Comparing silent reading performance for single sentences and paragraphs: an eye movement-based analysis

References

• OECD. OECD skills outlook 2013: first results from the survey of adult skills. Epub ahead of print 8 October 2013. doi:10.1787/9789264204256-en.
   Google Scholar
• Mangione CM. Psychometric properties of the national eye institute visual function questionnaire (NEI-VFQ). Arch Ophthalmol 1998; 116: 1496. doi:10.1001/archopht.116.11.1496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin GS. Measuring reading performance. Vision Res 2013; 90: 43–51. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2013.02.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey IL, Lovie JE. New design principles for visual acuity letter charts. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1976; 53: 740–745. doi:10.1097/00006324-197611000-00006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Legge GE, Ross JA, Luebker A et al. Psychophysics of reading. VIII. The Minnesota low-vision reading test. Optom Vis Sci 1989; 66: 843–853. doi:10.1097/00006324-198912000-00008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian A, Pardhan S. The repeatability of MNREAD acuity charts and variability at different test distances. Optom Vis Sci 2006; 83: 572–576. doi:10.1097/01.opx.0000232225.00311.53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radner W, Obermayer W, Richter-Mueksch S et al. The validity and reliability of short German sentences for measuring reading speed. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2002; 240: 461–467. doi:10.1007/s00417-002-0443-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn GA, Penka D, Gehrlich C et al. New standardised texts for assessing reading performance in four European languages. Br J Ophthalmol 2006; 90: 480–484. doi:10.1136/bjo.2005.087379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trauzettel-Klosinski S, Dietz K. Standardized assessment of reading performance: the new international reading speed texts IReST. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci 2012; 53: 5452–5461. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-8284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleni A, Ktistakis E, Tsilimbaris MK et al. Assessing variability in reading performance with the new Greek standardized reading speed texts (IReST). Optom Vis Sci 2019; 96: 761–767. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000001434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kortuem C, Marx T, Altpeter EK et al. Comparing reading speeds for reading standardized single sentences and paragraphs in patients with maculopathy. Ophthalmic Res 2021; 64: 512–522. doi:10.1159/000509687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altpeter EK, Marx T, Nguyen NX et al. Measurement of reading speed with standardized texts: a comparison of single sentences and paragraphs. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2015; 253: 1369–1375. doi:10.1007/s00417-015-3065-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brussee T, van Nispen RMA, Klerkx EMFJ et al. Comparison of reading performance tests concerning difficulty of sentences and paragraphs and their reliability. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2015; 35: 324–335. doi:10.1111/opo.12204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mataftsi A, Bourtoulamaiou A, Haidich AB et al. Development and validation of the Greek version of the MNREAD acuity chart. Clin Exp Optom 2013; 96: 25–31. doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2012.00799.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carver RP. Predicting accuracy of comprehension from the relative difficulty of the material. Learn Individ Differ 1990; 2: 405–422. doi:10.1016/1041-6080(90)90002-X.
   Google Scholar
• Ramulu PY, Swenor BK, Jefferys JL et al. Description and validation of a test to evaluate sustained silent reading. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci 2013; 54: 673–680. doi:10.1167/iovs.12-10617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovie-Kitchin JE, Bowers AR, Woods RL. Oral and silent reading performance with macular degeneration. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2000; 20: 360–370. doi:10.1046/j.1475-1313.2000.00524.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashby J, Yang J, Evans KHC et al. Eye movements and the perceptual span in silent and oral reading. Atten Percept Psychophys 2012; 74: 634–640. doi:10.3758/s13414-012-0277-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eden GF, Stein JF, Wood HM et al. Differences in eye movements and reading problems in dyslexic and normal children. Vis Res 1994; 34: 1345–1358. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(94)90209-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risse S. Effects of visual span on reading speed and parafoveal processing in eye movements during sentence reading. J Vis 2014; 14: 1–13. doi:10.1167/14.8.11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paterson KB, McGowan VA, Jordan TR. Filtered text reveals adult age differences in reading: evidence from eye movements. Psychol Aging 2013; 28: 352–364. doi:10.1037/a0030350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plainis S, Tzatzala P, Orphanos Y et al. A modified ETDRS visual acuity chart for European-wide use. Optom Vis Sci 2007; 84: 647–653. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e3180dc9a60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White SJ, Staub A. The distribution of fixation durations during reading: effects of stimulus quality. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2012; 38: 603–617. doi:10.1037/a0025338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staub A. The effect of lexical predictability on distributions of eye fixation durations. Psychon Bull Rev 2011; 18: 371–376. doi:10.3758/s13423-010-0046-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAlinden C, Khadka J, Pesudovs K. Precision (repeatability and reproducibility) studies and sample-size calculation. J Cataract Refract Surg 2015; 41: 2598–2604. doi:10.1016/j.jcrs.2015.06.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bland JM, Altman DG. Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet 1986; 327: 307–310. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90837-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kragler S. The transition from oral to silent reading. Read Psychol 1995; 16: 395–408. doi:10.1080/0270271950160402.
   Google Scholar
• Coco MI, Keller F. Classification of visual and linguistic tasks using eye-movement features. J Vis 2014; 14: 1–18. doi:10.1167/14.3.11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner K, Liversedge SP, White SJ et al. Reading disappearing text: cognitive control of eye movements. Psychol Sci 2003; 14: 385–388. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.24483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemper S, Liu CJ. Eye movements of young and older adults during reading. Psychol Aging 2007; 22: 84–93. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.22.1.84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spichtig AN, Pascoe JP, Ferrara JD et al. A comparison of eye movement measures across reading efficiency quartile groups in elementary, middle, and high school students in the U.S. J Eye Mov Res 2017; 10: 1–17. doi:10.16910/jemr.10.4.5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brussee T, Alagahgi B, van Nispen RMA et al. Measurement properties of reading tests in subjects with maculopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99: 275–287. doi:10.1111/aos.14574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramulu PY, Swenor BK, Jefferys JL et al. Difficulty with out-loud and silent reading in Glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci 2013; 54: 666–672. doi:10.1167/iovs.12-10618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plainis S, Mitropoulou M, Anastasakis A et al. Effect of blur on reading performance: monocular vs. binocular viewing. Paper presented at: 4th annual conference of European Academy of Optometry and Optics; 2012; Dublin, Ireland.
   Google Scholar
• Hatzigeorgiu N, Mikros G, Carayannis G. Word length, word frequencies and Zipf’s law in the Greek language. J Quant Linguist 2001; 8: 175–185. doi:10.1076/jqul.8.3.175.4096.
   Google Scholar
• Starr MS, Rayner K. Eye movements during reading: some current controversies. Trends Cogn Sci 2001; 5: 156–163. doi:10.1016/S1364-6613(00)01619-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner K. The perceptual span and peripheral cues in reading. Cogn Psychol 1975; 7: 65–81. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(75)90005-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner K, Castelhano MS, Yang J. Eye movements and the perceptual span in older and younger readers. Psychol Aging 2009; 24: 755–760. doi:10.1037/a0014300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staub A, White SJ, Drieghe D et al. Distributional effects of word frequency on eye fixation durations. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2010; 36: 1280–1293. doi:10.1037/a0016896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson J, Pansell T, Ygge J et al. The effect of contrast on monocular versus binocular reading performance. J Vis 2014; 14: 8. doi:10.1167/14.5.8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson J, Pansell T, Ygge J et al. Monocular and binocular reading performance in subjects with normal binocular vision. Clin Exp Optom 2014; 97: 341–348. doi:10.1111/cxo.12137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matzke D, Wagenmakers EJ. Psychological interpretation of the ex-gaussian and shifted wald parameters: A diffusion model analysis. Psychon Bull Rev 2009; 16: 798–817. doi:10.3758/PBR.16.5.798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staub A, Benatar A. Individual differences in fixation duration distributions in reading. Psychon Bull Rev 2013; 20: 1304–1311. doi:10.3758/s13423-013-0444-x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar