- American Psychiatrie Association. Diagnostic and statistical-manual of mental disorders. 3rd edition (DSM-III). Washington, DC: APA; 1980.
- Chamey DS, Heninger GR. Abnormal regulation of noradrenergic function in panic disorders: effects of clonidine in healthy subjects and patients with agoraphobia and panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986:43:1042-54.
- Charney DS, Heninger GR. Serotonin function in panic disorders: the effect of intravenous tryptophan in healthy subjects and patients with panic disorder before and during alprazolam treatment. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:1059-65.
- Charney DS, Woods SW, Goodman WK, Heninger GR. Neurobiological mechanisms of panic anxiety: biochemical and behavioral correlates of yohimbine-induced panic attacks. Am J Psychiatry 1987;144:1030-6.
- American Psychiatric Association. Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155Suppl5:1-34.
- Aronson TA. A naturalistic study of imipramine in panic disorder and agoraphobia. Am J Psychiatry 1987; 144:1014-9.
- Humble M, Wistedt B. Serotonin, panic disorder and agoraphobia. Short-term and long-term efficacy of citalopram in panic disorders. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1992; 6 Suppl 5:31-9.
- Klerman GL. Overview of the cross-national collaborative panic study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988;45:407-12.
- Lepola UM, Wade AG, Leinonen EV, Koponen HJ, Frazer J, Sjödin I, et al. A controlled, prospective, 1-year trial of citalopram in the treatment of panic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1998:59:528-34.
- Londborg PD, Wolkow R, Smith WT, DuBoff E, England D, Ferguson J, et al. Sertraline in the treatment of panic disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1998;173:54-60.
- Schneier FR, Liebowitz Mr, Davies SO, Fairbanks J, Hollander E, Campeas R, et al. Fluoxetine in panic disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1990; 10:119-21.
- Torgersen S. Genetic factors in anxiety disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983;40:1085-9.
- Marchione KE, Michelson L, Greenwald M, Dancu C. Cognitive behavioral treatment of agoraphobia. Behav Res Ther 1987;25:319-28.
- Beck JG, Stanley MA, Baldwin LE, Deagle EA, Averill PM. Comparison of cognitive therapy and relaxation training for panic disorder. J Consult Clin Psycho 1994;62:818-26.
- Martinsen EW, Olsen T, Temset E, Nyland KE, Aarre TF. Cognitive-behavioral group therapy for panic disorder in the general clinical setting: a naturalistic study with 1-year follow-up. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:437-42.
- Murphy MT, Michelson LK, Marchione K, Marchione N, Testa S. The role of self-directed in vivo exposure in combination with cognitive therapy, relaxation training, or therapist-assisted exposure in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia. J Anxiety Disord 1998;12:117-38.
- Shear MK, Pilkonis PA, Cloitre M, Leon AC. Cognitive behavioral treatment compared with nonprescriptive treatment of panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:395-401.
- Wiborg IM, Dahl AA. Does brief dynamic psychotherapy reduce the relapse rate of panic disorder? Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996:53:689-94.
- Rubino IA, Zanna V, Marino A, Pezzarossa B. Percept-genesis of the mother-child separation theme among panic and asthma patients. Percept Mot Skills 1998;85:851-8.
- Busch FN, Shear MK, Cooper AM, Shapiro T, Leon AC. An empirical study of defense mechanisms in panic disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 1995;183:299-303.
- Pollok C, Andrews G. Defense styles associated with specific anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:1500-2.
- Reich J, Noyes Jr R, Hirschfeld R, Coryell W, O'Corman T. State and personality in depressed and panic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1987:144:181-7.
- Ohrt T, Sjödin I, Thorell L-H. Cognitive distortions in panic disorder and major depression: specificity for depressed mood. Nord J Psychiatry 1999:53:459-64.
- Lader MH. Palmar skin conductance measures in anxiety and phobic states. J Psychosom Res 1967:11:271-81.
- Lader M, Mathews A. Physiological changes during spontaneous panic attacks. J Psychosom Res 1970;14:377-82.
- Orr SP, Pitman RK. Electrodermal psychophysiology of anxiety disorder: orienting response and spontaneous fluctuations. Biol Psychiatry 1987:22:653-6.
- Rabavilas AD. Clinical significance of the electrodermal habituation rate in anxiety disorders. Neuropsychobiology 1989:22:68-71.
- Birket-Smith M, Hasle N, Jensen HH. Electrodermal activity in anxiety disorders. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1993:88:350-5.
- Kragh U. DMT manual. Stockholm: Swedish Psychology International AB; 1985.
- Kragh U, Smith GJW. Percept-genetic analysis. Lund, Sweden: Gleerup; 1970.
- Smith GJW, Westerlundh B, Percept-genesis: a process perspective on perception-personality. In: Wheeler L, editor. Review of personality and social psychology. Beverly Hills, CA; Sage; 1980. p, 94-124.
- Olff M, The DMT method in Europe: state of the art. In: OUT M, Godaert G, Ursin H, editors. Quantification of human defense mechanisms, Berlin: Springer Verlag; 1991. p. 148-71.
- Andersson A, Hallborg A, Vägledning i perceptgenetisk försvarsdiagnostik med DMT och DMTm enligt Anderssons modeil -- Sju kliniska fall. [Guidance in percept-genetic defence diagnostics with DMT and DMTm according to the model of Andersson]. Lund: Institutionen för tillämpad psykologi, Lunds universitet; 1986.
- Bogren LY, Bogren I-B, Thorell L-H. The Defense Mechanism Test and electrodermal activity. Percept Mot Skills 1998:87:279-90.
- Andersson AL. Cognitive growth, psychoanalytic conceptions of the mind, aftereffect experience and disavowal as a defense against perceptgenetic threat. Arch Psychol 1983;135:103-14.
- Bogren LY, Bogren I-BH. Early visual information processing and the Defence Mechanism Test in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999;99:260-5.
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition, revised (DSM-III-R). Washington, DC: APA; 1987.
- Spitzer RL, Williams JEW, Gibbon M. Structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders (SCID-II). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research; 1987.
- Guy W. Clinical Global Impressions. Early Clinical Drug Evaluation (ECDEU-National Institute of Health) 1973:218-22.
- Hamilton M. The assessment of anxiety states by rating. Br J Med Psychol 1959;32:30-5.
- Derogatis LR, Cleary P. Confirmation of the dimensional structure of the SCL-90: a study in construct validation. J Clin Psychol 1977:33:981-9.
- Marks IM, Mathews AM. Brief standard self-rating for phobic patients. Behav Res Ther 1979:17:263-7.
- Sheehan DV, Hamett-Sheehan K, Raj BA. The measurement of disability. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996;11 Suppl 3:89-95.
- Gurland BJ, Yorkston NJ, Stone AR, Frank JD, Fleiss JL. The structured and scaled interview to assess maladjustment (SSIAM) I. Description, rationale, and development Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972:27:259-64.
- Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1960:23:56-62.
- Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1961:4:561-71.
- Weissman A. The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale: a validation study. Dissertation Abst Int 1979;40B:1389-90.
- Hollon SD, Kendall PC. Cognitive self-statements in depression: development of an Automatic Thought Questionnaire. Cognitive Ther Res 1980:4:383-95.
- Beck A, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, Emery G. Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press; 1979.
- Hoffart A, Hedley LM. Personality traits among panic disorder with agoraphobia patients before and after symptom-focused treatment. J Anxiety Disord 1997:11:77-87.
Panic disorder and the Defence Mechanism Test
Reprints and Corporate Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:
Academic Permissions
Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?
Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:
If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.
Related research
People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.
Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.
Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.