178
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Article

Left ventricular hypertrophy regression with antihypertensive treatment: focus on candesartan

, &
Pages 5-15 | Published online: 08 Jul 2009

References

  • Frohlich ED, Apstein C, Chobanian AM, et al. The heart in hypertension. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 998–1008.
  • Shapiro LM. Physiological left ventricular hypertrophy. Br Heart J 1984; 52: 130–5.
  • Ghali JK, Liao Y, Simmons B, et al. The prognostic role of left ventricular hypertrophy in patiemts with or without coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 831–6.
  • Liao Y, Cooper RS, McGee DL, Mensah GA, Ghali JK. The relative effects of left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, and ventricular dysfunction on survival among black adults. JAMA 1995; 273: 1592–7.
  • Koren MJ, Devereux RB, Casale PN, Savage DD, Laragh JH. Relation of left ventricular mass and geometry to morbidity and mortality in uncomplicated essential hyper-tension. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 345–52.
  • Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically deter-mined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Study. N Engl J Med 1990; 322: 1561–6.
  • Devereux RB, Roman MJ. Cardiac structure and function in hypertension. In Zanchetti A, Mancia G, editors. Pathophy-siology of hypertension. Handbook of hypertension. Am-sterdam: Elsevier, 1997; 17: 58–116.
  • Peters NS. The geometry of ventricular myocardium: myocite interconnections and the interstitial tissues. In Sheridan DJ, editor. Left ventricular hypertrophy. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1998: 45–60.
  • Frohlich ED. Risk mechanisms in hypertensive heart disease. Hypertension 1999; 34: 782–9.
  • Scheier S, Wolfgang M, Strauer BE. Mechanisms of angina pectoris with essential hypertension and normal epicardial arteries by arteriogram. Am J Cardiol 1994; 73: 478–82.
  • Brilla CG, Janicki JS, Weber KT. Impaired diastolic function and coronary reserve in genetic hypertension: role of interstitial fibrosis and medial thickening of intramyo-cardial coronary arteries. Circ Res 1991; 69: 107–15.
  • Hennersdorf MG, Strauer BE. Arterial hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 167–77.
  • Weber KT, Brilla CG. Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstitium. Fibrosis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Circulation 1991; 88: 1849–65.
  • Johnston CI. Renin-angiotensin system a dual tissue and hormonal system for cardiovascular control. J Hypertens 1992; 10 Suppl 7: 513–26.
  • Weinberg MS, Wiemberg AJ, Zappe DH. Effectively targetting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in cardiovascular and renal disease: rationale for using angiotensin II receptor blockers in combination with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. JRAAS 2000; 1: 217–33.
  • Schmieder RE, Messerli FH, Garavaglia GE, Nunez B. Does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system modify cardiac structure and function in essential hypertension? Am J Med 1988; 84 Suppl A: 136–9.
  • Schmieder RE, Langenfeld MRV, Friedrich A, et al. Angiotensin II related to sodium excretion modulates left ventricular structure in human essential hypertension. Circulation 1996; 94: 1304–9.
  • Pitt B. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with hypertension. Blockade of renin-angiotensin-aldoster-one system. Circulation 1998; 98: 1987–9.
  • Remuzzi G, Ruggenenti P, Perico N. Chronic renal disease: renoprotective benefits of renin-angiotensin system inhibi-tion. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136: 604–15.
  • Kang PM, Landau AJ, Eberhardt RT, Frishman WH. Angiotensin II receptor antagonists: a new approach to blockade of the renin-angiotensin system. Am Heart J 1994; 127: 1388–421.
  • Gavras H, Brunner HR. Role of angiotensin and its inhibition in hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and heart failure. Hypertension 2001; 37 (part 2): 342–5.
  • Burnier M. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers. Circulation 2001; 103: 904–12.
  • Liu JE, Devereux RB. Clinical assessment of cardiac hypertrophy. In: Sheridan DJ, editor. Left ventricular hypertrophy. London: Churchill Livingstone, 1998: 11–16.
  • Kannel WB, Dannenberg AL, Levy D. Population implica-tions of electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60: 851?.
  • German P, Roul G, Kastler B, Mossard JM, Bareiss P, Sacrez A. Inter-study variability in left ventricular mass measurement. Comparison between M-mode echocardio-graphy and MRI. Eur Heart J 1992; 13: 1016–19.
  • Levy D, Lahib SB, Anderson KM, Christianzen JC, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. Determinants of sensitivity and specificity of electrocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hyper-trophy. Circulation 1990; 81: 815–20.
  • Devereux RB, Casale PW, Eisemberg RR, Miller DH, Kligfield P. Electrocardiographic detection of left ventri-cular hypertrophy using echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass as the reference standard. J Am Coll Cardiol 1984; 3: 82–7.
  • Liebson PR, Grandits G, Prineas R, et al. Echocardiographic correlates of left ventricular structure among 844 mildly hypertensive men and women in the treatment of mild hypertension study (THOMS). Circulation 1993; 87: 476–86.
  • Zabalgoitia M. Left ventricular mass and function in primary hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1996; 9: S55–9.
  • Gamble G, MacMahon S, Culpan A, Ciobo C, Whalley G, Sharpe M. Atherosclerosis and left ventricular hypertrophy: persisting problems in treated hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 1998; 16: 1389–95.
  • Cuspidi C, Macca G, Sampieri L, et al. High prevalence of cardiac and extracardiac target organ damage in refractory hypertension. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 2063–70.
  • Hammond IW, Devereux RB, Alderman MH, et al. The prevalence and correlation of echocardiographic left ven-tricular hypertrophy among employed patients with un-complicated hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 7: 639–50.
  • Coca A, Gabriel R, de la Figuera M, et al on behalf of the VITAE Investigators. The impact of different echocardio-graphic diagnostic criteria on the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. The VITAE study. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 1471–80.
  • Wachtell K, Belle NJ, Lieb son PR, et al. Impact of different partition values on prevalence of left ventricular hypertro-phy and concentric geometry in a large hypertensive population in the LIFE study. Hypertension 2000; 35: 6–12.
  • Ganau A, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, et al. Patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric remodelling in essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 19: 1550–8.
  • Koren MJ, et al. Relation of left ventricular mass and geometry to morbidity and mortality in uncomplicated essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med 1991; 114: 345–52.
  • Krumholz HM, Larson M, Levy D. Prognosis of left ventricular geometric patterns in the Framingham Heart Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 879–84.
  • Shigematsu Y, et al. Left ventricular geometry as an independent predictor for extracardiac target organ damage in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1998; 11: 1171–7.
  • The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Diagnosis, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The JNC 7 Report. JAMA 2003; 289: 2560–72.
  • 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Guidelines Committee. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 1011–53.
  • Guidelines Subcommittee. 1999 World Health Organiza-tion-International Society of Hypertension. Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. J Hypertens 1999; 17: 151–83.
  • Chalmers J. Enhancing risk stratification in hypertensive subjects: how far should we go in routine screening for target organ damage? J Hypertens 2002; 20: 1255–7.
  • Cuspidi C, Ambrosioni E, Mancia G, Pessina A, Trimarco B, Zanchetti A. The role of echocardiography and carotid ultrasonography in stratifying risk in patients with essential hypertension: the APROS Study (Assessment of Prognostic Risk Observational Survey). J Hypertens 2002; 20: 1307–14.
  • Abergel E, Chatellier G, Battaglia C, Menard J. Can echocardiography identify mildly hypertensive patients at high risk left untreated based on current guidelines? J Hypertens 1999; 17: 817–24.
  • Cuspidi C, Lonati L, Macca G, et al. Cardiovascular risk stratification in hypertensive patients: impact of echocardiography and carotid ultrasonography. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 375–80.
  • Leoncini G, Sacchi G, Viazzi F, Rovera M, Parodi D, Rotto E, et al. Microalbuminuria identifies overall cardiovascular risk in essential hypertension: an artificial neural network-based approach. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 1315–21.
  • Schillaci G, de Simone G, Reboldi G, Porcellati C, Devereux RB, Verdecchia P. Change in cardiovascular risk profile by echocardiography in low-or medium-risk hypertension. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 1519–25.
  • Cuspidi C, Michev I, Severgnini B, et al. Change in cardiovascular risk-profile by echocardiography in medium-risk elderly hypertensives. J Hum Hypertens 2003; 17: 101–6.
  • Perlini S, Muiesan ML, Cuspidi C, et al. Midwall mechanics are improved after regression of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy and normalization of chamber geometry. Circulation 2001; 103: 678–83.
  • Trimarco B, De Luca N, Ricciardelli B, et al. Cardiac function in systemic hypertension before and reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62: 745–50.
  • Messerli FH, Ventura HO, Elizardi DJ, Dunn FG, Frohlich ED. Hypertension and sudden death: disparate effects of calcium entry blocker and diuretic therapy on cardiac disrhythmias. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 1265–7.
  • Kannel WB. Left ventricular hypertrophy as a risk factor in arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J 1992; 13 Suppl D: 82–8.
  • Grassi G, Giannattasio C, Cleroux J, Cuspidi C, Sampieri L, Mancia G. Cardiopulmonary reflex before and after regres-sion of letf ventricular hypertrophy in essential hyperten-sion. Hypertension 1988; 12: 227–31.
  • Levy D, Salomon M, D'Agostino RB, et al. Prognostic implications of baseline electrocardiographic features and their serial changes in subjects with electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 1995; 90: 1786–93.
  • Mathew J, Sleight P, Lonn E, et al. Reduction of cardiovascular risk by regression of electrocardiographic markers of left ventricular hypertrophy by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ramipril. Circulation 2001; 104: 1615–21.
  • Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE) a rando-mised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002; 359: 995–1003.
  • Koren MJ, Savage DD, Casale PN, Laragh JH, Devereux RB. Changes in left ventricular mass predict risk in essential hypertension. Circulation, 1990; 82 Suppl III: 111129 (Abstract).
  • Yurenev AP, Dyakonova HG, Novikov ID, et al. Manage-ment of essential hypertension in patients with different degrees of left ventricular hypertrophy multicenter trial. Am J Hypertens 1992; 5 Suppl: 5182–9.
  • Muiesan ML, Salvetti M, Rizzoni D, Castellano M, Donato F, Agabiti-Rosei E. Association of change in LV mass with prognosis during long-term antihypertensive treatment. J Hypertens 1995; 13: 1091–5.
  • Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, et al. Prognostic significance of serial change in left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Circulation 1998; 97: 48–54.
  • Dahlof B, Pennert K, Hansson L. Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients: a meta-analysis of 109 treatment studies. Am J Hypertens 1992; 5: 95–110.
  • Cruickshank JM, Lewis J, Moor EU, Dodd C. Reversibility of left ventricular hypertrophy by different types of antihypertensive therapy. J Hum Hypertens 1992; 6: 85–95.
  • Schmieder RE, Martus P, Klinbeil AU. Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. A meta-analysis of randomized double-blind studies. JAMA 1996; 275: 1507–13.
  • Schmieder RE, Schlaich MF, Klinbeil AU, Martus P. Update on reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension (a meta-analysis of all randomized double-blind studies until 1998). Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13: 564–9.
  • Jennings G, Wong J. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy: changing patterns with successive meta-analysis. J Hypertens 1998; 16 Suppl 6: S29–34.
  • Gosse P, Sheridan DJ, Zannad F, et al. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients treated with indapamide SR 1.5 versus enalapril 20 mg: the LIVE study. J Hypertens 2000; 18: 1465–75.
  • Devereux RB, Palmieri V, Sharpe N, et al. Effects of once-daily angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and calcium channel blockade-based antihypertensive treatment regi-mens on left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic filling in hypertension. The Prospective Randomized Enalapril Study Evaluating Regression of Ventricular Enlargement (PRE-SERVE) Trial. Circulation 2001; 104: 1248–54.
  • Terpstra WF, May JF, Smit AJ, et al. Long- term effects of amlodipine and lisinopril on left ventricular mass and diastolic function in elderly, previously untreated hyperten-sive patients: the ELVERA trial. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 303–9.
  • Zanchetti A, Ruilope LM, Cuspidi C, Macca G, Verschueren J, W, Karselaers W. Comparatiive effects of the ACE-inhibitor fosinopril and the calcium antagonist amlodipine on left ventricular hypertrophy and urinary albumin excretion in hypertensive patients: results of FOAM, a multicenter European study. J Hypertens 2001; 19 Suppl 2: S92 (Abstract).
  • Dahlof B. Left ventricular hypertrophy and angiotensin II antagonists. Am J Hypertens 2001; 14: 174–82.
  • Tedesco MA, Ratti G, Aqumio D, et al. The effectiveness and tolerability of losartan and effect on left ventricular mass in patients with essential hypertension. Cardiologia 1998; 43: 53–9.
  • Malmqvist K, Kahan T, Edner M, et al. Regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in human hypertension with irbe-sartan. J Hypertens 2001; 19: 1167–76.
  • Dahlof B, Zanchetti A, Diez J, et al. Effects of losartan and atenolol on left ventricular mass and neurohormonal profile in patients with essential hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. J Hypertens 2002; 20: 1855–64.
  • Rizzoni D, Porteri E, Bettoni G, et al. Effects of candesartan cilexetil and enalapril on structural alterations and endothe-lial function in small resistance arterioles of spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1998; 32: 798–806.
  • Mitsunami K, Inone S, Maeda K, et al. Three-month effects of candesartan cilexetil, an angiotensin II type 1 (AT 1) receptor antagonist, on left ventricular mass and hemody-namics in patients with essential hypertension. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1998; 12: 469–74.
  • Spratt JC, Webb DJ, Shiels A, William B. Effects of candesartan on cardiac and arterial structure and function in hypertensive subjects. RAAS 2001; 2: 227–32.
  • Caruso D, D'Isanto F, Maglione R, et al. Candesartan vs hydrochlorothiazide improves diastolic function in mild-to-moderate essential hypertension. J Hypertens 2001; 18 Suppl 2: S153.
  • Cuspidi C, Muiesan ML, Valagussa L, et al. Comparative effects of candesartan and enalapril on left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with essential hypertension in treatment of cardiac hypertrophy (CATCH) study. J Hypertens 2002: 2293–300.
  • Villatico-Campbell S, Rizzo V, Di Maio F, Perritto F, Camerini G, Marigliano V. Antihypertensive therapy with losartan and fosinopril: efficacy in left ventricular hyper-trophy regression. J Am Hypertens 1998; 11: 125A (Abstract).
  • Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Reboldi GP, et al. Long-term effects of losartan and enalapril alone or with a diuretic, on ambulatory blood pressure and cardiac performance in hypertension: a case control study. Blood Press Monit 2000; 5: 187–93.
  • Klingbeil AU, Schneider M, Martus P, Messerli FH, Schmieder RE. A meta-analysis of the effects of treatment on left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Am J Med 2003; 115: 41–46.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.