ADHD symptoms in relation to internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children: the mediating role of sluggish cognitive tempo

References

• Achenbach TM. Manual for the child behavior cheklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington (VT): University of Vermont. Department of psychiatry; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Ollendick TH, King NJ. Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of internalizing problems in children: the role of longitudinal data. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1994; 62(5):918–927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds CR, Kamphaus RW. The clinician’s guide to the Behavior Assessment System for Children. New York: Guilford; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Gjone H, Stevenson J. The association between internalizing and externalizing behaviour in childhood and early adolescence: genetic of environmental common influences? J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1997;25(4):277–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcutt EG. The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta analytic review. Neurotherapeutics. 2012; 9(3):490–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Newcorn J, Sprich S. Comorbidity of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with conduct, depressive, anxiety, and other disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148(5):564–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Faraone SV, Keenan K, et al. Evidence of familial association between attention deficit disorder and major affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48(7):633–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh MK, DelBello MP, Kowatch RA, et al. Co-occurrence of bipolar and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders in children. Bipolar Disord. 2006;8(6):710–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley RA, DuPaul GJ, McMurray MB. Comprehensive evaluation of attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity as defined by research criteria. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1990;58(6):775–789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen PS, Shervette RE, 3rd, Xenakis SN, et al. Anxiety and depressive disorders in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity: new findings. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(8):1203–1209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massetti GM, Lahey BB, Pelham WE, et al. Academic achievement over 8 years among children who met modified criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder at 4–6 years of age. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2008;36(3):399–410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabiner D, Coie JD. Early attention problems and children’s reading achievement: a longitudinal investigation. The Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000; 39(7):859–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson CL, Mann M. Sluggish cognitive tempo predicts a different pattern of impairment in the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive type. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2002;31(1):123–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley RA. Distinguishing sluggish cognitive tempo from ADHD in children and adolescents: executive functioning, impairment, and comorbidity. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2013;42(2):161–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner AA, Marceaux JC, Mrug S, et al. Dimensions and correlates of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2010;38(8):1097–1107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skirbekk B, Hansen BH, Oerbeck B, et al. The relationship between sluggish cognitive tempo, subtypes of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and anxiety disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2011;39(4):513–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S, Burns GL, Snell J, et al. Validity of the sluggish cognitive tempo symptom dimension in children: sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD-inattention as distinct symptom dimensions. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2014;42(1):7–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley RA. Distinguishing sluggish cognitive tempo from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. J Abnorm Psychol. 2012;121(4):978–990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penny AM, Waschbusch DA, Klein RM, et al. Developing a measure of sluggish cognitive tempo for children: content validity, factor structure, and reliability. Psychol Assess. 2009;21(3):380–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBurnett K, Pfiffner LJ, Frick PJ. Symptom properties as a function of ADHD type: an argument for continued study of sluggish cognitive tempo. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2001;29(3):207–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leopold DR, Christopher ME, Burns GL, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and sluggish cognitive tempo throughout childhood: temporal invariance and stability from preschool through ninth grade. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016;57(9):1066–1074.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Servera M, Saez B, Burns GL, et al. Clinical differentiation of sluggish cognitive tempo and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. J Abnormal Psychol. 2018;127(8):818–829.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker SP, Leopold DR, Burns GL, et al. The internal, external, and diagnostic validity of sluggish cognitive tempo: a meta-analysis and critical review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;55(3):163–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartman CA, Willcutt EG, Rhee SH, et al. The relation between sluggish cognitive tempo and DSM-IV ADHD. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2004;32(5):491–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capdevilla-Brophy C, Artigas-Pallares J, Navarro-Pastor JB, et al. ADHD predominantly inattentive subtype with high sluggish cognitive tempo: a new clinical entity? J Attent Disord. 2014;18(7):607–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wåhlstedt C, Bohlin G. DSM-IV-defined inattention and sluggish cognitive tempo: independent and interactive relations to neuropsychological factors and comorbidity. Child Neuropsychol. 2010;16(4):350–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker SP, Garner AA, Tamm L, et al. Honing in on the social difficulties associated with sluggish cognitive tempo in children: withdrawal, peer ignoring, and low engagement. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2019;48(2):228–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall SA, Evans SW, Eiraldi RB, et al. Social and academic impairment in youth with ADHD, predominantly inattentive type and sluggish cognitive tempo. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2014;42(1):77–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willcutt EG, Chhabildas N, Kinnear M, et al. The internal and external validity of sluggish cognitive tempo and its relation with DSM-IV ADHD. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2014;42(1):21–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S, Burns GL, Becker SP. Can sluggish cognitive tempo be distinguished from ADHD inattention in very young children? Evidence From a sample of Korean preschool children. J Atten Disord. 2017; 21(8):623–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson LA, Murphy-Bowman SC, Pritchard AE, et al. Factor structure of a sluggish cognitive tempo scale in clinically-referred children. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2012;40(8):1327–1337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith ZR, Langberg JM. Predicting academic impairment and internalizing psychopathology using a multidimensional framework of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo with parent- and adolescent reports. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26(9):1141–1150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauermeister JJ, Barkley RA, Bauermeister JA, et al. Validity of the sluggish cognitive tempo, inattention, and hyperactivity symptom dimensions: neuropsychological and psychosocial correlates. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2012;40(5):683–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker SP, Langberg JM. Sluggish cognitive tempo among young adolescents with ADHD: relations to mental health, academic, and social functioning. J Atten Disord. 2013;17(8):681–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker SP, Langberg JM, Luebbe AM, et al. Sluggish cognitive tempo is associated with academic functioning and internalizing symptoms in college students with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychol. 2014;70(4):388–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns GL, Servera M, Bernad MM, et al. Distinctions between sluggish cognitive tempo, ADHD-IN, and depression symptom dimensions in Spanish first-grade children. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2013;42(6):796–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernad Mdel M, Servera M, Becker SP, et al. Sluggish Cognitive Tempo and ADHD Inattention as predictors of externalizing, internalizing, and impairment domains: a 2 year longitudinal study. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2016;44(4):771–785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Servera M, Bernad MD, Carrillo JM, et al. Longitudinal correlates of sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD-Inattention symptom dimensions with Spanish children. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2016;45(5):632–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker SP, Willcutt EG. Advancing the study of sluggish-cognitive tempo via DSM, RDoC, and hierarchical models of psychopathology. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019;28(5):603–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firat S, Gul H, Aysev A. Distinguishing SCT symptoms from ADHD in Children: internal and external validity in Turkish culture. Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2019;41:716–729.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker SP. Sluggish cognitive tempo: the need for global inquiry. World Psychiatry. 2019;18(2):237–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turgay A. Disruptive behavior disorders: child and adolescent screening and rating scales for children, adolescents, parents and teachers. West Bloomfield (MI): Michigan Integrative Therapy Institute Publication; 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Ercan ES, Amado S, Somer O, et al. A work for developing a test for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and disruptive behaviours disorders. Turk J Child and Adoles Ment Health. 2001;8(132):144.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed., text revision. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Cosgrove VE, Rhee SH, Gelhorn HL, et al. Structure and etiology of co-occuring internalizing and externalizing disorders in adolescents. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2011;29:109–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson LA, Geist M, Mahone M. Sluggish cognitive tempo, processing speed, and internalizing symptoms: the moderating effect of age. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2018;46(1):127–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erol N, Simsek Z. The manual of behaviour rating scales for school age children and youngs (CBLC, YSR and TRF). Ankara (Turkey): Mentis; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Achenbach TM. Manual for the teacher’s report form and 1991 profile. Burligton (VT): University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry; 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Preacher KJ, Hayes AF. Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behav Res Methods. 2008;40(3):879–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley RA. Sluggish cognitive tempo (concentration deficit disorder?): current status, future directions, and a plea to change the name. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2014;42(1):117–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole DA, Maxwell SE. Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. J Abnorm Psychol. 2003;112(4):558–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsson H, Anckarsater H, Rastam M, et al. Childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder as an extreme of a continous trait: a quantitative genetic study of 8,500 twin pairs. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2012;53(1):73–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon DP. Integrating mediators and moderators in research design. Res Soc Work Pract. 2011;21(6):675–681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker SP, Luebbe AM, Langberg JM. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder dimensions and sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms in relation to college students’ sleep functioning. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2014;45(6):675–685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernad M. d M, Servera M, Grases G, et al. A cross-sectional and longitudinal investigation of the external correlates of sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD inattention symptoms dimensions. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2014;42(7):1225–1236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flannery AJ, Becker SP, Luebbe AM. Does emotion dysregulation mediate the association between sluggish cognitive tempo and college students’ social impairment. J Atten Disord. 2016;20(9):802–812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBurnett K, Villodas M, Burns GL, et al. Structure and validity of sluggish cognitive tempo using an expanded item pool in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2014;42(1):37–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rondon AT, Hilton DC, Jarrett MA, et al. Sleep, internalizing problems, and social withdrawal: unique associations in clinic-referred youth with elevated sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms. J Attent Disord. 2018; 1:1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Becker SP, Luebbe AM, Fite PJ, et al. Sluggish cognitive tempo in psychiatrically hospitalized children: factor structure and relations to internalizing symptoms, social problems, and observed behavioral dysregulation. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2014; 42(1):49–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker SP, Burns GL, Garner AA, et al. Sluggish cognitive tempo in adults: psychometric validation of the adult concentration Inventory. Psychol Assess. 2018;30(3):296–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller AK, Tucha L, Koerts J, et al. Sluggish cognitive tempo and its neurocognitive, social and emotional correlates: a systematic review of the current literature. J Mol Psychiatry. 2014; 2(1):5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Micco JA, Simoes NA, et al. High risk studies and developmental antecedents of anxiety disorders. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2008;148(2):99–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenberg N, Cumberland A, Spinrad TL, et al. The relations of regulation and emotionality to children’s externalizing and internalizing problem behavior. Child Dev. 2001;72(4):1112–1134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kagan J, Snidman N, Zentner M, et al. Infant temperament and anxious symptoms in school age children. Develop Psychopathol. 1999;11(2):209–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin KH, Coplan RJ, Bowker JC. Social withdrawal in childhood. Annu Rev Psychol. 2009;60(1):141–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prior M, Smart D, Sanson A, et al. Does shy-inhibited temperament in childhood lead to anxiety problems in adolescence? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39(4):461–468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod BD, Wood JJ, Weisz JR. Examining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2007;27(2):155–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker JG, Asher SR. Peer relations and later personal adjustment: are low-accepted children at risk? Psychol Bull. 1987;102(3):357–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen S, Vitaro F, Barker ED, et al. The timing of middle- childhood peer rejection and friendship: linking early behavior to early- adolescent adjustment. Child Dev. 2007;78(4):1037–1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoza B, Mrug S, Gerdes AC, et al. What aspects of peer relationships are impaired in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2005;73(3):411–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews T, Danese A, Wertz J, et al. Social isolation and mental health at primary and secondary school entry: a longitudinal cohort study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;54(3):225–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar