Gondwanaland dispersion, Asian accretion and evolution of eastern TethysFootnote∗

Presented at the 12th AGC in Perth and subsequently, in modified form, at the Geological Society of London. This paper is a modified version of the paper published in Geological Society of London Special Publication No. 106 (Metcalfe 1996).

References

• Allègre , C. J. , Courtillot , V. Tapponnier , P. 1984 . Structure and evolution of the Himalaya‐Tibet orogenic belt . Nature , 307 : 17 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archbold , N. W. and Shi , G. R. 1995 . Permian brachiopod faunas of western Australia: Gondwanan‐Asia relationships and Permian climate . Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences , 11 : 207 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audley‐Charles , M. G. 1983 . Reconstruction of eastern Gondwanaland . Nature , 306 : 48 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audley‐Charles , M. G. 1984 . Cold Gondwana, warm Tethys and the Tibetan Lhasa block . Nature , 310 : 165
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audley‐Charles , M. G. 1988 . “ Evolution of the southern margin of Tethys (North Australian region) from Early Permian to Late Cretaceous ” . In Gondwana and Tethys , Geological Society of London Special Publication 37 Edited by: Audley‐Charles , M. G. and Hallam , A. 79 – 100 .
   Google Scholar
• Audley‐Charles , M. G. 1991 . Tectonics of the New Guinea area . Annual Reviews Earth and Planetary Sciences , 19 : 17 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Audley‐Charles , M. G. , Ballantine , P. D. and Hall , R. 1988 . Mesozoic‐Cenozoic rift‐drift sequence of Asian fragments from Gondwanaland . Tectonophysics , 155 : 317 – 330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr , S. M. and MacDonald , A. S. 1987 . Nan River suture zone, northern Thailand . Geology , 15 : 907 – 910 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr , S. M. , MacDonald , A. S. , Yaowanoiyothin , W. and Panjasawatwong , Y. 1985 . Occurrence of blueschist in the Nan River mafic‐ultramafic belt, northern Thailand . Warta Geologi , 11 : 47 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Barr , S. M. , Tantisukrit , C. , Yaowanoiyothin , W. and MacDonald , A. S. 1990 . Petrology and tectonic implications of Upper Paleozoic volcanic rocks of the Chiang Mai belt, northern Thailand . Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences , 4 : 37 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Baud , A. 1994 . “ Late Permian sequence stratigraphy of the N Indian margin ” . In International Symposium on Permian Stratigraphy, Environments & Resources Guiyang, China Abstracts 1
   Google Scholar
• Baud , A. , Marcoux , J. , Guiraud , R. , Ricou , L. E. and Gaetani , M. 1993 . “ Late Murgabian (266–264 Ma) ” . In Atlas Tethys Palaeoenvironmental Maps. Explanatory Notes , Edited by: Dercourt , J. , Ricou , L. E. and Vrielynck , B. 9 – 20 . Paris : Gauthier‐Villars .
   Google Scholar
• Bian , Qiantao. 1991 . “ On the tectonic characteristics and evolution of the Hoh Xil region ” . In Proceedings of First International Symposium on Gondwana Dispersion and Asian Accretion — Geological Evolution of Eastern Tethys , Edited by: Ren , J. and Xie , G. 305 – 306 . Beijing : China University of Geosciences .
   Google Scholar
• Boulin , J. 1988 . Hercynian and Eocimmerian events in Afghanistan and adjoining regions . Tectonophysics , 148 : 253 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunopas , S. and Vella , P. 1978 . “ Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic structural evolution of Thailand ” . In Proceedings Third Regional Conference on Geology and Mineral Resources of Southeast Asia , Edited by: Nutalaya , P. 133 – 140 . Bangkok : Asian Institute of Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Burrett , C. , Long , J. and Stait , B. 1990 . “ Early Middle Palaeozoic biogeography of Asian terranes derived from Gondwana ” . In Palaeozoic Palaeogeog‐raphy and Biogeography , Geological Society of London Memoir 12 Edited by: McKerrow , W. S. and Scotese , C. R. 163 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Cameron , N. R. , Clarke , N. C. G. , Aldiss , D. T. , Aspden , T. A. and Djunuddin , A. 1980 . “ The geological evolution of northern Sumatra ” . In Ninth Indonesian Petroleum Convention Jakarta
   Google Scholar
• Chengfa , Chang , Nansheng , Chen Coward , M. P. 1986 . Preliminary conclusions of the Royal Society and Academia Sinica 1985 Geotraverse of Tibet . Nature , 323 : 501 – 507 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bingwei , Chen and Guanglian , Xie . 1994 . Evolution of the Tethys in Yunnan and Tibet . Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences , 9 : 349 – 354 .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , J. , Foland , K. A. , Xing , F. , Xu , X. and Zhou , T. 1991 . Magmatism along the southeast margin of the Yangtze block: Precambrian collision of the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks of China . Geology , 19 : 815 – 818 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , X. and Rong , J. 1992 . “ Ordovician plate tectonics of China and its neighbouring regions ” . In Global Perspectives on Ordovician Geology , Edited by: Webby , B. D. and Laurie , J. R. 277 – 291 . Rotterdam : A. A. Balkema .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , Z. , Li , Z. X. , Powell , C. Mca. and Balme , B. E. 1993 . Palaeo‐magnetism of the Brewer Conglomerate in central Austral, and fast movement of Gondwanaland during the Late Devonian . Geophysical Journal International , 115 : 564 – 574 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colwell , J. B. , Stagg , H. M. J. , Symonds , P. A. , Willcox , J. B. , O'Brien , G. W. and (compilers for AGSO North West Shelf Study Group) . 1994 . “ Deep reflections on the North West Shelf: changing perceptions of basin formation ” . In The Sedimentary Basins of Western Australia , Edited by: Purcell , P. G. and Purcell , R. R. 63 – 76 . Perth : Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia .
   Google Scholar
• Darbyshire , D. P. F. 1988 . “ Geochronology of Malaysian granites ” . In Natural Environment Research Council Isotope Geology Centre Open File Report 88/3
   Google Scholar
• Dewey , J. F. , Shackleton , R. M. , Chengfa , Chang and Yiyin , Sun . 1988 . The tectonic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , A327 : 379 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enkin , R. J. , Yang , Z. , Chen , Y. and Courtillot , V. 1992 . Paleo‐magnetic constraints on the geodynamic history of the major blocks of China from the Permian to the Present . journal of Geophysical Research , 97 : 13 953 – 13 989 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan , C. and Zhang , Y. 1994 . The structure and tectonics of western Yunnan . Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences , 9 : 355 – 361 .
   Google Scholar
• Fang , Z. and Yin , D. 1995 . Discovery of fossil bivalves from Early Permian of Dongfang, Hainan Island with a review on glaciomarine origin of Nanlong Formation diamictites . Acta Palaeontologica Sinica , 34 : 301 – 315 .
   Google Scholar
• Gatinsky , Y. G. and Hutchison , C. S. 1987 . Cathaysia, Gondwanaland and the Palaeotethys in the evolution of continental Southeast Asia . Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin , 20 : 179 – 199 .
   Google Scholar
• Ge , X. , Duan , J. , Li , C. , Yang , H. and Tian , Y. 1991 . “ A new recognition of the Altun Fault Zone and geotectonic pattern of North‐West China ” . In Proceedings First International Symposium of Gondwana Dispertion ‘and Asian accretiont — Geological Evolution of Eastern Tethys Kunming China , Edited by: Ren , J. and Xie , G. 125 – 128 . Beijing : China University of Geosciences .
   Google Scholar
• Girardeau , J. , Marcoux , J. Allègre , C. J. 1984 . Tectonic environment and geodynamic significance of the Neo‐Cimmerian Dongqiao ophiolite, Banggong‐Nujiang suture zone, Tibet . Nature , 307 : 27 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Görür , N. and Sengör , A. M. C. 1992 . Palaeogeography and tectonic evolution of the eastern Tethysides: implications for the northwest Australian margin breakup history . Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results , 122 : 83 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• Hada , S. , Bunopas , S. , Thitisawan , V. , Pasajawatwong , Y. , Yanoiyothin , W. , Ishii , K. and Yoshikura , S. 1994 . Accretion tectonics in Thailand along the Nan‐Uttaradit Suture Zone . American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin , 78 : 1143
   Google Scholar
• Haile , N. S. 1979 . Palaeomagnetic evidence for rotation and northward drift of Sumatra . Journal of the Geological Society of London , 136 : 541 – 545 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton , W. 1979 . “ Tectonics of the Indonesian region ” . In US Geological Survey Professional Paper 1078
   Google Scholar
• Harbury , N. A. , Jones , M. E. , Audley‐Charles , M. G. , Metcalfe , I. and Mohamad , K. R. 1990 . Structural evolution of Mesozoic Peninsular Malaysia . Journal of the Geological Society of London , 147 : 11 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hisada , K. , Arai , S. and Negoro , A. 1994 . “ Devonian serpentinite protrusion confirmed by detrital chromian spinels in outer zone of SW Japan ” . In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Stratigraphic Correlation of Southeast Asia , Edited by: Angsuwathana , P. , Wongwanich , T. , Tansathian , W. , Wongsomsak , S. and Tulyatid , J. 76 – 80 . Bangkok : Department of Mineral Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Hoe , N. D. and Rangin , C. “ The Palaeozoic orogenic belts and their palaeogeography as markers for Cenozoic tectonic offsets in the Indochina Peninsula ” . In Gondwana dispersion & Asian accretion , Edited by: Metcalfe , I. Rotterdam : A. A. Balkema . IGCP 321 Final Results Volume. (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Hsü , K. J. , Li , J. , Chen , H. , Wang , Q. , Sun , S. and Sengör , A. M. C. 1990 . Tectonics of South China: key to understanding West Pacific geology . Tectonophysics , 183 : 9 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsü , K. J. , Sun , S. , Li , J. , Chen , H. , Pen , H. and Sengör , A. M. C. 1988 . Mesozoic overthrust tectonics in South China . Geology , 16 : 418 – 421 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsü , K. J. , Sun , S. and Li , J. 1989 . “ Mesozoic suturing in the Huanan Alps and the tectonic assembly of South China ” . In Tectonic Evolution of the Tethyan Region , Edited by: Sengör , A. M. C. 551 – 565 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Hsü , K. J. , Wang , Q. , Li , J. , Zhou , D. and Sun , S. 1987 . Tectonic evolution of Quinling Mountains, China . Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae , 80 : 735 – 752 .
   Google Scholar
• Huang , J. , Chen , G. and Chen , B. 1984 . Preliminary analysis of the Tethys‐Himalayan tectonic domain . Acta Geológica Sinica , 58 : 1 – 17 . (in Chinese with English abstract).
   Google Scholar
• Hutchison , C. S. 1989a . “ The Palaeo‐Tethyan realm and Indosinian orogenic system of Southeast Asia ” . In Tectonic Evolution of the Tethyan region , Edited by: Sengör , A. M. C. 585 – 643 . Amsterdam : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Hutchison , C. S. 1989b . Geological Evolution of South‐East Asia , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hutchison , C. S. 1993 . Gondwana and Cathaysian blocks, Palaeotethys sutures and Cenozoic tectonics in Southeast Asia . Geologisches Rundschau , 82 : 388 – 405 .
   Google Scholar
• Katz , M. B. 1993 . “ The Kannack complex of the Vietnam Kontum Massif of the Indochina Block: an exotic fragment of Precambrian Gondwanaland? ” . In Gondwana 8 ‐ Assembly, Evolution and Dispersal , Edited by: Findlay , R. H. , Unrug , R. , Banks , M. R. and Veevers , J. J. 161 – 164 . Rotterdam : A. A. Balkema .
   Google Scholar
• Klimetz , M. P. 1983 . Speculations on the Mesozoic plate tectonic evolution of eastern China . Tectonics , 2 : 139 – 166 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laveine , J. P. , Ratanasthien , B. and Sithirach , S. 1994 . “ The Carboniferous flora of Na Duang coal mine, Northeastern Thailand, its paleogeographic interest ” . In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Strati‐graphic Correlation of Southeast Asia , Edited by: Angsuwathana , P. , Wongwanich , T. , Tansathian , W. , Wongsomsak , S. and Tulyatid , J. 83 – 90 . Bangkok : Department of Mineral Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Li , Zhiming. 1994 . “ Ordovician ” . In The Palaeobio‐geography of China , Edited by: Hongfu , Yin . 64 – 87 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Li , Z. X. , Zhang , L. and Powell , C. McA. 1995 . South China in Rodinia: part of the missing link between Australia‐East Antarctica and Laurentia? . Geology , 23 : 407 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian‐Rui , Li and Jago , J. B. 1993 . Xystridura and other early Middle Cambrian trilobites from Yaxian, Hainan Province, China . Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia , 117 : 141 – 152 .
   Google Scholar
• Liew , T. C. and Page , R. W. 1985 . U‐Pb Zircon dating of granitoid plutons from the West Coast Province of Peninsular Malaysia . Journal of the Geological Society of London , 142 : 515 – 526 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin , J. 1987a . Late Carboniferous paleogeographic reconstruction . 11th International Congress of Carboniferous Stratigraphy and Geology Abstracts , 1 : 283
   Google Scholar
• Lin , J. 1987b . The apparent polar wander path for the South China block and its geological significance . Scientia Geologica Sinica , 4 : 306 – 315 . (in Chinese with English abstract).
   Google Scholar
• Lin , J. and Fuller , M. 1990 . Palaeomagnetism, North China and South China collision, and the Tan‐Lu fault . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , A331 : 589 – 598 .
   Google Scholar
• Lin , J. , Fuller , M. and Zhang , W. 1985 . Preliminary Phanerozoic polar wander paths for the North and South China Blocks . Nature , 313 : 444 – 449 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benpei , Liu , Qinglai , Feng and Nianqiao , Fang . 1991 . Tectonic evolution of the Palaeo‐Tethys in Changning‐Menglian Belt and adjacent regions, western Yunnan . Journal of China University of Geosciences , 2 : 18 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Guanghua , Liu . 1992 . Permian to Eocene sediments and Indian passive margin evolution in the Tibetan Himalayas . Tubinger Geowissenschaftliche Arbeiten , A13 : 250
   Google Scholar
• Guanghua , Liu and Einsele , G. 1994 . Sedimentary history of the Tethyan basin in the Tibetan Himalayas . Geologische Rundschau , 83 : 32 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Long , J. and Burrett , C. 1989 . Fish from the Upper Devonian of the Shan‐Thai terrane indicate proximity to east Gondwana and south China terranes . Geology , 17 : 811 – 813 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald , A. S. and Barr , S. M. 1978 . “ Tectonic significance of a Late Carboniferous volcanic arc in northern Thailand ” . In Proceedings Third regional conference on geology and mineral resources of Southeast Asia , Edited by: Nutalaya , P. 151 – 156 . Bangkok : Asian Institute of Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Maruyama , S. , Liou , J. G. and Zhang , R. 1994 . Tectonic evolution of the ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) and high‐pressure (HP) metamorphic belts from central China . The Island Arc , 3 : 112 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Mattauer , M. , Matte , P. Malavieille , J. 1985 . Tectonics of the Qinling Belts, build‐up and evolution of eastern Asia . Nature , 327 : 496 – 500 .
   Google Scholar
• Mattauer , M. , Matte , P. , Maluski , H. , Xu , Z. , Zhang , Q. W. and Wang , Y. M. 1991 . Paleozoic and Triassic plate boundary between North and South China: new structural and radiometric data on the Dabie Shan (eastern China) . Comptes Rendus de l'Academies Sciences de Paris Serie , 2 ( 312 ) : 1227 – 1223 .
   Google Scholar
• Metcalfe , I. 1984 . Stratigraphy, palaeontology and palaeogeog‐raphy of the Carboniferous of Southeast Asia . Mémoires de la Société Géologique de France , 147 : 107 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Metcalfe , I. 1986 . Late Palaeozoic palaeogeography of Southeast Asia: some stratigraphical, palaeontological and palaeoma‐gnetic constraints . Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin , 19 : 153 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Metcalfe , I. 1988 . “ Origin and assembly of Southeast Asian continental terranes ” . In Gondwana and Tethys , Geological Society of London Special Publication 37 Edited by: Audley‐Charles , M. G. and Hallam , A. 101 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Metcalfe , I. 1989 . “ Triassic sedimentation in the Central Basin of Peninsular Malaysia ” . In Proceedings of International Symposium on Intermontane Basins: Geology and Resources , Edited by: Thanasuthipitak , T. and Ounchanum , P. 173 – 186 . Thailand : Chiang Mai University .
   Google Scholar
• Metcalfe , I. 1990 . Allochthonous terrane processes in Southeast Asia . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , A331 : 625 – 640 .
   Google Scholar
• Metcalfe , I. 1991 . Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic palaeogeography of Southeast Asia . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatol‐ogy, Palaeoecology , 87 : 211 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalfe , I. 1992 . “ Ordovician to Permian evolution of Southeast Asian terranes: NW Australian Gondwana connections ” . In Global perspectives on Ordovician geology , Edited by: Webby , B. D. and Laurie , J. R. 293 – 305 . Rotterdam : A. A. Balkema .
   Google Scholar
• Metcalfe , I. 1993 . “ Southeast Asian terranes: Gondwanaland origins and evolution ” . In Gondwana 8 ‐ Assembly, Evolution and Dispersal , Edited by: Findlay , R. H. , Unrug , R. , Banks , M. R. and Veevers , J. J. 181 – 200 . Rotterdam : A. A. Balkema .
   Google Scholar
• Metcalfe , I. 1994a . Gondwanaland origin, dispersion, and accretion of East and Southeast Asian continental terranes . Journal South American Earth Sciences , 7 : 333 – 347 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalfe , I. 1994b . Palaeomagnetic research in Southeast Asia: progress, problems and prospects . Exploration Geophysics , 24 : 277 – 282 .
   Google Scholar
• Metcalfe , I. 1994c . “ Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Palaeogeography of Eastern Pangea and Tethys ” . In Pangea: Global Environments and Resources; , Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 17 Edited by: Embry , A. F. , Beauchamp , B. and Glass , D. J. 97 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Metcalfe , I. 1996 . Pre‐Cretaceous evolution of SE Asian terranes . Geological Society of London Special Publication , 106 : 97 – 122 .
   Google Scholar
• Metcalfe , I. and Spiller , F. C. P. 1994 . “ Correlation of the Permian and Triassic in Peninsular Malaysia: New data from conodont and radiolarian studies ” . In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Stratigraphic Correlation of Southeast Asia , Edited by: Angsuwathana , P. , Wongwanich , T. , Tansathian , W. , Wongsomsak , S. and Tulyatid , J. 129 Bangkok : Department of Mineral Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Metcalfe , I. , Shergold , J. H. and Li , Z. X. 1994 . IGCP 321 Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion: fieldwork on Hainan Island . Episodes , 16 : 443 – 447 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , A. H. G. 1990 . Mesozoic and Cenozoic regional tectonics and metallogenesis in Mainland S.E. Asia . Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin , 20 : 221 – 239 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , A. H. G. 1992 . Late Permian‐Mesozoic events and the Mergui Group Nappe in Myanmar and Thailand . Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences , 7 : 165 – 178 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , A. H. G. 1993 . Cretaceous‐Cenozoic tectonic events in the western Myanmar (Burma)‐Assam region . Journal of the Geological Society London , 150 : 1089 – 1102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie , Y. S. 1991 . Paleoclimatic and paleomagnetic constraints on the Paleozoic reconstructions of south China, north China and Tarim . Tectonophysics , 196 : 279 – 308 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie , S. 1994 . Devonian rifting of South China from Gondwana: a case study . Geological Society of Australia Abstracts , 37 : 319
   Google Scholar
• Nie , Y. S. and Rowley , D. B. 1994 . Comment on ‘Paleomagnetic constraints on the geodynamic history of the major blocks of China from the Permian to the Present’ by R. J. Enkin eds. et al . Journal of Geophysical Research , 99 : 18 035 – 18 042 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nie , Y. S. , Rowley , D. E. and Ziegler , A. M. 1990 . “ Constraints on the locations of Asian microcontinents in Palaeo‐Tethys during the Late Palaeozoic ” . In Palaeozoic Palaeogeography and Biogeography , Geological Society of London Memoir 12 Edited by: McKerrow , W. S. and Scotese , C. R. 397 – 408 .
   Google Scholar
• Nie , Y. S. , Yin , A. , Rowley , D. B. and Jin , Y. 1995 . Exhumation of the Dabie Shan ultra‐high pressure rocks and accumulation of the Songpan‐Ganzi flysch sequence, central China . Geology , 22 : 999 – 1002 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogg , J. G. and Von Rad , U. 1994 . The Triassic of the Thakkhola (Nepal). II: Paleolatitudes and comparison with other Eastern Tethyan margins of Gondwana . Geologische Rundschau , 83 : 107 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• Okay , A. I. , Sengör , A. M. C. and Satir , M. 1993 . Tectonics of an ultrahigh pressure metamorphic terrane: the Dabie Shan/Tongbai Shan orogen, China . Tectonics , 12 : 1320 – 1334 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panjasawatwong , Y. and Yaowanoiyothin , W. 1993 . Petrochemical study of post‐Triassic basalts from the Nan Suture, northern Thailand . Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences , 8 : 147 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Pillevuit , A. 1993 . Les Blocs Exotiques du Sultanat d'Oman Evolution paléogéographique d'une marge passive flexurale . Mémoirs de Géologie (Lausanne) , : 17
   Google Scholar
• Pogue , K. R. , DiPietro , J. A. , Khan , Said Rahim , Hughes , S. S. , Dilles , J. H. and Lawrence , R. D. 1992 . Late Paleozoic rifting in Northern Pakistan . Tectonics , 11 : 871 – 883 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulunggono , A. and Cameron , N. R. 1984 . Sumatran microplates, their characteristics and their role in the evolution of the Central and South Sumatra basins . Proceedings 13th Annual Convention of the Indonesian Petroleum Association , 1 : 121 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Rammlmair , D. 1993 . The evolution of the Philippine Archipelago in time and space: a plate‐tectonic model . Geologisches Jahrbuch , 81 : 1 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie , A. , Shitao , Wang , Young , G. C. and Guorui , Zhang . 1992 . The Sinolepidae, a Family of Antiarchs (Placoderm Fishes) from the Devonian of South China and Eastern Australia . Records of the Australian Museum , 44 : 319 – 370 .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , J. 1989 . Comment on ‘Mesozoic overthrust tectonics in South China’ . Geology , 17 : 671 – 672 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowley , D. B. , Ziegler , A. M. and Gyou , N. 1989 . Comment on ‘Mesozoic overthrust tectonics in South China’ . Geology , 17 : 384 – 386 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito , Y. 1992 . Reading geologic history of Japanese Islands , Tokyo : Iwanami‐shoten . (in Japanese with English abstract)
   Google Scholar
• Sengör , A. M. C. 1979 . Mid‐Mesozoic closure of Permo‐Triassic Tethys and its implications . Nature , 279 : 590 – 593 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengör , A. M. C. 1984 . The Cimmeride orogenic system and the tectonics of Eurasia . Geological Society of America Special Paper , : 195
   Google Scholar
• Sengör , A. M. C. 1987 . Tectonic subdivisions and evolution of Asia . Bulletin of the Technical University of Istanbul , 40 : 355 – 435 .
   Google Scholar
• Sengör , A. M. C. 1989 . “ The Tethyside Orogenic System: an introduction ” . In Tectonic Evolution of the Tethyan Region , Edited by: Sengör , A. M. C. 1 – 22 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Sengör , A. M. C. , Altiner , D. , Cin , A. , Ustaomer , T. and Hsü , K. J. 1988 . “ Origin and assembly of the Tethyside orogenic collage at the expense of Gondwana Land ” . In Gondwana and Tethys , Geological Society of London Special Publication 37 Edited by: Audley‐Charles , M. G. and Hallam , A. 119 – 181 .
   Google Scholar
• Shi , G. R. and Archbold , N. W. 1993 . Distribution of Asselian to Tastubian (Early Permian) Circum‐Pacific brachiopod faunas . Memoir of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists , 15 : 343 – 351 .
   Google Scholar
• Shi , G. R. and Archbold , N. W. 1995a . A quantitative analysis on the distribution of Baigendzhinian‐Early Kungurian (Early Permian) brachiopod faunas in the western Pacific region . Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences , 11 : 189 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi , G. R. and Archbold , N. W. 1995b . Permian brachiopod faunai sequence of the Shan‐Thai terrane: biostratigraphy, palaeobio‐geographical affinities and plate tectonic/palaeoclimatic implications . Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences , 11 : 177 – 188 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi , G. R. , Archbold , N. W. and Zhan , L. P. 1995 . Distribution and characteristics of mixed (transitional) mid‐Permian (Late Artinskian‐Ufimian) marine faunas in Asia and their palaeo‐biogeographical implications . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 114 : 241 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sikumbang , N. 1986 . Geology and tectonics of pre‐Tertiary rocks of the Meratus Mountains, southeast Kalimantan, Indonesia , London : University of London . PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Singharajwarapan , S. and Berry , R. F. 1993 . Structural analysis of the accretionary complex in Sirikit Dam area, Uttaradit, Northern Thailand . Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences , 8 : 233 – 245 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , A. G. , Hurley , A. M. and Briden , J. C. 1981 . Phanerozoic Palaeocontinental World Maps , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Spiller , F. C. P. and Metcalfe , I. Late Palaeozoic radiolarians from the Bentong‐Raub suture zone, Peninsular Malaysia: initial findings . 3rd International Symposium of IGCP 321 Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion, Abstracts of Papers . pp. 67 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Spiller , F. C. P. and Metcalfe , I. 1995 . Late Palaeozoic radiolarians from the Bentong‐Raub suture zone and Semanggol Formation of Peninsular Malaysia: initial results . Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences , 11 : 217 – 224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stöcklin , J. 1974 . “ Possible ancient continental margins in Iran ” . In The Geology of Continental Margins , Edited by: Burk , C. A. and Drake , C. L. 873 – 887 . Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Yun‐Chu , Sun . 1963 . On the occurrence of Xystridura fauna from Middle Cambrian of Hainan Island and its significance . Acta Palaeontologica Sinica , 11 : 608 – 610 .
   Google Scholar
• Tjia , H. D. 1987 . “ The Bentong Suture ” . In Proceedings Regional Conference Mineral and Hydrocarbon Resources of southeast Asia , Edited by: Situmonang , B. 73 – 85 . Jakarta : Indonesian Association of Geologists .
   Google Scholar
• Tjia , H. D. 1989 . Tectonic history of the Bentong‐Bengkalis Suture . Geologi Indonesia , 12 : 89 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Tran , V. T. 1979 . Geology of Vietnam (North Part) , Hanoi, Vietnam : General Geological Department .
   Google Scholar
• Tran , V. T. 1992 . Tectonic zonation of Indochina Peninsula . 29th International Geological Congress, Kyoto, Japan, Abstracts , 1 : 276
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Voo , R. 1993 . Paleomagnetism of the Atlantic, Tethys and Iapetus oceans , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Veevers , J. J. and Tewari , R. C. 1995 . Permian‐Carboniferous and Permian‐Triassic magmatism in the rift zone bordering the Tethyan margin of southern Pangea . Geology , 23 : 467 – 470 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Rad , U. , Dürr , S. B. , Ogg , J. G. and Wiedmann , J. 1994 . The Triassic of the Thakkhola (Nepal). I: stratigraphy and paleo‐environment of a northeast Gondwana rifted margin . Geologische Rundschau , 83 : 76 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• Wajzer , M. R. , Barber , A. J. , Hidayat , S. and Suharsono . 1991 . Accretion, collision and strike‐slip faulting: the Woyla Group as a key to the tectonic evolution of North Sumatra . Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences , 6 : 447 – 461 .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , H. Z. , Xu , C. Y. and Zhou , Z. G. 1982 . Tectonic development of the continental margins on both sides of the Qinling marine realm . Acta Geologica Sinica , 63 : 270 – 280 . (in Chinese with English abstract).
   Google Scholar
• Wang , X. M. , Liou , J. G. and Maruyama , S. 1992 . Coesite‐bearing eclogites from the Dabie Mountains, central China: petroge‐nesis, P‐T paths and implications for regional tectonics . Journal of Geology , 100 : 231 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu‐Jing , Wang and Xi‐Nan , Mu . 1983 . Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian strata in the Gondwana‐Tethys province of Xizang (Tibet) . Palaeontologica Cathayana , 1 : 411 – 419 .
   Google Scholar
• Yi , Wang and Dalai , Zhong . 1991 . “ Indo‐Sinian deformation in Sanjiang area, Western Yunnan Province, China ” . In Proceedings First International Symposium on Gondwana dispersion and Asian accretion , 232 – 237 . Beijing : China University of Geosciences .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , Zongqi. 1991 . “ The origins and their tectonic implications of Late Proterozoic and Paleozoic conglomerates in the northern Qinling Mountains ” . In Proceedings First International Symposium on Gondwana Dispersion and Asian accretion , Edited by: Jishun , Ren and Guanglian , Xie . 249 – 250 . Beijing : China University of Geosciences .
   Google Scholar
• Wang , Z. and Tan , X. 1994 . Palaeozoic structural evolution of Yunnan . Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences , 9 : 345 – 348 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , P. R. and Harahap , B. H. 1987 . Preliminary geochemical and age data from post‐subduction intrusive rocks, northwest Borneo . Australian Journal of Earth Sciences , 34 : 405 – 415 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , P. R. , Johnson , C. R. , Almond , R. A. and Simamora , W. H. 1986 . Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary structural elements of West Kalimantan . Tectonophysics , 148 : 279 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wopfner , H. 1994 . “ Late Palaeozoic climates between Gondwana and Western Yunnan ” . In IGCP 321 Gondwana Dispersion and Asian Accretion Fourth International Symposium and Field Excursion, Abstract Volume Edited by: Cho , M. and Kim , J. H. 127 – 131 .
   Google Scholar
• Genyao , Wu . 1993 . Late Paleozoic tectonic framework and Paleotethyan evolution in Western Yunnan . Scientia Geologica Sinica , 2 : 129 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Haoruo , Wu , Boulter , C. A. , Baojia , Ke , Stow , D. A. V. and Zhongcheng , Wang . 1995 . The Changning‐Menglian suture zone: a segment of the major Cathaysian‐Gondwana divide in Southeast Asia . Tectonophysics , 242 : 267 – 280 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin , A. and Nie , S. Y. 1993 . An indentation model for the North and South China collision and the development of the Tan‐Lu and Honam Fault systems, eastern Asia . Tectonics , 12 : 801 – 813 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yancey , T. E. and Alif , A. 1977 . Upper Mesozoic strata near Padang, West Sumatra . Geological Society of Malaysia Bulletin , 8 : 61 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Jialu , Yang . 1994 . “ Cambrian ” . In The Palaeo‐biogeography of China , Edited by: Hongfu , Yin . 35 – 63 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shufeng , Yang , Zi‐Ye , Yu , Lingzhi , Guo and Yangshen , Shi . 1989 . The division and palaeomagnetism of the Hainan Island and plate tectonic significance . Journal of Nanjing University (Earth Sciences edn), , 1 : 38 – 46 . (in Chinese with English abstract).
   Google Scholar
• Young , G. C. 1990 . “ Devonian vertebrate distribution patterns and cladistic analysis of palaeogeographic hypotheses ” . In Palaeozoic Palaeogeography and Biogeography Edited by: McKerrow , W. S. and Scotese , C. R. 243 – 255 . Geological Society of London Memoir 12
   Google Scholar
• Young , G. C. 1993 . “ Vertebrate faunai provinces in the Middle Palaeozoic ” . In Palaeozoic vertebrate biostratigraphy and biogeography , Edited by: Long , J. A. 293 – 323 . London : Belhaven Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zi‐Ye , Yu . 1989 . Hainan Island: a terrane from Gondwana . 4th International Symposium on pre‐Jurassic evolution of East Asia, IGCP Project 224 Reports and Abstracts , 1 : 11 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhai , Y. J. , Zhang , Z. K. Li , Y. A. 1988 . A study of Upper Carboniferous palaeomagnetism for the Tarim block . Geosciences , 2 : 43 – 56 . (in Chinese with English abstract).
   Google Scholar
• Zhang , Z. M. , Liou , J. G. and Coleman , R. G. 1984 . An outline of plate tectonics of China . Geological Society of America Bulletin , 95 : 295 – 312 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao , X. , Coe , R. S. , Gilder , S. A. and Frost , G. M. 1996 . Palaeomagnetic constraints on the palaeogeography of China: implications for Gondwanaland . Australian Journal of Earth Sciences , 43 : 643 – 672 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou , D. and Graham , S. A. 1993 . Songpan‐Ganzi Triassic flysch complex as a remnant ocean basin along diachronous Qinling collisional orogen, central China . Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs , 25 : 118
   Google Scholar
• Presented at the 12th AGC in Perth and subsequently, in modified form, at the Geological Society of London. This paper is a modified version of the paper published in Geological Society of London Special Publication No. 106 (Metcalfe 1996).
   Google Scholar