Variations in psychiatric morbidity between traumatized Norwegian, refugees and other immigrant patients in Oslo

References

• United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Trends in international migrant stock: The 2015 Revision. 2015. United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Norway. 14 prosent av befolkningen er innvandrere. 2018 [cited 2018 Oct 16]. Available from: https://www.ssb.no/befolkning/artikler-og-publikasjoner/14-prosent-av-befolkningen-er-innvandrere
   Google Scholar
• Ødegård Ø. Emigration and insanity; a study of mental disease among the Norwegian born population of Minnesota. Vol. 4. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard; 1932.
   Google Scholar
• Alegría M, Álvarez K, DiMarzio K. Immigration and mental health. Curr Epidemiol Rep. 2017;4:145–155.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kale E, Hjelde KH, editors. Mental health challenges of immigrants in Norway, a literature review 2009–2017. NAKMI Report No. 1:2017. Oslo (Norway): Norwegian Centre for Migration and Minority Health (NAKMI); 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Rundberg J, Lidfeldt J, Nerbrand C, et al. Mental symptoms, psychotropic drug use and alcohol consumption in immigrated middle-aged women. The Women’s Health in Lund Area (WHILA) Study. Nord J Psychiatry. 2006;60:480–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morina N, Akhtar A, Barth J, et al. Psychiatric disorders in refugees and internally displaced persons after forced displacement: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pumariega AJ, Rothe E, Pumariega JB. Mental health of immigrants and refugees. Community Ment Health J. 2005;41:581–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bas-Sarmiento P, Saucedo-Moreno MJ, Fernández-Gutiérrez M, et al. Mental health in immigrants versus native population: a systematic review of the literature. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2017;31:111–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayazi T, Lien L, Eide AH, et al. Disability associated with exposure to traumatic events: results from a cross-sectional community survey in South Sudan. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauff E, Vaglum P. Organised violence and the stress of exile. Predictors of mental health in a community cohort of Vietnamese refugees three years after resettlement. Br J Psychiatry. 1995;166:360–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousseau C, Frounfelker RL. Mental health needs and services for migrants: an overview for primary care providers. J Travel Med. 2019;26:tay150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pistoia F, Conson M, Carolei A, et al. Post-earthquake distress and development of emotional expertise in young adults. Front Behav Neurosci. 2018;12:91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betancourt TS, Newnham EA, Birman D, et al. Comparing trauma exposure, mental health needs, and service utilization across clinical samples of refugee, immigrant, and U.S.-origin children. J Trauma Stress. 2017;30:209–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Legatum Institute. The Legatum Prosperity Index. London: The Legatum Institute; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Institute for Economics and Peace. Global Peace Index. 2018. Sydney: Institute for Economics and Peace.
   Google Scholar
• Dyb G, Jensen TK, Nygaard E, et al. Post-traumatic stress reactions in survivors of the 2011 massacre on Utoya Island, Norway. Br J Psychiatry. 2014;204:361–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lassemo E, Sandanger I, Nygård JF, et al. The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder in Norway: trauma characteristics and pre-existing psychiatric disorders. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2017;52:11–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heir T, Bonsaksen T, Grimholt T, et al. Serious life events and post-traumatic stress disorder in the Norwegian population. BJPsych Open. 2019;5:e82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abebe DS, Elstad JI, Lien L. Utilization of somatic specialist services among psychiatric immigrant patients: the Norwegian patient registry study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018;18:852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abebe DS, Lien L, Elstad JI. Immigrants’ utilization of specialist mental healthcare according to age, country of origin, and migration history: a nation-wide register study in Norway. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2017;52:679–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekblad S, Kastrup MC. Current research in transcultural psychiatry in the Nordic countries. Transcult Psychiatry. 2013;50:841–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werneke U. Conference proceedings of the 4th Masterclass Psychiatry: Transcultural Psychiatry – Diagnostics and Treatment, Lulea, Sweden, 22-23 February 2018 (Region Norrbotten in collaboration with the Maudsley Hospital and Tavistock Clinic London). Nord J Psychiatry. 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Aasland OG, Amundsen A, Bovim G, et al. Identification of patients at risk of alcohol related damage. Tidsskr nor Laegeforen. 1990;110:1523–1527.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siqveland JMT, Leiknes KA. Måleegenskaper ved den norske versjonen av Symptom Checklist 90 Revidert (SCL-90-R). 2016. Oslo: Folkehelseinstituttet.
   Google Scholar
• Fredheim OMS, Borchgrevink PC, Landmark T, et al. A new schedule for the inventory of pain. Tidsskr nor Laegeforen. 2008;128:2082–2084.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheehan DV, et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59:22–33. Quiz 34–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray MJ, Litz BT, Hsu JL, et al. Psychometric properties of the life events checklist. Assessment. 2004;11:330–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teodorescu D-S, Heir T, Siqveland J, et al. Chronic pain in multi-traumatized outpatients with a refugee background resettled in Norway: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychol. 2015;3:7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teodorescu D-S, Heir T, Hauff E, et al. Mental health problems and post-migration stress among multi-traumatized refugees attending outpatient clinics upon resettlement to Norway. Scand J Psychol. 2012;53:316–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen G, Urnes Ø, Hummelen B, et al. Revised manual for the global assessment of functioning scale. Eur Psychiatry. 2018;51:16–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell ML, Creamer M, Pattison P. Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma: understanding comorbidity. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161:1390–1396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonne C, Carlsson J, Bech P, et al. Treatment of trauma-affected refugees with venlafaxine versus sertraline combined with psychotherapy – a randomised study. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Close C, Kouvonen A, Bosqui T, et al. The mental health and wellbeing of first generation migrants: a systematic-narrative review of reviews. Global Health. 2016;12:47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cable TA. Comparing Norwegian and American health. Jante law vs. pursuit of happiness. N C Med J. 1995;56:628–633.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bonsaksen T, Heir T, Ekeberg Ø, et al. Self-evaluated anxiety in the Norwegian population: prevalence and associated factors. Arch Public Health. 2019;77:10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon GE, VonKorff M, Piccinelli M, et al. An international study of the relation between somatic symptoms and depression. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1329–1335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohlof HG, Knipscheer JW, Kleber RJ. Somatization in refugees: a review. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2014;49:1793–1804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlsson JM, Olsen DR, Mortensen EL, et al. Mental health and health-related quality of life: a 10-year follow-up of tortured refugees. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006;194:725–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amundsen EJ. Low level of alcohol drinking among two generations of non-Western immigrants in Oslo: a multi-ethnic comparison. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehm J, Manthey J, Shield KD, et al. Trends in substance use and in the attributable burden of disease and mortality in the WHO European Region. Eur J Public Health. 2019;29:723–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horesh D, Lowe SR, Galea S, et al. An in-depth look into PTSD-depression comorbidity: a longitudinal study of chronically-exposed Detroit residents. J Affect Disord. 2017;208:653–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehner C. Why is depression more common among women than among men? Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4:146–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li SH, Graham BM. Why are women so vulnerable to anxiety, trauma-related and stress-related disorders? The potential role of sex hormones. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4:73–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabrielsen G, Kramp P. Forensic psychiatric patients among immigrants in Denmark–diagnoses and criminality. Nord J Psychiatry. 2009;63:140–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knutzen M, Sandvik L, Hauff E, et al. Association between patients’ gender, age and immigrant background and use of restraint–a 2-year retrospective study at a department of emergency psychiatry. Nord J Psychiatry. 2007;61:201–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maulik PK, Eaton WW, Bradshaw CP. The role of social network and support in mental health service use: findings from the Baltimore ECA study. Psychiatr Serv. 2009;60:1222–1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandula NR, Kersey M, Lurie N. Assuring the health of immigrants: what the leading health indicators tell us. Annu Rev Public Health. 2004;25:357–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beiser M. The health of immigrants and refugees in Canada. Can J Public Health. 2005;96:S30–S44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyman I. Setting the stage: reviewing current knowledge on the health of Canadian immigrants: what is the evidence and where are the gaps? Can J Public Health. 2004;95:I4–I8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali JS, McDermott S, Gravel RG. Recent research on immigrant health from statistics Canada’s population surveys. Can J Public Health. 2004;95:I9–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newbold KB. Self-rated health within the Canadian immigrant population: risk and the healthy immigrant effect. Soc Sci Med. 2005;60:1359–1370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarria-Santamera A, et al. A systematic review of the use of health services by immigrants and native populations. Public Health Rev. 2016;37:28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uribe Guajardo MG, Slewa-Younan S, Smith M, et al. Psychological distress is influenced by length of stay in resettled Iraqi refugees in Australia. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2016;10:4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar