Numerical modelling of an evolving gold-lode system: structural and lithological controls on ore-shoot formation in the Magdala goldmine, western Victoria

References

• Arne , D. C. , Bierlein , F. P. , McNaughton , N. , Wilson , C. J. L. and Morand , V. J. 1998 . Timing of gold mineralisation in western and central Victoria, Australia: new constraints from SHRIMP II analysis of felsic intrusive rocks . Ore Geology Reviews , 13 : 251 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bear , J. and Verruijt , A. 1987 . Modelling Groundwater Flow and Pollution , Dordrecht : D. Reidel .
   Google Scholar
• Bierlein , F. P. , Arne , D. C. , Foster , D. A. and Reynolds , P. 2001 . A geochronological framework for orogenic gold in central Victoria, Australia . Mineralium Deposita , 36 : 741 – 767 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bierlein , F. P. , Foster , D. A. , McKnight , S. and Arne , D. C. 1999 . Timing of gold mineralisation in the Ballarat goldfields, central Victoria: constraints from 40Ar – 39Ar results . Australian Journal of Earth Sciences , 46 : 301 – 309 .
   Google Scholar
• Bucher , M. , Foster , D. A. and Gleadow , A. J. W. 1995 . The 40Ar – 39Ar thermochronology of granites from the western Lachlan Fold Belt, southeastern Australia: Implications for tectonic development . Geological Society of Australia Abstracts , 40 : 20 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Cayley , R. A. and Taylor , D. H. 2001 . Ararat 1:100 000 map area geological report . Geological Survey of Victoria Report , 115
   Google Scholar
• Cox , S. F. 1995 . Faulting processes at high fluid pressures: an example of fault valve behavior from the Wattle Gully Fault, Victoria, Australia . Journal of Geophysical Research , 100 : 12841 – 12859 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox , S. F. 1999 . “ Deformational controls on the dynamics of fluid flow in mesothermal gold systems ” . In Fractures, Fluid Flow and Mineralisation Edited by: McCaffrey , K. J. W. , Lonergan , L. and Wilkinson , J. J. 123 – 140 . Geological Society of London Special Publication 155
   Google Scholar
• Cox , S. F. and Rumming , K. 2004 . The St Ives mesothermal gold system, Western Australia—a case of golden aftershocks? . Journal of Structural Geology , 26 : 1109 – 1125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dugdale , A. L. , Wilson , C. J. L. and Squire , R. J. 2006 . Hydrothermal alteration at the Magdala gold deposit, Stawell, western Victoria . Australian Journal of Earth Sciences , 53 : 733 – 757 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmond , J. M. and Paterson , M. S. 1972 . Volume changes during the deformation of rocks at high pressures . International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mineral Sciences , 9 : 161 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster , D. A. , Gray , D. R. and Bucher , M. 1999 . Chronology of deformation within the turbidite-dominated, Lachlan orogen: implications for the tectonic evolution of eastern Australia and Gondwana . Tectonics , 18 : 452 – 485 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster , D. A. , Gray , D. R. , Kwak , T. A. P. and Bucher , M. 1998 . Chronology and tectonic framework of turbidite-hosted gold deposits in the Western Lachlan Fold Belt, Victoria: 40Ar–39Ar results . Ore Geology Reviews , 13 : 229 – 250 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gane , M. J. Gold mineralisation within the basalt contact ore zones, Magdala mine, Stawell, Victoria , University of Melbourne, Melbourne 1998 MSc thesis, (unpubl.)
   Google Scholar
• Goodman , R. E. 1980 . Introduction to Rock Mechanics , New York : Penguin Books .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , D. R. , Allen , R. L. , Etheridge , M. A. , Fergusson , C. L. , Gibson , G. M. , Morand , V. J. , VandenBerg , A. H. M. , Watchorn , R. B. and Wilson , C. J. L. 1988 . “ Structure and tectonics ” . In Geology of Victoria , 2nd edition , Edited by: Douglas , J. D. and Ferguson , J. A. 1 – 36 . Melbourne : Geological Society of Australia, Victorian Division .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , D. R. , Foster , D. A. , Morand , V. J. , Willman , C. E. , Cayley , R. A. , Spaggiari , C. V. , Taylor , D. H. , Gray , C. M. , VandenBerg , A. H. M. , Hendrickx , M. A. and Wilson , C. J. L. 2003 . “ Chapter 2. Structure, metamorphism, geochronology, and tectonics of Palaeozoic rocks ” . In Geology of Victoria Edited by: Birch , W. D. 15 – 71 . Geological Society of Australia Special Publication 23
   Google Scholar
• Henry , D. A. , Squire , R. J. , Wilson , C. J. L. and Rawling , T. J. 2006 . Structural and lithological controls on the high-grade Hangingwall Reef quartz – gold veins, Stawell, Victoria . Australian Journal of Earth Sciences , 53 : 759 – 766 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itasca . 1997 . FLAC: Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua, Version 2.0 User's Guide , Minneapolis : Itasca Consulting Group .
   Google Scholar
• Mapani , B. S. E. Structural evolution and gold mineralisation at the Magdala gold mine, Stawell, western Victoria , University of Melbourne, Melbourne 1995 PhD thesis, (unpubl)
   Google Scholar
• Mapani , B. S. E. and Wilson , C. J. L. 1994 . Structural evolution and gold mineralisation in the Scotchmans Fault Zone, Magdala gold mine, Stawell, western Victoria, Australia . Economic Geology , 89 : 566 – 583 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mapani , B. S. E. and Wilson , C. J. L. 1998 . Evidence for externally derived vein forming and mineralising fluids: an example from the Magdala gold mine, Stawell, Victoria, Australia . Ore Geology Reviews , 13 : 323 – 343 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , J. McL. , Dugdale , L. J. and Wilson , C. J. L. 2001 . Variable hangingwall palaeotransport during Silurian and Devonian thrusting in the western Lachlan Fold Belt: missing gold lodes, synchronous Melbourne Trough sedimentation and Grampians Group fold interference . Australian Journal of Earth Sciences , 48 : 901 – 909 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , J. McL. , Phillips , D. , Wilson , C. J. L. and Dugdale , L. J. 2005 . Evolution of a reworked orogenic zone: the boundary between the Delamerian and Lachlan Fold Belts, southeastern Australia . Australian Journal of Earth Sciences , 52 : 921 – 940 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , J. McL. and Wilson , C. J. L. 2002 . The Magdala Lode System, Stawell, southeastern Australia: structural style and relationship to gold mineralisation across the Western Lachlan Fold Belt . Economic Geology , 97 : 325 – 349 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller , J. McL. and Wilson , C. J. L. 2004a . Stress controls on intrusion-related gold lodes: Wonga gold mine, Stawell, western Lachlan fold belt, southeastern Australia . Economic Geology , 99 : 941 – 963 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , J. McL. and Wilson , C. J. L. 2004b . Structural analysis of faults related to a heterogeneous stress history: reconstruction of a dismembered gold deposit, Stawell, western Lachlan Fold Belt, Australia . Journal of Structural Geology , 26 : 1231 – 1256 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Offler , R. , McKnight , S. and Morand , V. 1998 . Tectonothermal history of the western Lachlan Fold Belt, Australia: insights from white mica studies . Journal of Metamorphic Geology , 16 : 531 – 540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ord , A. 1991 . Deformation of rock: a pressure sensitive, dilatant material . PAGEOPH , 137 : 337 – 366 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ord , A. and Oliver , N. H. S. 1997 . Mechanical controls on fluid flow during regional metamorphism: some numerical models . Journal of Metamorphic Geology , 15 : 345 – 359 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters , S. J. 1993 . Nomenclature, concepts and classification of oreshoots in vein deposits . Ore Geology Reviews , 8 : 3 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , G. , Miller , J. McL. and Wilson , C. J. L. 2002 . Structural an metamorphic evolution of the Moornambool Metamorphic Complex, western Lachlan Fold Belt, southeastern Australia . Australian Journal of Earth Sciences , 49 : 891 – 913 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert , F. , Boullier , A -M. and Firdaous , K. 1995 . Gold – quartz veins in metamorphic terranes and their bearing on the role of fluids in faulting . Journal of Geophysical Research , 100 : 12,861 – 12,879 .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , J. A. , Wilson , C. J. L. and Rawling , T. J. 2004 . Spatial variation in structural style during mineralisation within the Basalt Contact Ore Zone, Magdala Gold Mine, Western Victoria . Geological Society of Australia Abstracts , 75 : 39
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , J. A. , Wilson , C. J. L. and Rawling , T. J. 2006 . Influence of volcano-sedimentary facies architecture on strain partitioning during the evolution of an orogenic-gold lode system, Stawell, western Victoria . Australian Journal of Earth Sciences , 53 : 721 – 732 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaubs , P. M. , Rawling , T. J. , Dugdale , L. J. and Wilson , C. J. L. 2006 . Factors controlling the location of gold mineralisation around basalt domes in the Stawell corridor: insight from coupled 3D deformation – fluid-flow numerical models . Australian Journal of Earth Sciences , 53 : 841 – 852 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaubs , P. M. , Wilson , C. J. L. and Ord , A. 2001 . “ Chevron folding and fluid-flow in the Bendigo gold field, central Victoria: constraints on gold mineralisation from numerical models ” . In 2001—A Hydrothermal Odyssey: Extended Conference Abstracts Edited by: Williams , P. J. 179 – 180 . James Cook University Economic Geology Research Unit Contribution 59
   Google Scholar
• Schaubs , P. M. and Zhao , C. 2002 . Numerical models of gold-deposit formation in the Bendigo – Ballarat Zone, Victoria . Australian Journal of Earth Sciences , 49 : 1077 – 1096 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squire , R. J. and Wilson , C. J. L. 2005 . Interaction between collisional orogenesis and convergent-margin processes: evolution of the Cambrian proto-Pacific margin of East Gondwana . Journal of the Geological Society of London , 162 : 749 – 761 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripp , G. I. and Vearncombe , J. R. 2004 . Fault/fracture density and mineralisation: contouring method for targeting in gold exploration . Journal of Structural Geology , 26 : 1087 – 1108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vearncombe , J. R. 1998 . Shear zones, fault networks, and Archean gold . Geology , 26 : 855 – 858 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeer , P. A. and De Borst , R. 1984 . Non-associated plasticity for soils, concrete and rock . Heron , 29 : 1 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Watchorn , R. B. and Wilson , C. J. L. 1989 . Structural setting of gold mineralisation at Stawell, Victoria, Australia . Economic Geology Monograph , 6 : 292 – 309 .
   Google Scholar
• Weinberg , R. F. , Hodkiewicz , P. F. and Groves , D. I. 2004 . What controls gold distribution in Archean terranes? . Geology , 32 : 545 – 548 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu , G. , Powell , R. , Wilson , C. J. L. and Will , T. M. 1994 . Contact metamorphism around the Stawell Granite, Victoria, Australia . Journal of Metamorphic Geology , 12 : 609 – 624 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar