2,424
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Citizenship Matters: Explorations into the Citizen-State Relationship in Africa

References

  • Adekanye, J. B., 1995, ‘Structural adjustment, democratization and rising ethnic tensions in Africa’, Development and Change, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 355–374.
  • Adisa, J., 2017, The African Union perspective on the diaspora, in J. Mangala, ed, Africa and Its Global Diaspora, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 39–57.
  • AfDB (African Development Bank), 2020, African Economic Outlook 2020: Developing Africa’s Workforce for the Future, African Development Bank, https://www.afdb.org/en/knowledge/publications/african-economic-outlook.
  • Agbu, O. A., 2011, Ethnicity and Democratisation in Africa. Challenges for Politics and Development, Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, http://nai.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf.
  • Anderson, B., 1983, Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, London: Verso (re-published in revised editions 1991 and 2006).
  • Asideu, M., 2017, ‘The Single African Passport - Curb the Enthusiasm, Challenges Abound’, E-International Relations’, 17 May, https://www.e-ir.info/2017/05/17/the-single-african-passport-curb-the-enthusiasm-challenges-abound/.
  • Atabong, A. B., 2020, ‘African countries are having to come to terms with a growing diaspora’s dual citizenship’, Quartz Africa, 2 July, https://qz.com/africa/1876755/cameroon-ethiopia-come-to-terms-with-dual-citizenship/.
  • Besley, T., 2020, ‘State capacity, reciprocity and the social contract’, Econometrica, Vol. 88, No. 4, pp. 1307–1335.
  • Bjarnesen, J., 2018, The politics of inclusion and exclusion in urban Burkina Faso, in E. Oinas, H. Onodera and L. Suurpää, ed, What Politics?: Youth and Political Engagement in Africa, Leiden: Brill, pp. 123–140.
  • Bjarnesen, J., 2020, The paradoxes of migrant in/visibility: Understanding displacement intersectionalities in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, in J. Bjarnesen and S. Turner, ed, Invisibility in African Displacements: From Structural Marginalization to Strategies of Avoidance, London: Zed Books and Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute, pp. 236–251.
  • Boatca, M., 2019, ‘Coloniality of citizenship and occidentalist epistomology’, Decolonial Theory & Practice in Southeast Europe, No. 3, pp. 55–77.
  • Boatca, M., 2021, ‘Unequal institutions in the long durée: Citizenship through a Southern lens’, Third World Quarterly (advance online).
  • Bosniak, L., J. Echeverri-Gent, T. E. Givens and J. Junn, 2011, ‘Review: Citizenship in an unequal world: A discussion of “The birthright lottery: Citizenship and global inequality”’, Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 621–637.
  • Bratton, M., 2013a, Voting and democratic citizenship in Africa: An overview, in M. Bratton, ed, Voting and Democratic Citizenship in Africa, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, pp. 1–15.
  • Bratton, M., 2013b, Voting and democratic citizenship in Africa: Where next?, in M. Bratton, ed, Voting and Democratic Citizenship in Africa, Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, pp. 277–288.
  • Brubaker, W. R., 1989, ‘The French Revolution and the invention of citizenship’, French Politics and Society, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 30–49.
  • Caitano, T., 2020, ‘If the voice of the people is the voice of God, listen to us, President Mnangagwa’, Daily Maverick, 6 August, https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-08-06-if-the-voice-of-the-people-is-the-voice-of-god-listen-to-us-president-mnangagwa/.
  • Carrera, S., 2014, ‘How much does EU citizenship cost? The Maltese citizenship-for-sale affair: A breakthrough for sincere cooperation in citizenship of the union?’, CEPS Paper, No. 64.
  • Castells, M. and B. Lategan, 2021, National Identity and State Formation in Africa, Medford, MA: Polity.
  • Chamberlain, M. E., 1999, The Scramble for Africa, London: Longman (originally 1974).
  • Chauveau, J.-P., 2005, ‘Dossier “jeunes ruraux”’, Afrique Contemporaine, No. 214.
  • Cooper, F., 2018, Citizenship, Inequality, and Difference: Historical Perspectives, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Crawford, G. and A.-G. Abdulai, ed, 2021, Research Handbook on Democracy and Development, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
  • Daimon, A., 2014, ‘Politics of “othering” and the struggle for citizenship in independent Zimbabwe. Voices from Malawian descendants’, Africa Insight, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 137–150.
  • de Vries, L., P. Englebert and M. Schomerus, ed, 2018, Secessionism in African Politics: Aspiration, Grievance, Performance, Disenchantment, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Dozon, J. P., 2011, Les clefs de la crise ivoirienne, Paris: Karthala.
  • du Plessis, C., 2020, ‘Mozambican insurgency could spread in southern Africa region, say experts’, Daily Maverick, 18 August, https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-08-18-mozambican-insurgency-could-spread-in-southern-africa-region-say-experts/.
  • Džankić, Y., 2019, The Global Market for Investor Citizenship, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ekeh, P., 1978, Colonialism and the development of citizenship in Africa: A study in ideologies of legitimation, in O. Otite, ed, Themes in African Social and Political Thought, Enugu: Fourth Dimension Publishers, pp. 302–334.
  • Englund, H. and F. B. Nyamnjoh, ed, 2004, Rights and the Politics of Recognition in Africa, London: Zed Books.
  • Fisher, E., L. D’Angelo, R. Twongyirwe and E. van de Camp, 2020, Uganda: Gold as a (trans)national treasure, in B. Verbrugge and S. Geenen, ed, Global Gold Production Touching Ground. Expansion, Technological Innovation and Informalization, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 225–244.
  • Garbe, L., 2020, ‘What we do (not) know about internet shutdowns in Africa’, Democracy in Africa, 27 September, http://democracyinafrica.org/internet_shutdowns_in_africa/.
  • Garcia, M. and C. M. T. Moore, 2012, The Cash Dividend. The Rise of Cash Transfer Programs in Sub-Saharan Africa, Washington, DC: World Bank.
  • Geenen, S., 2019, ‘Gold and godfathers: Local content, politics, and capitalism in extractive industries’, World Development, Vol. 123, pp. 1–10.
  • Geschiere, P., 2009, Perils of Belonging. Autochthony, Citizenship, and Exclusion in Africa and Europe, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
  • Geschiere, P. and S. Jackson, 2006, ‘Autochthony and the crisis of citizenship: Democratization, decentralization, and the politics of belonging’, African Studies Review, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 1–8.
  • Green, M., 2012, Co-producing Ineffective States: Social knowledge, Social Policy and Social Citizenship in Africa and in Development. University of Manchester, Effective States and Inclusive Development Research Centre (ESID), ESID Working Paper No. 24.
  • Gronbach, L., 2020, Social Cash Transfer Payment Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa. University of Cape Town, Centre for Social Science Research (CSSR), CSSR Working Paper, No. 452.
  • Halisi, C. R. D., P. J. Kaiser and S. N. Ndegwa, 1998, “The multiple meanings of citizenship: Rights, identity, and social justice in Africa’, Africa Today, Vol. 45, No. 3/4, pp. 337–349.
  • Hallberg Adu, K., 2020, Resources, Relevance and Impact – Key Challenges for African Universities: How to Strengthen Research and Higher Education in Africa, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute, http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:nai:diva-2370.
  • Herrera, L., 2012, ‘Youth and citizenship in the Digi352.tal age: A view from Egypt’, Harvard Educational Review, Vol. 82, No. 3, pp. 333–352.
  • Hibou, B., 1998, ‘Retrait ou redéploiement de l’Etat?’, Critique Internationale, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 151–168.
  • Hickey, S. and J. Seekings, 2017, The Global Politics of Social Protection, Helsinki: UNU-WIDER.
  • Hino, H., A. Langer, J. Lonsdale and F. Stewart, ed. 2019, From Divided Pasts to Cohesive Futures. Reflections on Africa, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hobsbawm, E. and T. Ranger, ed, 1985, The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hoffman, J., 2004, Citizenship Beyond the State, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Holma, K. and T. Kontinen, ed, 2022, Learning, Philosophy, and African Citizenship, Cham: Springer.
  • Holma, K., T. Kontinen and J. Blanken-Webb, 2018, ‘Growth into citizenship: Framework for conceptualizing learning in NGO interventions in Sub-Saharan Africa’, Adult Education Quarterly, Vol. 68, No. 3, pp. 215–234.
  • Honwana, A., 2012, The Time of Youth: Work, Social Change, and Politics in Africa, London: Kumarian Press.
  • Honwana, A., 2014, 2 ‘Waithood’: Youth transitions and social change, in D. Foeken, T. Dietz, L. de Haan and L. Johnson, ed, Development and Equity, Leiden: Brill, pp. 28–40.
  • Hunter, E., ed, 2016, Citizenship, Belonging, and Political Community in Africa. Dialogues Between Past and Present, Athens: Ohio University Press.
  • Isin, E. and P. Nyers, ed, 2019, Routledge Handbook of Global Citizenship Studies, London: Routledge.
  • Isin, E. F. and B. S. Turner, ed, 2002, Handbook of Citizenship Studies, London: Sage.
  • Isin, E. F. and B. S. Turner, 2007, ‘Investigating citizenship: An agenda for citizenship Studies’, Citizenship Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 5–17.
  • Jacob, J. P. and P. Y. Le Meur, 2010, Citoyenneté locale, foncier, appurtenance et reconnaissance dans les sociétés du Sud, in J.P. Jacob and P.Y. Le Meur, ed, Politique de la terre et de l’appartenance. Droits fonciers et citoyenneté locale dans les sociétés du Sud, Paris: Karthala, pp. 5–60.
  • Jacob, T. and R. H. Pedersen, 2018, ‘New resource nationalism? Continuity and change in Tanzania’s extractive industries’, The Extractive Industries and Society, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 297–292.
  • Kalina, M. and D. Scott, 2018, ‘“Governo Papa” and the “uncritical citizen”: Citizenship, subjectness, and the state in northern Mozambique’, Transformation, Vol. 98, pp. 27–53.
  • Kontinen, T. and K. Holma, 2019, Introduction, in K. Holma and T. Kontinen, ed, Practices of Citizenship in East Africa. Perspectives from Philosophical Pragmatism, London: Routledge, pp. 1–12.
  • Lanzano, C., 2012, ‘Musica, stile e sesso a Dakar. Identità generazionali e di genere nel rap senegalese’, Afriche e Orienti, Vol. 14, No. 3/4, pp. 72–85.
  • Lanzano, C., 2018, ‘Gold digging and the politics of time: Changing time scales of artisanal mining in West Africa’, The Extractive Industries and Society, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 253–259.
  • Lanzano, C., 2022, Sustainability, in L. D’Angelo and R. Pijpers, ed, The Anthropology of Resource Extraction, London: Routledge, pp. 149–166.
  • Lanzano, C. and L. Arnaldi di Balme, 2021, ‘Who owns the mud? Valuable leftovers, sociotechnical innovation and changing relations of production in artisanal gold mining (Burkina Faso)’, Journal of Agrarian Change, Vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 433–458.
  • Lategan, B., 2021, Rethinking mobility, states, borders and identity, in M. Castells and B. Lategan, ed, National Identiy and State Formation in Africa, Cambridge: Polity, pp. 176–204.
  • Lee, C. J., 2020, H-France Review, Vol. 20, No. 69, https://h-france.net/vol20reviews/vol20no69lee.pdf.
  • Lentz, C., 2006, First-comers and late-comers: Indigenous theories of land ownership in the West African Savanna, in R. Kuba and C. Lentz, ed, Land and the Politics of Belonging in West Africa, Leiden: Brill, pp. 35–56.
  • Lund, C., 2011, Land Rights and Citizenship in Africa, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.
  • Lund, C. and C. Boone, 2013, ‘Introduction: Land politics in Africa – Constituting authority over territory, property and persons’, Africa, Vol. 83, No. 1, pp. 1–13.
  • Madebo, A., 2020, ‘Social media, the diaspora, and the politics of ethnicity in Ethiopia’, Democracy in Africa, 27 September, http://democracyinafrica.org/social-media-the-diaspora-and-the-politics-of-ethnicity-in-ethiopia/.
  • Mamdani, M., 1996, Citizen and Subject. Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Mamdani, M., 2020, Neither Settler nor Native. The Making and Unmaking of Permanent Minorities, London: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • Manby, B., 2009, Citizenship law in Africa, New York: Open Society Foundations (3rd edition Cape Town: African Minds 2016), https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/uploads/d5d1d086-1a0d-4088-b679-003e09e9c125/citizenship-law-africa-third-edition-20160129.pdf.
  • Manby, B., 2018a, Citizenship in Africa: The Law of Belonging, Oxford: Hart.
  • Manby, B., 2018b, You can’t lose what You haven’t got: Citizenship acquisition and loss in Africa, in R. Bauböck, ed, Debating Transformations of National Citizenship, Cham: Springer, pp. 189–196.
  • Manby, B., 2021, ‘Naturalization in African states: Its past and potential future’, Citizenship Studies, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 514–542.
  • Manqoyi, A., 2019, Inclusive citizenship: Review of literature, in I. Hazama, K. Umeya and F. B. Nyamnjoh, ed, Citizenship in Motion. South African and Japanese Scholars in Conversation, Mankon Bameda: Langaa RPCIG and Kyoto: The Centre for African Area Studies/Kyoto University, pp. 63–85.
  • Marshall, T. H. and T. B. Bottomore, 1992, Citizenship and Social Class, London: Pluto Press.
  • Martin, A., 1972, Minding Their Own Business: Zambia’s Struggle Against Western Control, London: Hutchinson.
  • Matsinhe, D. M., 2011, ‘Africa’s fear of itself. The ideology of Makwerekwere in South Africa’, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 295–313.
  • Mbaku, J. M., 2017, ‘Constitutions and citizenship: Lessons for African Countries’, International and Comparative Law Review, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 7–49.
  • Mbembe, A., 2001, On the Postcolony, Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Melber, H., ed, 2016, The Rise of Africa’s Middle Class. Myths, Realities and Critical Engagements, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute and London: Zed Books.
  • Melber, H., 2017, ‘The African middle class(es) – In the middle of what?’, Review of African Political Economy, Vol. 44, No. 151, pp. 142–154.
  • Melber, H., 2022, ‘Africa’s middle classes’, Africa Spectrum, Vol. 57, No. 2, pp. 204–219.
  • Melber, H., J. Bjarnesen, K. Hallberg Adu, C. Lanzano and P. Mususa, 2020, The Politics of Citizenship: Social Contract and Inclusivity in Africa, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute, http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1508597&dswid=9509.
  • Milanovic, B., 2019, Capitalism Alone: The Future of the System That Rules the World, Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
  • Mindus, P. and E. Prats, 2018, ‘La cittadinanza “a pagamento” nell’Unione Europea’, Quaderni costituzionali, Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 246–252.
  • Moyo, N. and B. Dube, 2021, ‘Decolonial cosmopolitan citizenship for a post-COVID-19 world: Towards a reimagined convivial planetary re-existence’, Journal of Studies in Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 154–169.
  • Moyo, S., D. Tsikata and Y. Diop, ed, 2015, Land in the Struggles for Citizenship in Africa, Dakar: CODESRIA.
  • Mueller, V. and J. Thurlow, ed, 2019, Youth and Jobs in Rural Africa: Beyond Stylized Facts, Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute and New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Mususa, P., 2009, Contesting illegality: Women in the informal copper business on the Zambian Copperbelt, in A. Schlyter, ed, Body Politics and Women’s Citizens: African Experiences, Stockholm: SIDA, pp. 25–35.
  • Mususa, P., 2012, ‘Topping up: Life amidst hardship and death on the copperbelt’, African Studies, Vol. 71, No. 2, pp. 304–322.
  • Mususa, P., 2021, There Used to be an Order: Life on the Copperbelt After the Privatisation of the Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J., 2020, ‘Geopolitics of power and knowledge in the COVID-19 pandemic: Decolonial reflections on a global Crisis’, Journal of Developing Societies, Vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 366–389.
  • Ndlovu, S. and S. B. Mutale, 2013, ‘Emerging trends in women’s participation in politics in Africa’, American International Journal of Contemporary Research, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 72–79.
  • Neubert, D., 2019, Inequality, Socio-Cultural Differentiation and Social Structures in Africa. Beyond Class, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Ng’weno, B. and L. O. Aloo, 2019, ‘Irony of citizenship: Descent, national belonging, and constitutions in the postcolonial African State’, Law & Society Review, Vol. 53, No. 1, pp. 141–172.
  • Ntewusu, S. A., 2018, ‘Mining gold in Ghana: Debate. 10,000 miners, 10,000 votes: Politics and mining in Ghana’, Africa, Vol. 88, No. 4, pp. 863–866.
  • Nugent, P., D. Hammet and S. Dorman, ed, 2007, Making Nations, Creating Strangers – States and Citizenship in Africa, Leiden: Brill.
  • Nyamnjoh, F. B., 2006, Insiders and Outsiders: Citizenship and Xenophobia in Contemporary Southern Africa, London: Zed Books.
  • Nyamnjoh, F. B., 2007, ‘From bounded to flexible citizenship: Lessons from Africa’, Citizenship Studies, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 73–82.
  • Nyamnjoh, F. B., 2015, ‘Incompleteness: Frontier Africa and the currency of Conviviality’, Journal of Asian and African Studies, Vol. 52, No. 3, pp. 1–18.
  • Nyamnjoh, F. B., 2018, Citizenship, in G. Desai and A. Masquelier, ed, Critical Terms for the Study of Africa, Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 56–68.
  • Nyamnjoh, F. B., 2019, Rethinking citizenship in 21st century Africa: Some conceptual considerations, in I. Hazama, K. Umeya and F. B. Nyamnjoh, ed, Citizenship in Motion. South African and Japanese Scholars in Conversation, Mankon Bameda: Langaa RPCIG and Kyoto: The Centre for African Area Studies/Kyoto University, pp. 401–416.
  • Nyamnjoh, F. B., 2021, Mobility, globalization and the policing of citizenship and belonging in the twenty-first century, in M. Castells and B. Lategan, ed, National Identity and State Formation in Africa, Cambridge: Polity Press, pp. 11–26.
  • Nyamnjoh, F. B., 2022, ‘Citizenship, incompleteness and mobility’, Citizenship Studies, Vol. 26, No. 4-5, pp. 592–598.
  • Nyamnjoh, A.-N. and C.-A. Lester, 2019, Global and African Discourses on citizenship, in I. Hazama, K. Umeya and F. B. Nyamnjoh, ed, Citizenship in Motion. South African and Japanese Scholars in Conversation, Mankon Bameda: Langaa RPCIG and Kyoto: The Centre for African Area Studies/Kyoto University, pp. 39–62.
  • Oinas, E., H. Onodera and L. Suurpää, ed, 2018, What Politics? Youth and Political Engagement in Africa, Leiden: Brill.
  • Osaghae, E. E., 2016, Ethnicity and contested citizenship in Africa, in E. Hunter, ed, Citizenship, Belonging, and Political Community in Africa. Dialogues Between Past and Present, Athens: Ohio University Press, pp. 256–281.
  • Ouédraogo, A., 2020, ‘Les détentrices de hangars de traitement de l’or face à la technique de cyanuration (sud-ouest du Burkina Faso)’, Journal des africanistes, Vol. 90, No. 1, pp. 158–179.
  • Pailey, R. N., 2021, Development, (Dual) Citizenship and Its Discontents in Africa. The Political Economy of Belonging to Liberia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Quaynor, L. J., 2015, ‘Researching citizenship education in Africa: Considerations from Ghana and Liberia’, Research in Comparative & International Education, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 120–134.
  • Ranger, T., 1983, The invention of tradition in colonial Africa, in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger, ed, The Invention of Tradition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 211–262.
  • Ribot, J., 2021, Representation, citizenship and the public domain: Choice and recognition in natural resource decentralization, in G. Crawford and A.-G. Abdulai, ed, Research Handbook on Democracy and Development, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 503–521.
  • Riggan, J., 2016, Slippery citizenship: Nationalism, democracy, and the state in Africa, in M. Ndulo and M. Gazibo, ed, Growing Democracy in Africa: Elections, Accountable Governance, and Political Economy, Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars, pp. 162–183.
  • Salih, M. and J. Markakis, ed, 1998, Ethnicity and the State in Eastern Africa, Uppsala: Nordic Africa Institute.
  • Schattle, H., 2009, Global citizenship in theory and practice, in R. Lewin, ed, The Handbook of Practice and Research in Study Abroad. Higher Education and the Quest for Global Citizenship, New York: Routledge, pp. 3–20.
  • Schatz, S. P., 1987, ‘Laissez-Faireism for Africa?’, The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 129–138.
  • Schramm, K., 2020, ‘Diasporic citizenship under debate: Law, body, and soul’, Current Anthropology, Vol. 61, No. S22, pp. S210–S219.
  • Shachar, A., 2009, The Birthright Lottery: Citizenship and Global Inequality, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Shachar, A., R. Bauböck, I. Bloemraad and M. Vink, ed, 2017, The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Smith, L., 2013, Making Citizens in Africa. Ethnicity, Gender, and National Identity in Ethiopia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Spear, T., 2003, ‘Neo-traditionalism and the limits of invention in British colonial Africa’, Journal of African History, Vol. 44, pp. 3–27.
  • Spender, S., 1948, ‘Albert Camus, citizen of the world; his new novel of man at the crossroads pleads for real, universal brotherhood’, The New York Times, 1 August.
  • Spronk, R., 2018, Afterword. The (idea of) African middle classes: Theorizing from Africa, in L. Kroeker, D. O’Kane and T. Scharrer, ed, Middle Classes in Africa. Changing Lives and Conceptual Challenges, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 311–326.
  • Stokke, K., 2017, ‘Politics of citizenship: Towards an analytical framework’, Norwegian Journal of Geography, Vol. 71, No. 4, pp. 193–207.
  • Surak, K., 2020, ‘Millionaire mobility and the sale of citizenship’, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 166–189.
  • Tarimo, A., 2011, Ethnicity, Citizenship and State in Easter Africa, Bamaneda: Langaa.
  • Turner, B. S., 1990, ‘Outline of a theory of Citizenship’, Sociology, Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 189–217.
  • UNECA (United Nations, Economic Commission for Africa), 2017, Africa’s Youth and Prospects for Inclusive Development: Regional Situation Analysis Report, Addis Ababa: UNECA.
  • UNHCR, 2019, ‘Africa Regional Summary’, https://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/ga2019/pdf/Chapter_Africa.pdf.
  • UNICEF, 2017, ‘A Snapshot of Civil Registration in Sub-Saharan Africa’, https://www.unicef.org/wca/sites/unicef.org.wca/files/2018-05/Civil-Registration-English-Web-Final.pdf.
  • von Lieres, B., 1999, ‘New perspectives on citizenship in Africa’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 139–148.
  • Waghid, Y. and N. Davids, ed, 2018, African Democratic Citizenship Education Revisited, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Wellman, E. I. and B. E. Whitaker, 2021, ‘Diaspora voting in Kenya: A promise denied’, African Affairs, Vol. 120, No. 479, pp. 199–217.
  • Whitehead, A. and D. Tsikata, 2003, ‘Policy discourses on women’s land rights in Sub-Saharan Africa: The implications of the re-turn to the customary’, Journal of Agrarian Change, Vol. 3, No. 1-2, pp. 67–112.
  • World Bank, 2018, World Development Report: Learning to Realize Education’s Promise, Washington, DC: World Bank.