Psychiatric comorbidity more common among adolescent females with CD/ODD than among males

References

• Angold A, Costello EJ. The epidemiology of disorders of conduct: Nosological issues and comorbidity. Conduct disorders in childhood and adolescence, J Hill, B Maughan. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2001; 126–68
   Google Scholar
• Maughan B, Rowe R, Messer J, Goodman R, Meltzer H. Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder in a national sample: Developmental epidemiology. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004; 45: 609–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Rutter M, Silva PA. Sex differences in antisocial behaviour. Conduct disorder, delinquency and violence in the Dunedin longitudinal study, 1st edition. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2001
   Google Scholar
• Costello EJ, Angold A, Burns BJ, Stangl DK, Tweed DL, Erkanli A, et al. The Great Smoky Mountains Study of Youth. Goals, design, methods and the prevalence of DSM-III-R disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53: 1129–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoccolillo M. Gender and development of conduct disorder. Dev Psychopathol 1993; 5: 65–78
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagerspetz KMJ, Björkvist K, Peltonen T. Is indirect aggression typical of females? General differences in aggressiveness in 11- to 12-year-old children. Aggressive Behaviour 1988; 14: 403–14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell A. Sex differences in direct aggression: What are the psychological mediators?. Aggr Viol Behav 2006; 11: 237–64
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crick NR, Grotpeter JK. Relational aggression, gender and socio-psychological adjustment. Child Dev 1995; 66: 710–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lahey B, Loeber R, Quay H, Applegate B, Shaffer D, Waldman I, et al. Validity of DSM-IV subtypes of conduct disorder based on age of onset. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1998; 37: 435–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspi A, Lynam D, Moffitt TE, Silva PA. Unraveling girls’ delinquency: Biological, dispositional, and contextual contributions to adolescent misbehaviour. Dev Psychol 1993; 29: 19–30
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesney-Lind M, Belknap J. Trends in delinquent girls’ aggression and violent behaviour: A review of the evidence. Aggression, antisocial behaviour, and violence among girls, M Putallaz, K Bierman. The Guilford Press, New York 2004; 203–20
   Google Scholar
• Zoccolillo M. Co-occurrence of conduct disorder and its adult outcomes with depressive and anxiety disorders: A review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc 1992; 31: 547–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keenan K, Loeber R, Green S. Conduct disorder in girls: A review of the literature. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 1999; 2: 3–19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loeber R, Keenan K. Interaction between conduct disorder and its comorbid conditions: Effects of age and gender. Clin Psychol Rev 1994; 14: 497–523
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello EJ, Mustillo S, Erkanli A, Keeler G, Angold A. Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003; 60: 837–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark DB, Pollock N, Bukstein OG, Mezzich AC, Bromberg JT, Donovan JE. Gender and comorbid psychopathology in adolescents with alcohol dependence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36: 1195–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohde P, Lewinsohn PM, Kahler CW, Seeley JR, Brown RA. Natural course of alcohol use disorders from adolescence to young adulthood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc 2001; 40: 83–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrensaft MK. Interpersonal relationship and sex differences in the development of conduct problems. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2005; 8: 39–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hops H. Age- and gender-specific effects of parental depression: A commentary. Dev Psychol 1995; 31: 428–31
   Google Scholar
• Marttunen M, Aro H, Henriksson M, Lönnqvist J. Antisocial behaviour in adolescent suicide. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994; 89: 167–173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eme RF. Selective female affliction in the developmental disorders of childhood: A literature review. J Clin Child Psychol 1992; 21: 354–64
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loeber R, Green S, Keenan K, Lahey BB. Which boys will fare worse? Early predictors of the onset of conduct disorder in a six-year longitudinal study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34: 499–509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henggeler SW, Edwards J, Borduin CM. The family relations of female juvenile delinquents. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1987; 15: 199–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hinshaw SP, Lahey BB, Hart EL. Issues of taxonomy and comorbidity in the development of conduct disorder. Special Issue: Toward a developmental perspective on conduct disorder. Dev Psychopathol 1993; 5: 31–49
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett KJ, Brown KS, Boyle M, Racine Y, Offord D. Does low reading achievement at school entry cause conduct problems?. Soc Sci Med 2003; 56: 2443–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams S, McGee R. Reading attainment and juvenile delinquency. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1994; 35: 441–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Central Statistical Office of Finland. Classification of Occupations, Helsinki: Central Statistical Office of Finland; 1987.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 4th edition. Washington, DC: APA; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Gibbon M, First MB. Structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-I). Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 1989
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, Rao U, Flynn C, Moreci P, Williamson D, Ryan N. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36: 980–988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleiss J, Nee J, Landis R. Large sample variance of kappa in the case of different sets of rates. Psychol Bul 1975; 86: 974–7
   Google Scholar
• SPSS Inc. 2005. SPSS Base 14.0 User's Guide. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Gelhorn HL, Stallings MC, Young SE, Corley RP, Rhee SH, Hewitt JK. Genetic and environmental influences on conduct disorder: Symptom, domain and full-scale analyses. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2005; 46: 580–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein RB, Grant BF, Ruan WJ, Smith SH, Saha TD. Antisocial personality disorder with childhood- vs adolescent-onset conduct disorder. Results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Nerv Ment Dis 2006; 194: 667–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehto-Salo P, Marttunen M, Levänen H. Self-reported depression among Finnish adolescents: Prevalence, phenomenology and comorbidity of externalizing problems. Psychiatria Fennica 2004; 35: 79–91
   Google Scholar
• Côte S, Zoccolillo M, Tremblay RE, Nagin D, Vitaro F. Predicting girls’ conduct disorder in adolescence from childhood trajectories of disruptive behaviours. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001; 40: 678–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart MA, deBlois S, Meardon J, Cummings C. Aggressive conduct disorder of children. The clinical picture. J Nerv Ment Dis 1980; 168: 604–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserman GA, McReynolds LS, Ko SJ, Katz LM, Carpenter JR. Gender differences in psychiatric disorders at juvenile probation intake. Am J Public Health 2005; 95: 131–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverthorn P, Frick PJ. Developmental pathways to antisocial behaviour: The delayed-onset pathway in girls. Dev Psychopathol 1999; 11: 101–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiles JA, Miller ML, Cox GB. Depression in an adolescent delinquent population. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980; 37: 1179–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon A, Howie P, Starling J. Psychopathology in female juvenile offenders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2004; 45: 1150–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sung M, Erkanli A, Angold A, Costello EJ. Effects of age at first substance use and psychiatric comorbidity on the development of substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2004; 75: 287–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windle M. Coexisting problems and alcoholic family risk among adolescents. Ann NY Acad Sci 1994; 708: 157–64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pelkonen M, Marttunen M. Child and adolescent suicide: Epidemiology, risk factors, and approaches to prevention. Paediatr Drugs 2003; 5: 243–65
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Renaud J, Brent DA, Birmaher B, Chiappetta L, Bridge J. Suicide in adolescents with disruptive disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc 1999; 38: 846–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns RB, Peterson G, Neckerman HJ. Report from the social development laboratory. J Clin Child Psychol 1988; 17: 298–309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szatmari P, Boyle M, Offord D. ADHD and conduct disorder: Degree of diagnostic overlap and differences among correlates. J Am Acad Child Adolesc 1989; 28: 865–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson L, Riggs P, Mikulich S, Crowley T. Contribution of ADHD symptoms to substance problems and delinquency in conduct-disordered adolescents. J Abnorm Child Psychol 1996; 24: 325–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with conduct disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36:122S–39S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. The Tenth Revision of International Classification of Diseases and Related health Problems (ICD-10). Geneva: WHO; 1992.
   Google Scholar