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Original Articles

Women as citizens: A feminist debate

Pages 61-77 | Published online: 16 Sep 2010

Notes

  • Barbalet , J.M. 1988 . “ Citizenship, Rights, Struggle and Class Inequality ” . In Series Concepts in the Social Sciences , Milton Keynes : Open University Press .
  • Barber , Benjamin . 1984 . Strong Democracy: Participatory Democracy for a New Age , Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • Dahrendorf , Ralf . 1988 . The Modern Social Conflict: An Essay on the Politics of Liberty , London : Weidenfeld & Nicholson .
  • Turner , Bryan S. 1990 . ‘Outline of a Theory of Citizenship’ . Sociology , 24 ( 2 ) : 189 – 217 .
  • Walzer , Michael . 1983 . Spheres of Justice: A Defence of Pluralism and Equality , Oxford : Basil Blackwell .
  • Elshtain , Jean Bethke . 1981 . Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought , Princeton : Princeton University Press . The citizen‐soldier is especially used in Machiavellian citizenship theories, the independent citizen especially in classical liberal theories, the citizen‐paid worker in social democratic theories and the rational debater in the polis especially in classical republican theories. However, variations of these do recur in modern citizenship theories. For feminist criticism about the maleness of these citizenship concepts, see
  • Fraser , Nancy . 1990 . “ ‘Gender, Citizenship and the Public Sphere: Toward a Feminist Reconstruction of Habermas’ ” . In Feminism, Citizenship and Care , Edited by: Sevenhuijsen , Selma and Davis , Kathy . 76 – 121 . Utrecht : Anna Maria van Schuurman Centrum .
  • Fraser , Nancy . 1989 . Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory , Cambridge : Polity Press .
  • Hernes , Helga Maria , Jones , Kathleen B. and Jonasdottir , Anna G. , eds. 1988 . “ ‘The Welfare State Citizenship of Scandinavian Women’ ” . In The Political Interests of Gender: Developing Theory and Research with a Feminist Face , 187 – 214 . London : Sage .
  • Jones , Kathleen B. 1990 . ‘Citizenship in a Woman‐Friendly Polity’ . Signs , 15 ( 4 ) : 781 – 812 .
  • Lister , Ruth . 1989 . The Female Citizen , Liverpool : Liverpool University Press .
  • Lister , Ruth . 1990 . ‘Women, Economic Dependency and Citizenship’ . Journal for Social Policy , 19 ( 4 ) : 445 – 67 .
  • Pateman , Carole . 1989 . The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism and Political Theory , Cambridge : Polity Press .
  • Pateman , Carole . 1992 . “ ‘Equality, Difference, Subordination: The Politics of Motherhood and Women's Citizenship’ ” . In Beyond Equality and Difference: Citizenship, Feminist Politics, Female Subjectivity , Edited by: Bock , Gisela and James , Susan . 17 – 31 . London & New York : Routledge .
  • Marshall , Thomas Humphrey . 1967 . “ ‘Citizenship and Social Class’ ” . In Citizenship and Social Development (1963) , New York : Anchor .
  • Arendt , Hannah . 1958 . The Human Condition , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Arendt , Hannah . 1961 . Between Past and Future: Six Exercises in Political Thought , London : Faber & Faber .
  • Arendt , Hannah . 1963 . On Revolution , London : Faber & Faber .
  • Cass , Bettina . 1990 . Gender and Social Citizenship: Women's Pursuit of Citizenship in the 1990s, with Particular Reference to Australia’ . paper presented at the Annual SPA Conference . July 10–12 1990 , Bath.
  • Elshtain , Jean Bethke . 1983 . “ Public Man, Private Woman; ” . In Mothering: Essays on FeministTheory , Edited by: Ruddick , Sarah . Totowa : Littlefield Adams .
  • Marshall . “ ’Citizenship and Social Class’ ” . 78
  • Marshall . “ ‘Citizenship and Social Class’ ” . 78
  • Marshall . “ ‘Citizenship and Social Class’ ” . 78
  • Macintosh , Mary . 1984 . “ ‘The Family, Regulation and the Public Sphere’ ” . In State and Society in Contemporary Britain: A Critical Introduction , Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
  • Stacey , Margaret and Price , Marion . 1981 . Women, Power and Politics , London : Tavistock .
  • Stacey and Price . Women, Power and Politics 48
  • Vogel , Ursula . “ ‘Under Permanent Guardianship: Women's Condition Under Modern Civil Law’ ” . In The Political Interests of Gender Edited by: Jones and Jonasdottir . 135 – 60 . See for a historical analysis of women and civil citizenship rights
  • Hemes , Helga Maria . 1984 . “ ‘Women and the Welfare State: The Transition from Private to Public Dependency’ ” . In Patriarchy and the Welfare Society , Edited by: Hoher , Harriet . Oslo : Universitetsforlaget . See Fraser, Unruly Practices;
  • Sum , Birthe . “ ‘Towards a Feminist Rethinking of the Welfare State’ ” . In The Political Interests of Gender Edited by: Jones and Jonasdottir . 160 – 87 .
  • Vogel . 1989 . ‘Under Permanent Guardianship' see also Ursula Vogel, ‘Is Citizenship Gender‐Specific?’ . paper presented at the PRA conference . April 4–6 1989 , Warwick. pp. 41
  • Cass . 1989 . ‘Gender and Social Citizenship' Nancy Fraser, ‘Talking About Needs: Interpretive Contests as Political Conflicts in Welfare‐State Societies’ . Ethics , 99 ( 2 ) : 291 – 313 .
  • Phillips , Anne . 1991 . “ ‘Citizenship and Feminist Theory’ ” . In Citizenship , Edited by: Andrews , Geoff . 76 – 91 . London : Lawrence & Wishart .
  • Phillips , Anne . 1991 . ‘Group Identities and Group Representation: Some Problems for Feminist Theory’ . paper presented to the PSA Conference . April 1991 , Lancaster. pp. 14
  • Phillips , Anne . 1991 . Engendering Democracy , Cambridge : Polity Press .
  • Phillips , Anne . 1993 . Democracy and Difference , Cambridge : Polity Press .
  • Minow , Martha . 1990 . Making All the Difference: Inclusion, Exclusion and American Law , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
  • Wolgast , Elizabeth . 1980 . Equality and the Rights of Women , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
  • Wolgast , Elizabeth . 1987 . A Grammar of Justice , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
  • Young , Iris Marion . 1989 . ‘Polity and Group Difference: A Critique of the Ideal of Universal Citizenship’ . Ethics , 99 ( 2 ) : 250 – 74 .
  • Young , Iris Marion . 1990 . Justice and the Politics of Difference , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
  • Kymlicka , Will . 1989 . Liberalism, Community and Culture , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
  • Sevenhuijsen , Selma Louise . 1992 . ‘Paradoxes of Gender: Ethical and Epistemological Perspectives on Care in Feminist Political Theory’ . Acta Política , 28 ( 3 ) : 131 – 150 .
  • Hanen , Marsha and Nielsen , Kai , eds. 1987 . “ Science, Morality and Feminist Theory ” . In Supplementary Volume 13, Canadian Journal of Philosophy , Calgary : University of Calgary Press . For several examples of this approach see
  • Miller , David . 1989 . “ ‘Community and Citizenship’ ” . In Market, State and Community: Theoretical Foundations of Market Socialism , 227 – 52 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
  • Pateman , Carole . 1983 . “ ‘Feminism and Democracy’ ” . In Democratic Theory and Practice , Edited by: Duncan , Graeme . 204 – 217 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . For arguments about the link between feminism and democracy, see
  • Young . “ ‘Polity and Group Difference’ ” . 273 – 4 .
  • Young . “ ‘Polity and Group Difference’ ” . 262 compare also for the same idea of female counter publics, Fraser, ‘Gender, Citizenship and the Public Sphere’
  • Voet , Rian M.C.B. 1992 . ‘Political Representation and Quotas: Hannah Pitkin's Concept(s) of Representation in the Context of Feminist Polities’ . Acta Politica , 27 ( 4 ) : 389 – 405 . For an elaboration of this argument, see
  • Young , Iris Marion . 1986 . ‘The Ideal of Community and the Politics of Difference’ . Social Theory and Practice , 12 ( 1 ) : 1 – 27 . 13
  • Dietz , Mary . 1985 . ‘Citizenship with a Feminist Face: The Problem with Maternal Thinking’ . Political Theory , 13 ( 1 ) : 19 – 39 . See for the same objection
  • Dietz , Mary . 1987 . ‘Context is All: Feminism and Theories of Citizenship’ . Daedalus , 116 ( 4 ) : 1 – 25 .
  • Dietz . “ ‘Context is All’ ” . 16
  • Dietz . “ ‘Context is All’ ” . 16 – 17 .
  • Benhabib , Seyla . 1992 . Situating the Self: Gender, Community and Postmodernism in Contemporary Ethics , Cambridge : Polity Press .
  • This article is a revision of paper presented to the Political Theory Workshop, University of York, 24 June 1991. I am grateful for all the comments and suggestions of the participants of this workshop.

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