Clinical characteristics according to sex and symptom severity in children with selective mutism: a four-center study

References

• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). 5th ed. Arlington (VA): American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Hua A, Major N. Selective mutism. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2016;28(1):114–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham CE, McHolm A, Boyle MH, et al. Behavioral and emotional adjustment, family functioning, academic performance, and social relationships in children with selective mutism. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2004;45(8):1363–1372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford MA, Sladeczek IE, Carlson J, et al. Selective mutism: phenomenological characteristics. Sch Psychol Quart. 1998;13(3):192–227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell HB, Brawman-Mintzer O, Monnier J, et al. Generalized anxiety disorder in women. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2001;24(1):165–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elizur Y, Perednik R. Prevalence and description of selective mutism in immigrant and native families: a controlled study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42(12):1451–1459.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinhausen H. Elective mutism. In: Gillberg C, Harrington R, Steinhausen H-C, editors. Clinician’s handbook of child and adolescent psychiatry. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Walkup JT, Albano AM, Piacentini J, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy, sertraline, or a combination in childhood anxiety. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(26):2753–2766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Østergaard KR. Treatment of selective mutism based on cognitive behavioural therapy, psychopharmacology and combination therapy – a systematic review. Nord J Psychiatry. 2018;72(4):240–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manassis K, Tannock R. Comparing interventions for selective mutism: a pilot study. Can J Psychiatry. 2008;53(10):700–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dummit ES, Klein RG, Asche B, et al. Fluoxetine treatment of children with selective mutism: an open trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35(5):615–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ooi YP, Raja M, Sung SC, et al. Application of a web-based cognitive-behavioural therapy programme for the treatment of selective mutism in Singapore: a case series study. Singapore Med J. 2012;53(7):446–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues Pereira C, Ensink JBM, Güldner MG, et al. Effectiveness of a behavioral treatment protocol for selective mutism in children: design of a randomized controlled trial. Contemp Clin Trials Commun. 2020;19:100644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristensen H. Selective mutism and comorbidity with developmental disorder/delay, anxiety disorder, and elimination disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39(2):249–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viana AG, Beidel DC, Rabian B. Selective mutism: a review and integration of the last 15 years. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009;29(1):57–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manassis K, Tannock R, Garland EJ, et al. The sounds of silence: language, cognition, and anxiety in selective mutism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(9):1187–1195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driessen J, Blom JD, Muris P, et al. Anxiety in children with selective mutism: a meta-analysis. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2020;51(2):330–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anstendig KD. Is selective mutism an anxiety disorder? Rethinking its DSM-IV classification. J Anxiety Disord. 1999;13(4):417–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gökler B, Ünal F, Pehlivantürk B, et al. Reliability and validity of schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school age children-present and lifetime version – Turkish version (K-SADS-PL-T). Turk J Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2004;11:109–116.
   Google Scholar
• Guy W. Early clinical drug evaluation (ECDEU) assessment manual. Rockville: National Institute of Mental Health; 1976.
   Google Scholar
• Black B, Uhde TW. Psychiatric characteristics of children with selective mutism: a pilot study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34(7):847–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crick NR, Zahn-Waxler C. The development of psychopathology in females and males: current progress and future challenges. Dev Psychopathol. 2003;15(3):719–742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewinsohn PM, Rohde P, Seeley JR. Adolescent psychopathology: III. The clinical consequences of comorbidity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34(4):510–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muris P, Ollendick TH. Children who are anxious in silence: a review on selective mutism, the new anxiety disorder in DSM-5. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2015;18(2):151–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobsen T. Case study: is selective mutism a manifestation of dissociative identity disorder? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995;34(7):863–866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffenburg H, Steffenburg S, Gillberg C, et al. Children with autism spectrum disorders and selective mutism. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2018;14:1163–1169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinhausen HC, Juzi C. Elective mutism: an analysis of 100 cases. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35(5):606–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharkey L, McNicholas F. ‘More than 100 years of silence’, elective mutism. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;17(5):255–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gensthaler A, Maichrowitz V, Kaess M, et al. Selective mutism: the fraternal twin of childhood social phobia. Psychopathology. 2016;49(2):95–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar