401
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

‘State-Security First’ and the Militarization of Development: Local Perceptions on Post-Conflict Reconstruction Policies in Pakistan’s Tribal Areas (2015–2019)

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Ahmad, J., S. Devarajan, S. Khemani and S. Shah, 2005, Decentralization and Service Delivery, Washington, DC: The World Bank.
  • Alkire, S., 2003, A Conceptual Framework for Human Security. Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford, Working Paper (2).
  • Barakat, S., 2009, ‘The failed promise of multi-donor trust funds: Aid financing as an impediment to effective state-building in post-conflict contexts’, Policy Studies, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 107–126.
  • Beall, J., T. Goodfellow and J. Putzel, 2006, ‘Introductory article: On the discourse of terrorism, security and development’, Journal of International Development, Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 51–67.
  • Booth, K., 1991, ‘Security and emancipation’, Review of International Studies, Vol. 17, No. 04, pp. 313–326.
  • Brown, K. and J. Tirnauer, 2009, Trends in US Foreign Assistance Over the Past Decade, Washington, DC: USAID.
  • Bryman, A., 2008, Social Research Methods, 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Caplan, R., 2005, International Governance of War-Torn Territories: Rule and Reconstruction, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Chambers, R., 1995, ‘Poverty and livelihoods: Whose reality counts?’, Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 173–204.
  • Chambers, R., 1997, Whose Reality Counts? Putting the First Last, London: Intermediate technology publications.
  • Chambers, R., 2004, Ideas for Development: Reflecting Forwards, Sussex: Institute of Development Studies. Working Paper (238).
  • Christian Aid, C., 2004, The Politics of Poverty: Aid in the New Cold War, London: Christian Aid.
  • Cleaver, F., 1999, ‘Paradoxes of participation: Questioning participatory approaches to development’, Journal of International Development: The Journal of the Development Studies Association, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 597–612.
  • Cliffe, S., S. Guggenheim and M. Kostner, 2003, Community-driven Reconstruction as an Instrument in War-to-Peace Transitions. Social Development Papers. Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction Series; no. CPR 7, Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Cornwall, A., 2003, ‘Whose voices? Whose choices? Reflections on gender and participatory development’, World Development, Vol. 31, No. 8, pp. 1325–1342.
  • Cornwall, A., 2004, Spaces for transformation? Reflections on issues of power and difference in participation in development, in Samuel Hickey and Giles Mohan, eds, Participation: From Tyranny to Transformation, London: Zed Books, pp. 75–91.
  • Dawar, A. I., 2020a, ‘Are you a spy? On the inconveniences of conventional methodology in terror wrap ethnography’, Qualitative Research Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 29–39.
  • Dawar, A. I., 2020b, ‘Geopolitics, identity, and discourse analysis of conflict in Pakistan’s tribal areas’, Geopolitics Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 56, pp. 122–145.
  • Dawn, 2015, Is North Waziristan Ready to be Called Home?, Islamabad: Dawn. http://www.dawn.com/news/1208610.
  • De Coning, C., 2013, ‘Understanding peacebuilding as essentially local’, Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 1–6.
  • DFID, 2010, Building Peaceful State and Societies, UK: Department for International Development.
  • Donini, A., 2010, Afghanistan: Humanitarianism Unraveled?, Boston, MA: Tufts University.
  • Duffield, M., 2001, Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and Security, London: Zed Books Ltd.
  • Duffield, M., 2007, Development, Security and Unending War: Governing the World of Peoples, Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Edwards, M., 1993, How relevant is development studies, in F. J. Schuurman, ed, Beyond the Impasse: New Directions in Development Theory, London: Zed Books, pp. 77–91.
  • Egnell, R., 2010, ‘Winning ‘hearts and minds’? A critical analysis of counter-insurgency operations in Afghanistan’, Civil Wars, Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 282–303.
  • Fast, L., 2014, Aid in Danger: The Perils and Promise of Humanitarianism, Philadelphia, US: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • FATA Secretariat, 2015, FATA Sustainable Return and Rehabilitation Strategy, Peshawar: FATA Secretariat, Government of Pakistan.
  • Firaq, F., 2017, ‘The real problem of North Waziristan,’ Voice of America, Deewa Radio. http://www.voadeewaradio.com/.
  • Friedmann, J., 1992, Empowerment: The Politics of Alternative Development, Oxford: Willys, Blackwell.
  • Gray, D. E., 2013, Doing Research in the Real World, London: Sage Publication Inc.
  • Grix, J., 2002, ‘Introducing students to the generic terminology of social research’, Politics, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 175–186.
  • Hameed, N., 2015, Struggling IDPS of North Waziristan in the wake of operation ZARB-E-AZB, Islamabad: National Defence University Journal, XXIX.
  • Hasselskog, M., 2016, ‘Participation or what? local experiences and perceptions of household performance contracting in Rwanda’, Forum for Development Studies, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 177–199.
  • Hickey, S. and G. Mohan, 2004, Participation – from Tyranny to Transformation?: Exploring new Approaches to Participation in Development, UK: Zed books.
  • Hilhorst, D., I. Christoplos and G. Van Der Haar, 2010, ‘Reconstruction ‘from below’: A new magic bullet or shooting from the hip?’, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 7, pp. 1107–1124.
  • Hoogensen, G., 2012, ‘Security by any other name: Negative security, positive security, and a multi-actor security approach’, Review of International Studies, Vol. 38, No. 04, pp. 835–859.
  • Hoogensen, G. and K. Stuvøy, 2006, ‘Gender, resistance and human security’, Security Dialogue, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 207–228.
  • Howell, J., 2014, ‘The securitisation of NGOs post-9/11’, Conflict, Security & Development, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 151–179.
  • ICG, 2006, Pakistan's Tribal Areas: Appeasing the Militants. Asia Report N°125, International Crisis Group, Switzerland: ETH Zurich.
  • Khan, K. S. and I. L. Nyborg, 2013, ‘False promises false hopes: Local perspectives on liberal peace building in north-western Pakistan’, Forum for Development Studies, Vol. 40, No. 2, pp. 261–284.
  • King, G. and C. J. Murray, 2001, ‘Rethinking human security’, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 116, No. 4, pp. 585–610.
  • Kothari, U., 2001, Power, knowledge and social control in participatory development, in B. Cooke and U. Kothari, eds, Participation: The New Tyranny, London and New York: Zed Books, pp. 139–152.
  • Kyamusugulwa, P. M., 2013, ‘Local ownership in community-driven reconstruction in the democratic Republic of Congo’, Community Development, Vol. 44, No. 3, pp. 364–385.
  • Lawson, B. S., 2011, Developing stability: Community-driven development and reconstruction in conflict-affected settings. Doctoral Dissertation, The Pardee RAND Graduate School.
  • Lederach, J. P., 1997, Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies, Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
  • Lund, M., 2003, What kind of peace is being built? Taking stock of post-conflict peacebuilding and charting future directions. Paper presented on the 10th Anniversary of Agenda for Peace, International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada, p. 18.
  • Madlingozi, T., 2010, ‘On transitional justice entrepreneurs and the production of victims’, Journal of Human Rights Practice, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 208–228.
  • Mansuri, G. and V. Rao, 2004, ‘Community-based and-driven development: A critical review’, The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 1–39.
  • Mohan, G. and K. Stokke, 2000, ‘Participatory development and empowerment: The dangers of localism’, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 247–268.
  • Nelson, N. and S. Wright, 1995, Power and Participatory Development: Theory and Practice, London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
  • Nyamu-Musembi, C. and A. Cornwall, 2004, What is the “Rights-Based Approach” all About?: Perspectives from International Development Agencies, UK: Institute of Development Studies. Working paper (234).
  • OECD, 1993, Orientation on Participatory Development and Good Governance, Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
  • PCNA, 2010, Post Crises Need Assessment. Retrieved from Asian Development Bank, http://www.pcnafata.gov.pk/images/documents/downloads/PCNA_Final_Report_sep_2011.pdf (accessed: March 12, 2018).
  • Pretty, J. N., 1995, ‘Participatory learning for sustainable agriculture’, World Development, Vol. 23, No. 8, pp. 1247–1263.
  • Rashid, A., 2009, Descent Into Chaos: The World's Most Unstable Region and the Threat to Global Security, London: Penguin.
  • Richmond, O., 2010, ‘Resistance and the post-liberal Peace’, Millennium-Journal of International Studies, Vol. 38, No. 3, pp. 665–692.
  • Robins, S., 2013, ‘An empirical approach to post-conflict legitimacy: Victims’ needs and the everyday’, Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 45–64.
  • Roe, P., 2008, ‘The ‘value’of positive security’, Review of International Studies, Vol. 34, No. 04, pp. 777–794.
  • Sabaratnam, M., 2011, Re-thinking the Liberal Peace: Anti-Colonial Thought and Post-war Intervention in Mozambique. (Doctor of Philosophy), London: The London School of Economics and Political Science.
  • Saeed Khan, K., 2019, ‘Analysing local perceptions of post-conflict and post-floods livelihood interventions in swat, Pakistan’, Development Policy Review, Vol. 37, No. S2, pp. O274–O292.
  • Schirch, L., 2013, Conflict Assessment and Peacebuilding Planning: Toward a Participatory Approach to Human Security, Boulder& London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.
  • Schirch, L., A. Rafiee, N. Sakhi and M. Vardak, 2011, Designing a Comprehensive Peace Process for Afghanistan, Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace.
  • Shanmugaratnam, N., 2008, Between war & Peace in Sudan & Sri Lanka: Deprivation & Livelihood Revival, London: James Currey.
  • Sheikh, M. K., 2012, ‘Sacred pillars of violence: Findings from a study of the Pakistani Taliban’, Politics, Religion & Ideology, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 439–454.
  • Siddique, A., 2014, The Pashtun Question: The Unresolved Key to the Future of Pakistan and Afghanistan, London: Hurst.
  • Spear, J. and P. D. Williams, 2012, Security and Development in Global Politics: A Critical Comparison, Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
  • Stacey, K. and B. Farhan, 2017, ‘Pakistan orders expulsion of 29 International NGOs’, Financial Times, https://www.ft.com/content/15d38124-de54-11e7-a8a4-0a1e63a52f9c.
  • Tadjbakhsh, S., 2005, Human Security: Concept and Implications, with an Application to Post-Interventions Challenges in Afghanistan, Paris: "Science Po" Center for International Studies. (N° 117–118).
  • Tadjbakhsh, S. and A. Chenoy, 2007, Human Security: Concepts and Implications, London and New York: Routledge.
  • UNOCHA, 2014, Pakistan: North Waziristan Displacements, Pakistan: UNOCHA.
  • UNOCHA, 2016, Livelihood and Food Security Assessment Under Multi-Cluster Assessment for IDPs and Returnees, Islamabad. Retrieved from UNOCHA. https://fscluster.org/sites/default/files/documents/livelihood_and_food_security-final.pdf.
  • Ware, A., 2011, Context Sensitive Development: How International NGO's Operate in Myanmar (Doctor of Philosophy), Melbourne: Deakin University.
  • World Bank, 2006, Community-Driven Development in the Context of Conflict-Affected Countries: Challenges and Opportunities, Washington, DC: World Bank, Social Development Department.
  • Yanow, D. and P. Schwartz-Shea, 2015, Interpretation and Method: Empirical Research Methods and the Interpretive Turn, London and New York: Routledge.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.