2,538
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Improving the conspicuity and safety of pedestrians and cyclists on night-time roads

ORCID Icon
Pages 227-237 | Received 23 Sep 2022, Accepted 24 Jan 2023, Published online: 12 Feb 2023

References

  • Wood JM. Vision impairment and on-road driving. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2022; 8: 195–216. doi:10.1146/annurev-vision-100820-085030
  • Wood JM. 2015 Glenn A. Fry award lecture: driving toward a new vision: understanding the role of vision in driving. Optom Vis Sci 2019; 96: 626–636. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000001421
  • NHTSA. Passenger vehicle occupant fatalities by day and night - a contrast (DOT HS 810 637). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, US Department of Transportation, 2007.
  • Stewart T Overview of motor vehicle crashes in 2020 (Report No. DOT HS 813266). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2022.
  • Sullivan JM, Flannagan MJ. The role of ambient light level in fatal crashes: inferences from daylight saving time transitions. Accid Anal Prev 2002; 34: 487–498. doi:10.1016/S0001-4575(01)00046-X
  • Sanders RL, Schneider RJ, Proulx FR. Pedestrian fatalities in darkness: what do we know, and what can be done? Transport Policy 2022; 120: 23–39. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.02.010
  • Arditi D, Lee DE, Polat G. Fatal accidents in nighttime vs. daytime highway construction work zones. J Safety Res 2007; 38: 399–405. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2007.04.001
  • Dozza M. Crash risk: how cycling flow can help explain crash data. Accid Anal Prev 2017; 105: 21–29. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2016.04.033
  • Owens DA, Sivak M. Differentiation of visibility and alcohol as contributors to twilight road fatalities. Hum Factors 1996; 38: 680–689. doi:10.1518/001872096778827233
  • Wood JM, Chaparro A. Night driving: how low illumination affects driving and the challenges of simulation. In: Fisher DL R, Caird J, and Lee J, editors. Handbook of driving simulation for engineering, medicine and psychology. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis: Florida. 2011; 28.1–28.12.
  • Jones PR, Ungewiss J, Eichinger P et al. Contrast sensitivity and night driving in older people: quantifying the relationship between visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and hazard detection distance in a night-time driving simulator. Front Hum Neuro sci 2022; 16: 914459. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.914459
  • Hwang AD, Tuccar-Burak M, Goldstein R et al. Impact of oncoming headlight glare with cataracts: a pilot study. Front Psychol 2018; 9: 164. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00164
  • Tyrrell RA, Wood JM, Chaparro A et al. Seeing pedestrians at night: visual clutter does not mask biological motion. Accid Anal Prev 2009; 41: 506–512. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2009.02.001
  • Wood JM, Tyrrell RA, Marszalek R et al. Using biological motion to enhance the conspicuity of roadway workers. Accid Anal Prev 2011; 43: 1036–1041. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.12.002
  • Owens DA, Wood JM, Owens JM. Effects of age and illumination on night driving: a road test. Hum Factors 2007; 49: 1115–1131. doi:10.1518/001872007X249974
  • Wood JM, Isoardi G, Black A et al. Night-time driving visibility associated with LED streetlight dimming. Accid Anal Prev 2018; 121: 295–300. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2018.08.023
  • Wood JM, Marszalek R, Carberry T et al. Effects of different levels of refractive blur on nighttime pedestrian visibility. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56: 4480–4485. doi:10.1167/iovs.14-16096
  • Wood JM, Tyrrell RA, Chaparro A et al. Even moderate visual impairments degrade drivers’ ability to see pedestrians at night. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53: 2586–2592. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-9083
  • Wood J, Chaparro A, Carberry T et al. Effect of simulated visual impairment on nighttime driving performance. Optom Vis Sci 2010; 87: 379–386. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181d95b0d
  • Black AA, Bui V, Henry E et al. Using retro-reflective cloth to enhance drivers’ judgment of pedestrian walking direction at night-time. J Safety Res 2021; 77: 196–201. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2021.03.002
  • Wood JM, Chiu CN, Kim GH et al. Refractive blur affects judgement of pedestrian walking direction at night. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2021; 41: 582–590. doi:10.1111/opo.12811
  • Wood JM, Tyrrell RA, Marszalek R et al. Using reflective clothing to enhance the conspicuity of bicyclists at night. Accid Anal Prev 2012; 45: 726–730. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.09.038
  • Wood JM, Black AA, Tyrrell RA. Increasing the conspicuity of cyclists at night by using bicycle lights and clothing to highlight their biological motion to oncoming drivers. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav 2022; 90: 326–332. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2022.09.005
  • Black AA, Duff R, Hutchinson M et al. Effects of night-time bicycling visibility aids on vehicle passing distance. Accid Anal Prev 2020; 144: 105636. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2020.105636
  • Johansson G. Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis. Percept Psychophys 1973; 14: 201–211. doi:10.3758/BF03212378
  • Blake R, Shiffrar M. Perception of human motion. Annu Rev Psychol 2007; 58: 47–73. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190152
  • Steel K, Ellem E, Baxter D. The application of biological motion research: biometrics, sport, and the military. Psychon Bull Rev 2015; 22: 78–87. doi:10.3758/s13423-014-0659-5
  • Owens DA, Antonoff RJ, Francis EL. Biological motion and nighttime pedestrian conspicuity. Hum Factors 1994; 36: 718–732. doi:10.1177/001872089403600411
  • Wood JM, Tyrrell RA, Carberry TP. Limitations in drivers’ ability to recognize pedestrians at night. Hum Factors 2005; 47: 644–653. doi:10.1518/001872005774859980
  • Balk SA, Tyrrell RA, Brooks JO et al. Highlighting human form and motion information enhances the conspicuity of pedestrians at night. Perception 2008; 37: 1276–1284. doi:10.1068/p6017
  • Wood JM, Tyrrell RA, Lacherez P et al. Night-time pedestrian conspicuity: effects of clothing on drivers’ eye movements. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2017; 37: 184–190. doi:10.1111/opo.12351
  • Wood JM, Owens DA. Standard measures of visual acuity do not predict drivers’ recognition performance under day or night conditions. Optom Vis Sci 2005; 82: 698–705. doi:10.1097/01.opx.0000175562.27101.51
  • Kimlin JA, Black AA, Djaja N et al. Development and validation of a vision and night driving questionnaire. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2016; 36: 465–476. doi:10.1111/opo.12307
  • West CG, Gildengorin G, Haegerstrom-Portnoy G et al. Vision and driving self-restriction in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51: 1348–1355. doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2003.51482.x
  • Theeuwes J, Alferdinck JW, Perel M. Relation between glare and driving performance. Hum Factors 2002; 44: 95–107. doi:10.1518/0018720024494775
  • Whetsel Borzendowski SA, Stafford Sewall AA, Rosopa PJ et al. Drivers’ judgments of the effect of headlight glare on their ability to see pedestrians at night. J Safety Res 2015; 53: 31–37. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2015.03.001
  • Kimlin JA, Black AA, Wood JM. Nighttime driving in older adults: effects of glare and association with mesopic visual function. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58: 2796–2803. doi:10.1167/iovs.16-21219
  • Fotios S, Gibbons R. Road lighting research for drivers and pedestrians: the basis of luminance and illuminance recommendations. Light Res Technol 2018; 50: 154–186. doi:10.1177/1477153517739055
  • Moberly NJ, Langham MP. Pedestrian conspicuity at night: failure to observe a biological motion advantage in a high‐clutter environment. Appl Cogn Psychol 2002; 16: 477–485. doi:10.1002/acp.808
  • Sayer JR, Mefford ML. High visibility safety apparel and nighttime conspicuity of pedestrians in work zones. J Safety Res 2004; 35: 537–546. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2004.08.007
  • Wood JM, Marszalek R, Lacherez P et al. Configuring retroreflective markings to enhance the night-time conspicuity of road workers. Accid Anal Prev 2014; 70: 209–214. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2014.03.018
  • King MJ, Wood JM. Translating vision research into policy and practice to improve the visibility, and hence safety, of road workers at night. Road Transport Res 2013; 22: 62–71.
  • Lyman JM, McGwin G Jr., Sims RV. Factors related to driving difficulty and habits in older drivers. Accid Anal Prev 2001; 33: 413–421. doi:10.1016/S0001-4575(00)00055-5
  • Naumann RB, Dellinger AM, Kresnow MJ. Driving self-restriction in high-risk conditions: how do older drivers compare to others? J Safety Res 2011; 42: 67–71. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2010.12.001
  • Wood JM, Lacherez P, Tyrrell RA. Seeing pedestrians at night: effect of driver age and visual abilities. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2014; 34: 452–458. doi:10.1111/opo.12139
  • Keeffe JE, Jin CF, Weih LM et al. Vision impairment and older drivers: who’s driving? Br J Ophthalmol 2002; 86: 1118–1121. doi:10.1136/bjo.86.10.1118
  • Fylan F, Hughes A, Wood J et al. Why do people drive when they can’t see clearly? Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav 2018; 56: 123–133. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2018.04.005
  • Black AA, Wood JM, Colorado LH et al. The impact of uncorrected astigmatism on night driving performance. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2019; 39: 350–357. doi:10.1111/opo.12634
  • Thornley S, Woodward A, Langley JD et al. Conspicuity and bicycle crashes: preliminary findings of the Taupo Bicycle Study. Injury Prev 2008; 14: 11–18. doi:10.1136/ip.2007.016675
  • Uttley J, Fotios S, Lovelace R et al. Road lighting density and brightness linked with increased cycling rates after-dark. PLoS One 2020; 15: e0233105. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233105
  • Wood JM, Lacherez PF, Marszalek RP et al. Drivers’ and cyclists’ experiences of sharing the road: incidents, attitudes and perceptions of visibility. Accid Anal Prev 2009; 41: 772–776. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2009.03.014
  • Lacherez P, Wood JM, Marszalek RP et al. Visibility-related characteristics of crashes involving bicyclists and motor vehicles – Responses from an online questionnaire study. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav 2013; 20: 52–58. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2013.04.003
  • Johansson O, Wanvik PO, Elvik R. A new method for assessing the risk of accident associated with darkness. Accid Anal Prev 2009; 41: 809–815. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2009.04.003
  • Twisk DA, Reurings M. An epidemiological study of the risk of cycling in the dark: the role of visual perception, conspicuity and alcohol use. Accid Anal Prev 2013; 60: 134–140. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.08.015
  • Blomberg RD, Hale A, Preusser DF. Experimental evaluation of alternative conspicuity-enhancement techniques for pedestrians and bicyclists. J Safety Res 1986; 17: 1–12. doi:10.1016/0022-4375(86)90002-2
  • Räsänen M, Summala H. Attention and expectation problems in bicycle-car collisions: an in-depth study. Accid Anal Prev 1998; 30: 657–666. doi:10.1016/S0001-4575(98)00007-4
  • Kim JK, Kim S, Ulfarsson GF et al. Bicyclist injury severities in bicycle-motor vehicle accidents. Accid Anal Prev 2007; 39: 238–251. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2006.07.002
  • Kwan I, Mapstone J. Interventions for increasing pedestrian and cyclist visibility for the prevention of death and injuries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 2009: doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003438.pub2 CD003438
  • Heesch KC, Schramm A, Debnath AK et al. Cyclists’ perceptions of motorist harassment pre- to post-trial of the minimum passing distance road rule amendment in Queensland, Australia. Health Promot J Austr 2017; 28: 247–250. doi:10.1071/HE16119
  • Dozza M, Schindler R, Bianchi-Piccinini G et al. How do drivers overtake cyclists? Accid Anal Prev 2016; 88: 29–36. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2015.12.008
  • Tyrrell RA, Wood JM, Carberry TP. On-road measures of pedestrians’ estimates of their own nighttime conspicuity. J Safety Res 2004; 35: 483–490. doi:10.1016/j.jsr.2004.06.004
  • Wood JM, Tyrrell RA, Marszalek R et al. Bicyclists overestimate their own night-time conspicuity and underestimate the benefits of retroreflective markers on the moveable joints. Accid Anal Prev 2013; 55: 48–53. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.02.033
  • Hagel BE, Lamy A, Rizkallah JW et al. The prevalence and reliability of visibility aid and other risk factor data for uninjured cyclists and pedestrians in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Accid Anal Prev 2007; 39: 284–289. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2006.07.010
  • Fylan F, King M, Brough D et al. Increasing conspicuity on night-time roads: perspectives from cyclists and runners. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav 2020; 68: 161–170. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2019.11.016
  • Fylan F, Bentley LA, Brough D et al. Designing cycling and running garments to increase conspicuity. Int J Fash Des Technol Educ 2021; 14: 263–271. doi:10.1080/17543266.2021.1928758
  • Wood JM, Brough D, King M et al. Making nighttime pedestrians safe using innovative clothing designs. Proceedings of the 2021 Australasian Road Safety Conference, 28th – 30th September, Melbourne, Australia; 2021. JACRS-D-20-00148.
  • Tyrrell RA, Patton CW, Brooks JO. Educational interventions successfully reduce pedestrians’ overestimates of their own nighttime visibility. Hum Factors 2004; 46: 170–182. doi:10.1518/hfes.46.1.170.30385
  • Whetsel Borzendowski SA, Stafford Sewall AA, Fekety DK et al. Effects of an educational intervention on athletes’ attitudes toward wearing conspicuity-enhancing garments at night. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 58th Annual Meeting; 2014 Chicago, IL.