Pupillary dynamics, accommodation and vergence in concussion

References

• Fraser CL, Mobbs R. Visual effects of concussion: a review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2022; 50: 104–109. 10.1111/ceo.13987.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiecek EK, Roberts TL, Shah AS et al. Vergence, accommodation, and visual tracking in children and adolescents evaluated in a multidisciplinary concussion clinic. Vision Res 2021; 184: 30–36. 10.1016/j.visres.2021.03.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciuffreda KJ, Joshi NR, Truong JQ. Understanding the effects of mild traumatic brain injury on the pupillary light reflex. Concussion 2017; 2: CNC36. 10.2217/cnc-2016-0029.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green W, Ciuffreda KJ, Thiagarajan P et al. Accommodation in mild traumatic brain injury. J Rehabil Res Dev 2010; 47: 183–99. 10.1682/JRRD.2009.04.0041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciuffreda KJ, Thiagarajan P. Objectively-based vergence and accommodative dynamics in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI): a mini review. Vision Res 2022; 191: 107967. 10.1016/j.visres.2021.107967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feil M, Moser B, Abegg M. The interaction of pupil response with the vergence system. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 255: 2247–2253. 10.1007/s00417-017-3770-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laskowski RA, Creed JA, Raghupathi R. Pathophysiology of mild TBI: implications for altered signaling pathways. In: Kobeissy F, editor. Brain neurotrauma: molecular, neuropsychological, and rehabilitation aspects. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2015. Chapter 4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK299203/.
   Google Scholar
• Padula WV, Argyris S. Post trauma vision syndrome and visual midline shift syndrome. NRE 1996; 6: 165–171. 10.3233/NRE-1996-6302.
   Google Scholar
• Boulter JH, Shields MM, Meister MR et al. The expanding role of quantitative pupillometry in the evaluation and management of traumatic brain injury. Front Neurol 2021; 12: 685313. 10.3389/fneur.2021.685313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen JW, Vakil-Gilani K, Williamson KL et al. Infrared pupillometry, the neurological pupil index and unilateral pupillary dilation after traumatic brain injury: implications for treatment paradigms. Springerplus 2014; 3: 548. 10.1186/2193-1801-3-548.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thiagarajan P, Ciuffreda KJ. Pupillary responses to light in chronic non-blast-induced mTBI. Brain Inj 2015; 29: 1420–1425. 10.3109/02699052.2015.1045029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truong JQ, Ciuffreda KJ. Comparison of pupillary dynamics to light in the mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and normal populations. Brain Inj 2016; 30: 1378–1389. 10.1080/02699052.2016.1195922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capó-Aponte JE, Urosevich TG, Walsh DV et al. Pupillary light reflex as an objective biomarker for early identification of blast-induced mTBI. J Spine 2013; S4: 004.
   Google Scholar
• Dutta P, Atiya A, Vittal S et al. Pupillary dynamics and accommodative response in mild traumatic brain injury. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2023; 10.4103/tjo.TJO-D-22-00169.
   Google Scholar
• Carrick FR, Azzolino SF, Hunfalvay M et al. The pupillary light reflex as a biomarker of concussion. Life (Basel) 2021; 11: 1104. 10.3390/life11101104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu J, Stec M, Ranaivo HR et al. Concussion alters dynamic pupillary light responses in children. J Child Neurol 2021; 36: 195–202. 10.1177/0883073820964040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Master CL, Podolak OE, Ciuffreda KJ et al. Utility of pupillary light reflex metrics as a physiologic biomarker for adolescent sport-related concussion. JAMA Ophthalmol 2020; 138: 1135–1141. 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2020.3466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamlin PD, McDougal DH, Pokorny J et al. Human and macaque pupil responses driven by melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells. Vision Res 2007; 47: 946–954. 10.1016/j.visres.2006.12.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong S, Narkiewicz J, Kardon RH Comparison of pupil perimetry and visual perimetry in normal eyes: decibel sensitivity and variability. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci 2001; 42: 957–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gooley JJ, Ho Mien I, St Hilaire MA et al. Melanopsin and rod-cone photoreceptors play different roles in mediating pupillary light responses during exposure to continuous light in humans. J Neurosci 2012; 32: 14242–14253. 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1321-12.2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schubert E, Thoss F. Influence of different adaptation on the threshold as well as the stimulus strength dependency of latency and amplitude in the human consensual pupillary reflex. Pflugers Arch Gesamte Physiol Menschen Tiere 1967; 294: 28–39. 10.1007/BF00417049.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bergamin O, Kardon RH. Latency of the pupil light reflex: sample rate, stimulus intensity, and variation in normal subjects. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci 2003; 44: 1546–1554. 10.1167/iovs.02-0468.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loewenfeld IE, Lowenstein O. The pupil: anatomy physiology and clinical applications. 1st ed. Ames Detroit: Iowa State University Press; Wayne State University Press; 1993 [Accessed 2023 Oct 10]. http://books.google.com/books?id=iNdqAAAAMAAJ.
   Google Scholar
• Heath GG. Components of accommodation. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom 1956; 33: 569–579. 10.1097/00006324-195611000-00001.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rucker JC, Buettner-Ennever JA, Straumann D et al. Case studies in neuroscience: instability of the visual near triad in traumatic brain injury-evidence for a putative convergence integrator. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122: 1254–1263. 10.1152/jn.00861.2018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capó-Aponte JE, Urosevich TG, Temme LA et al. Visual dysfunctions and symptoms during the subacute stage of blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury. Mil Med 2012; 177: 804–813. 10.7205/MILMED-D-12-00061.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta P. Characteristics of binocular vision and oculomotor function among sports-concussed athletes. Indian J Ophthalmol 2023; 71: 2076–2082. 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1932_22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matuseviciene G, Johansson J, Möller M et al. Longitudinal changes in oculomotor function in young adults with mild traumatic brain injury in Sweden: an exploratory prospective observational study. BMJ Open 2018; 8: e018734. 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiagarajan P, Ciuffreda KJ. Effect of oculomotor rehabilitation on accommodative responsivity in mild traumatic brain injury. J Rehabil Res Dev 2014; 51: 175–191. 10.1682/JRRD.2013.01.0027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciuffreda KJ, Kapoor N, Rutner D et al. Occurrence of oculomotor dysfunctions in acquired brain injury: a retrospective analysis. Optometry - J Am Optom Assoc 2007 Apr; 78: 155–61. 10.1016/j.optm.2006.11.011.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dutta P, Atiya A, Vittal S et al. Reading difficulty due to oculomotor dysfunction following mild traumatic brain injury: a case report. J Binocul Vis Ocul Motil 2023; 73: 15–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buzzelli AR. Stereopsis, accommodative and vergence facility: do they relate to dyslexia? Optometry Vision Sci 1991; 68: 842–846. 10.1097/00006324-199111000-00002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtsuka K, Maekawa H, Takeda M et al. Accommodation and convergence insufficiency with left middle cerebral artery occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol 1988; 106: 60–64. 10.1016/S0002-9394(14)76389-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohtsuka K, Sawa M. Frequency characteristics of accommodation in a patient with agenesis of the posterior vermis and normal subjects. Br J Ophthalmol 1997; 81: 476–480. 10.1136/bjo.81.6.476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coubard OA. Saccade and vergence eye movements: a review of motor and premotor commands. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38: 3384–3397. 10.1111/ejn.12356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong A. Eye movement disorders. 6th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Gamlin P. Neural mechanisms for the control of vergence eye movements. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 956: 264–272. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb02825.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akao T, Kurkin SA, Fukushima J et al. Visual and vergence eye movement-related responses of pursuit neurons in the caudal frontal eye fields to motion-in-depth stimuli. Exp Brain Res 2005; 164: 92–108. 10.1007/s00221-004-2213-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szymanowicz D, Ciuffreda KJ, Thiagarajan P et al. Vergence in mild traumatic brain injury: a pilot study. J Rehabil Res Dev 2012; 49: 1083–1100. 10.1682/JRRD.2010.07.0129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez TL, Yaramothu C, Scheiman M et al. Disparity vergence differences between typically occurring and concussion-related convergence insufficiency pediatric patients. Vision Res 2021; 185: 58–67. 10.1016/j.visres.2021.03.014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiagarajan P, Ciuffreda KJ. Effect of oculomotor rehabilitation on vergence responsivity in mild traumatic brain injury. J Rehabil Res Dev 2013; 50: 1223–1240. 10.1682/JRRD.2012.12.0235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storey EP, Master SR, Lockyer JE et al. Near point of convergence after concussion in children. Optom Vis Sci 2017; 94: 96–100. 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capó-Aponte JE, Jorgensen-Wagers KL, Sosa JA et al. Visual dysfunctions at different stages after blast and non-blast mild traumatic brain injury. Optom Vis Sci 2017; 94: 7–15. 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortenbaugh FC, Gustafson JA, Fonda JR et al. Blast mild traumatic brain injury is associated with increased myopia and chronic convergence insufficiency. Vision Res 2021; 186: 1–12. 10.1016/j.visres.2021.04.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker GA, Wilson JC, Seehusen CN et al. Is near point of convergence associated with symptom profiles or recovery in adolescents after concussion? Vision Res 2021; 184: 52–57. 10.1016/j.visres.2021.03.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheiman MM, Talasan H, Mitchell GL et al. Objective assessment of vergence after treatment of concussion-related CI: a pilot study. Optom Vis Sci 2017; 94: 74–88. 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris RG. D.O. Hebb: the organization of behavior, Wiley: New York; 1949. Brain Res Bull 1999; 50: 437. 10.1016/S0361-9230(99)00182-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston MV. Plasticity in the developing brain: implications for rehabilitation. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2009; 15: 94–101. 10.1002/ddrr.64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman DE. Synaptic mechanisms for plasticity in neocortex. Annu Rev Neurosci 2009; 32: 33–55. 10.1146/annurev.neuro.051508.135516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauschecker JP. Mechanisms of visual plasticity: Hebb synapses, NMDA receptors, and beyond. Physiol Rev 1991; 71: 587–615. 10.1152/physrev.1991.71.2.587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar