In search of Gondwana heritage in the Outer Melanesian Arc: no pre-upper Eocene detrital zircons in Viti Levu river sands (Fiji Islands)

References

• Adams, C. J., Campbell, H. J., Mortimer, N., & Griffin, W. L. (2017). Perspectives on Cretaceous Gondwana break-up from detrital zircon provenance of southern Zealandia sandstones. Geological Magazine, 154(04), 661–682. doi: 10.1017/S0016756816000285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, C. J., Cluzel, D., & Griffin, W. L. (2009). Detrital zircon ages and provenance of sedimentary rocks in basement Mesozoic terranes of New Caledonia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 56(8), 1023–1047. doi: 10.1080/08120090903246162
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, C. J., Mortimer, N., Campbell, H. J., & Griffin, W. L. (2013a). Detrital zircon geochronology and sandstone provenance of basement Waipapa Terrane (Triassic–Cretaceous) and Cretaceous cover rocks (Northland Allochthon and Houhora Complex) in northern North Island, New Zealand. Geological Magazine, 150(01), 89–109. doi: 10.1017/S0016756812000258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams, C. J., Mortimer, N., Campbell, H. J., & Griffin, W. L. (2013b). The mid-Cretaceous transition from basement to cover within sedimentary rocks in eastern New Zealand: Evidence from detrital zircon age patterns. Geological Magazine, 150(03), 455–478. doi: 10.1017/S0016756812000611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auzende, J.-M., Pelletier, B., & Eissen, J. P. (1995). The North Fiji Basin geology, structure, and geodynamic evolution. In B. Taylor (Ed.), Backarc Basins. Boston, MA: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1843-3_4
   Google Scholar
• Baker, J., Peate, D., Waight, T., & Meyzen, C. (2004). Pb isotopic analysis of standards and samples using a Pb-207-Pb-204 double spike and thallium to correct for mass bias with a double-focusing MC-ICP-MS. Chemical Geology, 211(3-4), 275–303. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barth, A. P., Tani, K., Meffre, S., Wooden, J. L., Coble, M. A., Arculus, R. J., … Shukle, J. T. (2017). Generation of silicic melts in the early Izu-Bonin arc recorded by detrital zircons in proximal arc volcaniclastic rocks from the Philippine Sea. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 18, 3576–3591. doi: 10.1002/2017GC006948
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaumais, A., Chazot, G., Dosso, L., & Bertrand, H. (2013). Temporal source evolution and crustal contamination at Lopevi Volcano, Vanuatu Island Arc. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 264, 72–84. doi: 10.1016/J.JVOLGEORES.2013.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berggren, W. A., Kent, D. V., Swisher, C. C., III, & Aubry, M. P. (1995). A revised Cenozoic geochronology and chronostratigraphy. Geochronology, time scales and global stratigraphic correlation (pp. 129–212). Tulsa OK: SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology) Special Publication 54.
   Google Scholar
• Bevis, M., Taylor, F. W., Schutz, B. E., Recy, J., Isacks, B. L., Helu, S., … Calmant, S. (1995). Geodetic observations of very rapid convergence and back-arc extension at the Tonga arc. Nature, 374(6519), 249–251. doi: 10.1038/374249a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, L. P., Kamo, S. L., Allen, C. M., Aleinikoff, J. N., Davis, D. W., Korsch, R. J., & Foudoulis, C. (2003). TEMORA 1: A new zircon standard for Phanerozoic U–Pb geochronology. Chemical Geology, 200(1-2), 155–170. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(03)00165-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloomer, S. H., Taylor, B., MacLeod, C. J., Stern, R. J., Fryer, P., Hawkins, J. W., & Johnson, L. (1995). Early arc volcanism and the ophiolite problem: A perspective from drilling in the Western Pacific. In B. Taylor & J. Natland (Eds.), Active margins and marginal basins of the Western Pacific (pp. 67–96). Washington D.C.: American Geophysical Union.
   Google Scholar
• Bryan, S. E., Cook, A. G., Allen, C. M., Siegel, C., Purdy, D. J., Greentree, J. S., & Uysal, T. (2012). Early–mid Cretaceous tectonic evolution of eastern Gondwana: From silicic LIP magmatism to continental rupture. Episodes, 35(1), 143–152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buys, J., Spandler, C., Holm, R. J., & Richards, S. W. (2014). Remnants of ancient Australia in Vanuatu: Implications for crustal evolution in island arcs and tectonic development of the southwest Pacific. Geology, 42(11), 939–942. doi: 10.1130/G36155.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carley, T. L., Miller, C. F., Wooden, J. L., Bindeman, I., & Barth, A. P. (2011). Zircon from historic eruptions in Iceland: Reconstructing storage and evolution of silicic magmas. Mineralogy and Petrology, 102(1-4), 135–161. doi: 10.1007/s00710-011-0169-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cluzel, D., Adams, C. J. A., Maurizot, P., & Meffre, S. (2011). Detrital zircon records of Late Cretaceous syn-rift sedimentary sequences of New Caledonia: An Australian provenance questioned. Tectonophysics, 501(1-4), 17–27. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2011.01.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cluzel, D., Adams, C. J. A., Meffre, S., Campbell, H., & Maurizot, P. (2010a). Discovery of Early Cretaceous rocks in New Caledonia (Southwest Pacific). New geochemical and U–Pb zircon age constraints on the transition from subduction to marginal breakup. The Journal of Geology, 118(4), 381–397. doi: 10.1086/652779
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cluzel, D., Aitchison, J. C., & Picard, C. (2001). Tectonic accretion and underplating of mafic terranes in the Late Eocene intraoceanic fore-arc of New Caledonia (Southwest Pacific). Geodynamic implications. Tectonophysics, 340(1-2), 23–60. doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(01)00148-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cluzel, D., Black, P. M., Picard, C., & Nicholson, K. N. (2010b). Geochemistry and tectonic setting of Matakaoa Volcanics, East Coast Allochthon, New Zealand: Suprasubduction zone affinity, regional correlations, and origin. Tectonics, 29. doi: 10.1029/2009TC002454
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cluzel, D., Whitten, M., Meffre, S., Aitchison, J. C., & Maurizot, P. (2017). A reappraisal of the Poya Terrane (New Caledonia). Accreted Late Cretaceous marginal basin upper crust, passive margin sediments and Eocene E-MORB sill complex. Tectonics, 37(1). doi: 10.1002/2017TC004579
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colley, H. (1976). Mineral deposits of Fiji (metallic deposits). Suva Fiji: Fiji Mineral Resources Division, Memoir 1, 25.
   Google Scholar
• Colley, H., & Flint, D. J. (1995). Metallic mineral deposits of Fiji. Suva Fiji: Fiji Mineral Resources Department Memoir 4, 196. ISBN 9822110227
   Google Scholar
• Colley, H., & Greenbaum, D. (1980). The mineral deposits and metallogeny of the Fiji platform. Economic Geology, 75(6), 807–829. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.75.6.807
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford, A. J., Meffre, S., & Symonds, P. A. (2003). 120 to 0 Ma tectonic evolution of the southwest Pacific and analogous geological evolution of the 600 to 220 Ma Tasman Fold Belt System. In R. R. Hillis & R. D. Mueller (Eds.), Evolution and dynamics of the Australian Plate (pp. 377–397). Sydney NSW: Geological Society of Australia Special Publication, 22.
   Google Scholar
• Crook, K. A. W., & Belbin, L. (1978). The southwest Pacific area during the last 90 million years. Journal of the Geological Society of Australia, 25(1-2), 23–40. doi: 10.1080/00167617808729012
   Google Scholar
• Davidson, J. P. (1987). Crustal contamination versus subduction zone enrichment: Example from the Lesser Antilles and implications for mantle source compositions of island arc volcanic rocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51(8), 2185–2198. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(87)90268-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilles, J. H., Kent, A. J., Wooden, J. L., Tosdal, R. M., Koleszar, A., Lee, R. G., & Farmer, L. P. (2015). Zircon compositional evidence for sulfur degassing from ore-forming arc magmas. Economical Geology, 110(1), 241–251. doi: 10.2113/econgeo.110.1.241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drewes, E., Gill, J. B., Allen, C. M., Campbell, I. H., & Todd, E. (2009). Fijian tonalites and crustal evolution. In Eos: Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 90(52), Fall Meeting Supplement, Abstract T21A-1787.
   Google Scholar
• Duncan, R. A., Vallier, T. L., & Falvey, D. A. (1985). Volcanic episodes at ‘Eua, Tonga islands. In D. W. Scholl & T. L. Vallier (Eds.), Geology and offshore resources of the Pacific Island Arcs-Tonga Region (pp. 281–290). Houston, TX: Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Earth Science Series 2.
   Google Scholar
• Ewart, A., & Bryan, W. B. (1972). Petrography and geochemistry of the igneous rocks from E’ua, Tongan Islands. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83, 3281–3298. doi: 10.1130/0016-7606(1972)83[3281:PAGOTI]2.0.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falloon, T. J., Meffre, S., Crawford, A. J., Hoernle, K., Hauff, F., Bloomer, S. H., & Wright, D. J. (2014). Cretaceous fore-arc basalts from the Tonga arc: Geochemistry and implications for the tectonic history of the SW Pacific. Tectonophysics, 630, 21–32. doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2014.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedotova, A. A., Bibikova, E. V., & Simakin, S. G. (2008). Ion-microprobe zircon geochemistry as an indicator of mineral genesis during geochronological studies. Geochemistry International, 46(9), 912–927. doi: 10.1134/S001670290809005X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foye, W. G. (1917). The geology of the Fiji Islands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 3(4), 305–310.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Furumoto, A. S., Webb, J. P., Odegard, M. E., & Hussong, D. M. (1976). Seismic studies on the Ontong Java Plateau, 1970. Tectonophysics, 34(1-2), 71–90. doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(76)90177-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerya, T. V. (2011). Intra-oceanic Subduction Zones. In D. Brown & P. D. Ryan (Eds.), Arc–continent collision. frontiers in Earth Sciences (pp. 23–51). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Gill, J. B. (1970). Geochemistry of Viti Levu, Fiji and its evolution as an island arc. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 27(3), 179–203. doi: 10.1007/BF00385777
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, J. B. (1976). From island arc to oceanic islands, Fiji, Southwestern Pacific. Geology, 4(2), 123–126.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, J. B. (1984). Sr–Pb–Nd isotopic evidence that both MORB and OIB sources contribute to oceanic island arc magmas in Fiji. Earth Planetary Science Letters, 68(3), 443–458. doi: 10.1016/0012-821X(84)90129-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, J. B. (1987). Early geochemical evolution of an oceanic island arc and back-arc: Fiji and the South Fiji Basin. The Journal of Geology, 95(5), 589–615. doi: 10.1086/629158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, J. B., Stork, A. L., & Whelan, P. M. (1984). Volcanism accompanying backarc basin development in the Southwest Pacific. Tectono-physics, 102(1-4), 207–224. doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(84)90014-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimes, C. B., John, B. E., Cheadle, M. J., Mazdab, F. K., Wooden, J. L., Swapp, S., & Schwartz, J. J. (2009). On the occurrence, trace element geochemistry, and crystallization history of zircon from in situ ocean lithosphere. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 158(6), 757–783. doi: 10.1594/PANGAEA.772872
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimes, C. B., John, B. E., Kelemen, P. B., Mazdab, F. K., Wooden, J. L., Cheadle, M. J., … Schwartz, J. J. (2007). Trace element chemistry of zircons from oceanic crust: A method for distinguishing detrital zircon provenance. Geology, 35(7), 643–646. doi: 10.1130/G23603A.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimes, C. B., Wooden, J. L., Cheadle, M. J., & John, B. E. (2015). ‘‘Fingerprinting’’ tectono-magmatic provenance using trace elements in igneous zircon. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 170, 1–26. doi: 10.1007/s00410-015-1199-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, R. (2002). Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific: Computer-based reconstructions, model and animations. Journal Asian Earth Science, 20(4), 353–431. doi: 10.1016/S1367-9120(01)00069-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, C. D., Gurnis, M., Sdrolias, M., Lavier, L. L., & Müller, D. R. (2003). Catastrophic initiation of subduction following forced convergence across fracture zones. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 212(1-2), 15–30. doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00242-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hathway, B. (1993). The Nadi Basin: Neogene strike-slip faulting and sedimentation in a fragmented arc, western Viti Levu, Fiji. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 150(3), 563–581. doi: 10.1144/gsjgs.150.3.0563
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hathway, B. (1994). Sedimentation and volcanism in an Oligocene–Miocene inter-oceanic arc and fore-arc, southwestern Vitu Levu, Fiji. Journal Geological Society, London, 151(3), 499–514. doi: 10.1144/gsjgs.151.3.0499
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hathway, B., & Colley, H. (1994). Eocene to Miocene geology of southwest Viti Levu. In A. J. Stevenson, R. H. Herzer, & P. F. Ballance (Eds.), Contributions to the marine and onland geology and resources of the Tonga-Lau-Fiji region (pp. 153–170). Suva Fiji: SOPAC Technical Bulletin 8.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, D. E., & Ringis, J. (1973). Seafloor spreading in the Tasman Sea. Nature, 243(5408), 454–458. doi: 10.1038/243454a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoskin, P. W. O. (2005). Trace-element composition of hydrothermal zircon and the alteration of Hadean zircon from the Jack Hills, Australia. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 69(3), 637–648. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2004.07.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoskin, P. W. O., & Ireland, T. R. (2000). Rare earth element chemistry of zircon and its use as a provenance indicator. Geology, 28(7), 627–630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoskin, P. W. O., & Schaltegger, U. (2003). The composition of zircon and igneous and metamorphic petrogenesis. In J. M. Hanchar & P. W. O. Hoskin (Eds.), Zircons (pp. 27–62). Washington D.C.: Mineralogical Society of America and Geochemical Society, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 53. doi: 10.2113/0530027
   Google Scholar
• Hussong, D. J., Wipperman, L. K., & Kroenke, L. W. (1979). The crustal structure of the Ontong Java Plateau and Manihiki oceanic plateaus. Journal of Geophysical Research, 84(B11), 6003–6010. doi: 10.1029/JB084iB11p06003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishizuka, O., Kimura, J. I., Li, Y. B., Stern, R. J., Reagan, M. K., Taylor, R. N., … Haraguchi, S. (2006). Early stages in the evolution of Izu–Bonin arc volcanism: New age, chemical, and isotopic constraints. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 250(1-2), 385–401. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.08.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishizuka, O., Tani, K., Reagan, M. K., Kanayama, K., Umino, S., Harigane, Y., … Dunkley, D. J. (2011). The timescales of subduction initiation and subsequent evolution of an oceanic island arc. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 306(3-4), 229–240. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.04.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jagoutz, O., & Schmidt, M. W. (2012). The formation and bulk composition of modern juvenile continental crust: The Kohistan arc. Chemical Geology, 298-299, 79–96. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2011.10.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakes, V. P., & White, A. J. R. (1969). Structure of the Melanesian arcs and correlation with distribution of magma types. Tectonophysics, 8(3), 223–236. doi: 10.1016/0040-1951(69)90099-7
   Google Scholar
• Kroenke, L. W. (1972). Geology of the Ontong Java Plateau, Ph. D. Thesis (unpublished), Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, Report HIG-72-5. University of Hawaii, 119 p.
   Google Scholar
• Luyendyk, B. (1995). Hypotheses for Cretaceous rifting of East Gondwana caused by subducted slab capture. Geology, 23, 373–376. doi: 10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0373:HFCROE>2.3.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malahoff, A., Feden, R. H., & Fleming, H. S. (1982). Magnetic anomalies and tectonic fabric of marginal basins north of New Zealand. Journal of Geophysical Research, 87(B5), 4109–4125. doi: 10.1029/JB087iB05p04109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maurizot, P., Bordenave, A., Cluzel, D., Collot, J., & Etienne, S. (2018). Late Cretaceous to Eocene cover: From rifting to convergence. In N. Mortimer (Ed.), Geology and mineral resources of New Caledonia Ch. 4 (in press). London UK: Memoir of the Geological Society of London.
   Google Scholar
• McDougall, I. (1994). Data report: Dating of rhyolitic glass in the Tonga forearc (Hole 841B). In J. Hawkins, L. Parson, & J. Allan (Eds.), Proceedings of the ODP, science results, 135 (pp. 923). College Station, TX: Ocean Drilling Program.
   Google Scholar
• Meffre, S., Falloon, T. J., Crawford, T. J., Hoernle, K., Hauff, F., Duncan, R. A., … Wright, D. J. (2012). Basalts erupted along the Tongan fore arc during subduction initiation: Evidence from geochronology of dredged rocks from the Tonga fore arc and trench. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 13, Q12003. doi: 10.1029/2012GC004335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michibayashi, K., Shinkai, Y., Tani, K., Uehara, S., Harigane, Y., Ishii, T., & Bloomer, S. H. (2012). Tonga Trench gabbros and peridotites: A suit of temporal and spatial forearc materials. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2012, abstract id. T51D-2611.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, A. H. G., & Warden, A. J. (1971). Geological evolution of the New Hebrides island arc. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 127(5), 501–529. doi: 10.1144/gsjgs.127.5.0501
   Google Scholar
• Mortimer, N., Campbell, H. J., Tulloch, A. J., King, P. R., Stagpoole, V. M., Wood, R. A., … Seton, M. (2017). Zealandia: Earth’s Hidden Continent. GSA Today, 27(3), 27–35. doi: 10.1130/GSATG321A.1
   Google Scholar
• Nicholson, K. N. N., Black, P. M. M., & Picard, C. (2000). Geochemistry and tectonic significance of the Tangihua Ophiolite Complex, New Zealand. Tectonophysics, 321(1), 1–15. doi: 10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00081-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson, K. N., Maurizot, P., Black, P. M., Picard, C., Simonetti, A., Stewart, A., & Alexander, A. (2011). Geochemistry and age of the Nouméa Basin lavas, New Caledonia: Evidence for Cretaceous subduction beneath the eastern Gondwana margin. Lithos, 125(1-2), 659–674. doi: 10.1016/j.lithos.2011.03.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce, J. A. (1982). Trace element characteristics of lavas from destructive plate margins. In R. S. Thorpe (Ed.), Andesites (pp. 525–548). Winchester UK: Wiley. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/id/eprint/8625
   Google Scholar
• Pelletier, B., Calmant, S., & Pillet, R. (1998). Current tectonics of the Tonga–New Hebrides region. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 164(1-2), 263–276. doi: 10.1016/S0012-821X(98)00212-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, K. A. (1965). 1:500,000 Geological map of Fiji. Suva Fiji: Geological Survey of Fiji.
   Google Scholar
• Reagan, M. K., Ishizuka, O., Stern, R. J., Kelley, K. A., & Ohara, Y. (2010). Fore-arc basalts and subduction initiation in the Izu–Bonin–Mariana system. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 11, Q03X12. doi: 10.1029/2009GC002871
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reagan, M. K., McClelland, W. C., Girard, G., Goff, K. R., Peate, D. W., Ohara, Y., & Stern, R. J. (2013). The geology of the southern Mariana fore-arc crust: Implications for the scale of Eocene volcanism in the Western Pacific. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 380, 41–51. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.08.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickard, M. J., & Williams, I. S. (2013). No zircon U–Pb evidence for a Precambrian component in the Late Eocene Yavuna trondhjemite, Fiji. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 60(4), 521–525. doi: 10.1080/08120099.2013.792295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodda, P. (1967). Outline of the geology of Viti Levu. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 10(5), 1260–1273. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1967.10420217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodda, P. (1994). Geology of Fiji. In A. J. Stevenson, R. H. Herzer, & P. F. Ballance (Eds.), Contributions to the marine and on-land geology and resources of the Tonga-Lau-Fiji region. SOPAC Technical Bulletin 8 (pp. 131–151). Suva Fiji: SOPAC.
   Google Scholar
• Rodda, P., Snelling, N. J., & Rex, D. C. (1967). Radiometric age data on rocks from Viti Levu, Fiji. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 10(5), 1248–1259. doi: 10.1080/00288306.1967.10420216
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schellart, W. P., Lister, G. S., & Toy, V. G. (2006). A Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic reconstruction of the Southwest Pacific region: Tectonics controlled by subduction and slab rollback processes. Earth-Science Reviews, 76(3-4), 191–233. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.01.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sdrolias, M., Müller, R., & Gaina, C. (2003). Tectonic evolution of the southwest Pacific using constraints from backarc basins. Geological Society of America Special Papers, 372, 343–359. doi: 10.1130/0-8137-2372-8.343
   Google Scholar
• Setterfield, T. N., Eaton, P. C., Rose, W. J., & Sparks, R. S. J. (1991). The Tavua Caldera, Fiji: A complex shoshonitic caldera formed by concurrent faulting and downsagging. Journal of the Geological Society, 148(1), 115–127. doi: 10.1144/gsjgs.148.1.0115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setterfield, T. N., Mussett, A. E., & Oglethorpe, R. D. J. (1992). Magmatism and associated hydrothermal activity during the evolution of the Tavua Caldera; 40Ar/39Ar dating of the volcanic, intrusive, and hydrothermal events. Economic Geology, 87(4), 1130–1140. doi: 10.2113/gsecongeo.87.4.1130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shao, W. Y., Chung, S. L., Chen, W. S., Lee, H. Y., & Xie, L. W. (2015). Old continental zircons from a young oceanic arc, eastern Taiwan: Implications for Luzon subduction initiation and Asian accretionary orogeny. Geology, 43(6), 479–482. doi: 10.1130/G36499.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp, W. D., & Clague, D. A. (2006). 50-Ma Initiation of Hawaiian–Emperor bend records major change in Pacific Plate motion. Science, 313(5791), 1281–1284. doi: 10.1126/science.1128489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shemenda, A. I. (1993). Subduction of the lithosphere and back-arc dynamics: Insights from physical modeling. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98(B9), 16 167–16 185. doi: 10.1029/93JB01094
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sláma, J., Kosler, J., Condon, D. J., Crowley, J. L., Gerdes, A., Hanchar, J. M., … Whitehouse, M. J. (2008). Plesovice zircon – A new natural reference material for U–Pb and Hf isotopic microanalysis. Chemical Geology, 249(1-2), 1–35. doi: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.11.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth, H. R., Hamilton, P. J., Hall, R., & Kinny, P. D. (2007). The deep crust beneath island arcs: Inherited zircons reveal a Gondwana continental fragment beneath East Java, Indonesia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 258(1-2), 269–282. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.03.044
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, R. J. (2004). Subduction initiation: Spontaneous and induced. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 226(3-4), 275–292. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2004.08.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, R. J., Reagan, M., Ishizuka, O., Ohara, Y., & Whattam, S. (2012). To understand subduction initiation, study forearc crust: To understand forearc crust, study ophiolites. Lithosphere, 4(6), 469–483. doi: 10.1130/L183.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland, R., Collot, J., Lafoy, Y., Logan, G. A., Hackney, R., Stagpoole, V., … Rollet, N. (2010). Lithosphere delamination with foundering of lower crust and mantle caused permanent subsidence of New Caledonia Trough and transient uplift of Lord Howe Rise during Eocene and Oligocene initiation of Tonga‐Kermadec subduction, western Pacific. Tectonics, 29, TC2004. doi: 10.1029/2009TC002476
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tappin, D. R., & Balance, P. F. (1994). Contributions to the sedimentary geology of ‘Eua Island, Kingdom of Tonga: Reworking in an oceanic forearc. In A. J. Stevenson, R. H. Herzer, & P. F. Balance (Eds.), Geology and submarine resources of the Tonga–Lau–Fiji Region: South Pacific (pp. 1–20). Suva Fiji: Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC), Technical Bulletin 8.
   Google Scholar
• Tapster, S., Roberts, N. M. W., Petterson, M. G., Saunders, A. D., & Naden, J. (2014). From continent to intra-oceanic arc: Zircon xenocrysts record the crustal evolution of the Solomon island arc. Geology, 42(12), 1087–1090. doi: 10.1130/G36033.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todd, E., Gill, J. B., & Pearce, J. A. (2012). A variably enriched mantle wedge and contrasting melt types during arc stages following subduction initiation in Fiji and Tonga, southwest Pacific. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 335-336, 180–194. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2012.05.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trail, D., Watson, B. E., & Tailby, N. D. (2012). Ce and Eu anomalies in zircon as proxies for the oxidation state of magmas. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 97, 70–87. doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2012.08.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wharton, M. R., Hathway, L. B., & Colley, H. (1995). Volcanism associated with extension in an Oligocene–Miocene arc, southwestern Viti Levu, Fiji. In J. L. Smellie (Ed.), Volcanism associated with extension at consuming plate margins (pp. 95–114). London UK: Geological Society Special Publication 81.
   Google Scholar
• Whelan, P. W., Gill, J. B., Kollman, E., Duncan, R., & Drake, R. (1985). Radiometric dating of magmatic stages in Fiji. In D. W. Scholl & T. L. Vallier (Eds.), Geology and offshore resources of the Pacific Island Arcs–Tonga Region (pp. 415–440). Houston, TX: Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Earth Science Series 2.
   Google Scholar
• Whitehouse, M. J. (2003). Rare earth elements in zircon: A review of applications and case studies from the Outer Hebridean Lewisian Complex. NW Scotland Geological Society London Special Publications, 220(1), 49–64. doi: 10.1144/GSL.SP.2003.220.01.03
   Google Scholar
• Wiedenbeck, M., Alle, P., Corfu, F., Griffin, W. L., Meier, M., Oberli, F., … Speigel, W. (1995). 3 Natural Zircon Standards for U-Th-Pb, Lu-Hf, trace-element and REE analyses. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 19(1), 1–23. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-908X.1995.tb00147.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, C. Y., & Kroenke, L. W. (1993). A plate tectonic reconstruction of the southwest Pacific, 0–100 Ma. In W. H. Berger, L. W. Kroenke, & L. A. Mayer (Eds.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Science Results, 130 (pp. 697–709). College Station, TX: Ocean Drilling Program.
   Google Scholar