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rye P, Chin A, Pasieka J, et al. Unadjusted plasma renin activity as a “First-Look” test to decide Upon further investigations for primary aldosteronism. J Clin Hypertens. 2015;17(7):541–546.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulatero P, Rabbia F, Milan A, et al. Drug effects on aldosterone/plasma renin activity ratio in primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2002;40(6):897–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi GP, Bisogni V, Bacca AV, et al. The 2020 italian society of arterial hypertension (SIIA) practical guidelines for the management of primary aldosteronism. Int J Cardiol Hypertens. 2020;5:100029.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Funder JW. Primary aldosteronism: the next decade. Hypertension. 2020;76(2):325–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monticone S, Losano I, Tetti M, et al. Diagnostic approach to low-renin hypertension. Clin Endocrinol. 2018;89(4):385–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism: changing definitions and new concepts of physiology and pathophysiology both Inside and Outside the kidney. Physiol Rev. 2016;96(4):1327–1384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(33):3021–3104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L, Kim SM, Eisner C, et al. Stimulation of renin secretion by angiotensin II blockade is gsα-dependent. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21(6):986–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams B, Macdonald TM, Morant S, et al. Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATHWAY-2): A randomised, double-blind, crossover trial. Lancet. 2015;386(10008):2059–2068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams B, MacDonald TM, Morant SV, et al. Endocrine and haemodynamic changes in resistant hypertension, and blood pressure responses to spironolactone or amiloride: the PATHWAY-2 mechanisms substudies. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(6):464–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi GP, Auchus RJ, Brown M, et al. An expert consensus statement on use of adrenal vein sampling for the subtyping of primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2014;63(1):151–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker LS, Hinrichs MH, Werncke T, et al. Adrenal venous sampling in primary hyperaldosteronism: correlation of hormone indices and collimated C-arm CT findings. Abdom Radiol. 2021;46(7):3471–3481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stowasser M, Gordon RD. Primary aldosteronism – careful investigation is essential and rewarding. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2004;217(1–2):33–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Boer RA, Schroten NF, Bakker SJL, et al. Plasma renin and outcome in the community: data from PREVEND. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(18):2351–2359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo Z, Poglitsch M, Cowley D, et al. Effects of ramipril on the aldosterone/renin ratio and the aldosterone/angiotensin II ratio in patients with primary aldosteronism. Hypertension. 2020;76(2):488–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi GP, Ceolotto G, Rossitto G, et al. Effects of mineralocorticoid and AT1 receptor antagonism on the aldosterone-renin ratio in primary aldosteronism-the EMIRA study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(6):2060–2067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cesari M, Ceolotto G, Rossitto G, et al. The intra-procedural cortisol assay during adrenal vein sampling: rationale and design of a randomized study (I-Padua). High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2017;24(2):167–170.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yoneda T, Karashima S, Kometani M, et al. Impact of new quick gold nanoparticle-based cortisol assay during adrenal vein sampling for primary aldosteronism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(6):2554–2561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown JM, Siddiqui M, Calhoun DA, et al. The unrecognized prevalence of primary aldosteronism: a cross-sectional study. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(1):10–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnier M, Egan BM. Adherence in hypertension: a review of prevalence, risk factors, impact, and management. Circ Res. 2019;124(7):1124–1140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar