491
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

“Atypical Interactions” in Healthcare: A State-of-the-Art Literature Review of Conversation-Analytic Research, with Reflections on Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion

&

References

  • Ali, A., Scior, K., Ratti, V., Strydom, A., King, M., & Hassiotis, A. (2013). Discrimination and other barriers to accessing health care: Perspectives of patients with mild and moderate intellectual disability and their carers. PLoS One, 8(8), e70855. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070855
  • Antaki, C., & Chinn, D. (2019). Companions’ dilemma of intervention when they mediate between patients with intellectual disabilities and health staff. Patient Education and Counseling, 102(11), 2024–2030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2019.05.020
  • Azios, J. H., & Archer, B. (2018). Singing behaviour in a client with traumatic brain injury: A conversation analysis investigation. Aphasiology, 32(8), 944–966. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2018.1466106
  • Baciu, A., Negussie, Y., Geller, A., & Weinstein, J. N., National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2017). The root causes of health inequity. In Communities in action: Pathways to health equity (pp. 99–164). National Academies Press (US).
  • Beeke, S., Wilkinson, R., & Maxim, J. (2003). Exploring aphasic grammar 2: Do language testing and conversation tell a similar story? Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 17(2), 109–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269920031000061786
  • Body, R., Muskett, T., Perkins, M., & Parker, M. (2013). Your injury, my accident: Talking at cross-purposes in rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 27(12), 1356–1363. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2013.831125
  • Braveman, P. (2006). Health disparities and health equity: Concepts and measurement. Annual Review of Public Health, 27(1), 167–194. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102103
  • Brewis, D. N. (2017). Social justice ‘Lite’? Using emotion for moral reasoning in diversity practice. Gender, Work & Organization, 24(5), 519–532. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12171
  • Brouwer, C., Day, D. (2012). WHO/ICF guidelines and compliance in a hearing aid consultation. In M. Egbert & A. Depperman (Eds.), Hearing aids communication (pp. 125–137). Verlag für Gesprächsforschung.
  • Carey, G., Crammond, B., & Malbon, E. (2019). Personalisation schemes in social care and inequality: Review of the evidence and early theorising. International Journal for Equity in Health, 18(1), 170. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-019-1075-2
  • Chinn, D. (2022). ‘I have to explain to him’: how companions broker mutual understanding between patients with intellectual disabilities and health care practitioners in primary care. Qualitative Health Research, 32(8–9), 1215–1229. https://doi.org/10.1177/10497323221089875
  • Chinn, D., & Rudall, D. (2021). Who is asked and who gets to answer the health-care practitioner’s questions when patients with intellectual disabilities attend UK general practice health checks with their companions? Health Communication, 36(4), 487–496. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2019.1700440
  • Christensen, K., & Pilling, D. (2014). Policies of personalisation in Norway and England: On the impact of political context. Journal of Social Policy, 43(3), 479–496. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279414000257
  • Coleman, C. K., Munoz, K., Ong, C. W., Butcher, G. M., Nelson, L., & Twohig, M. (2018). Opportunities for audiologists to use patient-centered communication during hearing device monitoring encounters. Seminars in Hearing, 39(1), 32–43. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1613703
  • Damico, J. S., & Nelson, R. L. (2005). Interpreting problematic behavior: Systematic compensatory adaptations as emergent phenomena in autism. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 19(5), 405–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699200400027163
  • Dindar, K., Lindblom, A., & Kärnä, E. (2017). The construction of communicative (in)competence in autism: A focus on methodological decisions. Disability & Society, 32(6), 868–891. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2017.1329709
  • Dingemanse, M., Roberts, S. G., Baranova, J., Blythe, J., Drew, P., Floyd, S., Gisladottir, R. S., Kendrick, K. H., Levinson, S. C., Manrique, E., & Rossi, G. (2015). Universal principles in the repair of communication problems. PloS one, 10(9), e0136100. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136100
  • Dingemanse, M., Torreira, F., & Enfield, N. J. (2013). Is “huh?” a universal word? Conversational infrastructure and the convergent evolution of linguistic items. PLoS One, 8(11), e78273. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078273
  • Dooley, J. (2020). Involving people with experience of dementia in analysis of video recorded doctor-patient-carer interactions in care homes. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 1–13.
  • Dooley, J., & Barnes, R. (2022). Negotiating ‘the problem’ in GP home visits to people with dementia. Social Science & Medicine, 298, 114862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114862
  • Dooley, J., Bass, N., & Mccabe, R. (2018). How do doctors deliver a diagnosis of dementia in memory clinics? The British Journal of Psychiatry, 212(4), 239–245. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2017.64
  • Dooley, J., & Webb, J. (2023). The ‘Forget Me Not’ approach: Co-producing accessible guidance videos for communicating and receiving a dementia diagnosis. NIHR. Retrieved February 27, 2023, from https://fundingawards.nihr.ac.uk/award/NIHR203564
  • Ekberg, K., & Barr, C. (2020). Identifying clients’ readiness for hearing rehabilitation within initial audiology appointments: A pilot intervention study. International Journal of Audiology, 59(8), 606–614. https://doi.org/10.1080/14992027.2020.1737885
  • Ekberg, K., Barr, C., & Hickson, L. (2017). Difficult conversations: Talking about cost in audiology consultations with older adults. International Journal of Audiology, 56(11), 854–861. https://doi.org/10.1080/14992027.2017.1339128
  • Ekberg, K., Beach, W., & Jones, D. (2024). Communication in outpatient secondary care: A state-of-the-art literature review of conversation-analytic research. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 57(1), 38–54.
  • Ekberg, K., Grenness, C., & Hickson, L. (2014). Addressing patients’ psychosocial concerns regarding hearing aids within audiology appointments for older adults. American Journal of Audiology, 23(3), 337–350. https://doi.org/10.1044/2014_AJA-14-0011
  • Ekberg, K., Hickson, L., & Lind, C. (2020). Practices of negotiating responsibility for troubles in interaction involving people with hearing impairment. Atypical Interaction. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28799-3_14
  • Ekberg, K., Meyer, C., Hickson, L., & Scarinci, N. (2020). Parents’ questions to clinicians within paediatric hearing habilitation appointments for children with hearing impairment. Patient Education and Counseling, 103(3), 491–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2019.09.015
  • Ekberg, K., Scarinci, N., Hickson, L., & Meyer, C. (2018). Parent-directed commentaries during children’s hearing habilitation appointments: A practice in family-centred care. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 53(5), 929–946. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12403
  • Elsey, C., Drew, P., Jones, D., Blackburn, D., Wakefield, S., Harkness, K., Venneri, A., & Reuber, M. (2015). Towards diagnostic conversational profiles of patients presenting with dementia or functional memory disorders to memory clinics. Patient Education and Counseling, 98(9), 1071–1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2015.05.021
  • Glover, G., Williams, R., Heslop, P., Oyinlola, J., & Grey, J. (2017). Mortality in people with intellectual disabilities in England. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 61(1), 62–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12314
  • Gordon, C., Ellis‐Hill, C., & Ashburn, A. (2009). The use of conversational analysis: Nurse–patient interaction in communication disability after stroke. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65(3), 544–553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04917.x
  • Hand, B. N., Gilmore, D., Harris, L., Darragh, A., Hanks, C., Coury, D., & Garvin, J. (2021). “They looked at me as a person, not just a diagnosis”: A qualitative study of patient and parent satisfaction with a specialized primary care clinic for autistic adults. Autism in Adulthood, 3(4), 347–355. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2020.0082
  • Heinemann, T., Matthews, B., Raudaskoski, P. (2012). Hearing aid adjustment: Translating symptom descriptions into treatment and dealing with expectations. In M. Egbert & A. Depperman (Eds.), Hearing aids communication (pp. 113–124). Verlag für Gesprächsforschung.
  • Helasvuo, M.-L. (2004). Searching for Words: Syntactic and sequential construction of word search in conversations of finnish speakers with aphasia. Research on Language & Social Interaction, 37(1), 1–37. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327973rlsi3701_1
  • Heritage, J., & Robinson, J. D. (2006). The structure of patients’ presenting concerns: Physicians’ opening questions. Health Communication, 19(2), 89–102. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327027hc1902_1
  • Heslop, P., Blair, P. S., Fleming, P., Hoghton, M., Marriott, A., & Russ, L. (2014). The Confidential inquiry into premature deaths of people with intellectual disabilities in the UK: A population-based study. Lancet, 383(9920), 889–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62026-7
  • Hollin, G., & Pilnick, A. (2018). The categorisation of resistance: Interpreting failure to follow a proposed line of action in the diagnosis of autism amongst young adults. Sociology of Health & Illness, 40(7), 1215–1232. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.12749
  • Horton, S. (2006). A framework for the description and analysis of therapy for language impairment in aphasia. Aphasiology, 20(6), 528–564. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687030600590130
  • Hunt, A. W., Le Dorze, G., Polatajko, H., Bottari, C., & Dawson, D. R. (2015). Communication during goal-setting in brain injury rehabilitation: What helps and what hinders? British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 78(8), 488–498. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308022614562784
  • Jepson, M., Salisbury, C., Ridd, M. J., Metcalfe, C., Garside, L., & Barnes, R. K. (2017). The ‘One in a Million’ study: Creating a database of UK primary care consultations. British Journal of General Practice, 67(658), e345–e351. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp17X690521
  • Jones, D., Drew, P., Elsey, C., Blackburn, D., Wakefield, S., Harkness, K., & Reuber, M. (2016). Conversational assessment in memory clinic encounters: Interactional profiling for differentiating dementia from functional memory disorders. Aging & Mental Health, 20(5), 500–509. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1021753
  • Joyce, J. B., Douglass, T., Benwell, B., Rhys, C. S., Parry, R., Simmons, R., & Kerrison, A. (2022). Should we share qualitative data? Epistemological and practical insights from conversation analysis. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2022.2087851
  • Kawachi, I., Subramanian, S. V., & Almeida-Filho, N. (2002). A glossary for health inequalities. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 56(9), 647–652. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.9.647
  • Klemmensen, C. M. B. (2018). Integrating the participants’ perspective in the study of language and communication disorders: towards a new analytical approach. Springer.
  • Klippi, A. (2014). Pointing as an embodied practice in aphasic interaction. Aphasiology, 29(3), 337–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2013.878451
  • Korkiakangas, T., Dindar, K., Laitila, A., & Kärnä, E. (2016). The Sally–Anne test: An interactional analysis of a dyadic assessment. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 51(6), 685–702. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12240
  • Kronman, M. P., Gerber, J. S., Grundmeier, R. W., Zhou, C., Robinson, J. D., Heritage, J., Stout, J., Burges, D., Hedrick, B., Warren, L., & Shalowitz, M. (2020). Reducing antibiotic prescribing in primary care for respiratory illness. Pediatrics, 146(3). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0038
  • Laakso, M. (2014). Aphasia Sufferers’ displays of affect in conversation. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 47(4), 404–425. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.2014.958280
  • Lindsay, J., & Wilkinson, R. (1999). Repair sequences in aphasic talk: A comparison of aphasic-speech and language therapist and aphasic-spouse conversations. Aphasiology, 13(4–5), 305–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/026870399402118
  • Lin, S. Y., & Lewis, F. M. (2015). Dementia friendly, dementia capable, and dementia positive: Concepts to prepare for the future. The Gerontologist, 55(2), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnu122
  • Mander, C. (2016). An investigation of the delivery of health-related accessible information for adults with learning disabilities. Tizard Learning Disability Review, 21(1), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1108/TLDR-12-2014-0043
  • Manrique, E., & Enfield, N. J. (2015). Suspending the next turn as a form of repair initiation: Evidence from argentine sign language. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(1326), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01326
  • Maynard, D. W., & Turowetz, J. (2019). Doing abstraction: Autism, diagnosis, and social theory. Sociological Theory, 37(1), 89–116.
  • Mccabe, R., John, P., Dooley, J., Healey, P., Cushing, A., Kingdon, D., Bremner, S., & Priebe, S. (2016). Training to enhance psychiatrist communication with patients with psychosis (TEMPO): Cluster randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 209(6), 517–524. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.179499
  • Mccleary, L., & De Arantes Leite, T. (2013). Turn-taking in Brazilian Sign Language: Evidence from overlap. Journal of Interactional Research in Communication Disorders, 4(1), 123–154. https://doi.org/10.1558/jircd.v4i1.123
  • Merlino, S. (2018). Assisting the client in aphasia speech therapy: A sequential and multimodal analysis of cueing practices. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.16986/HUJE.2018038810
  • Muskett, T., Body, R., & Perkins, M. (2012). Uncovering the dynamic in static assessment interaction. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 28(1), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265659011428966
  • Nicholson, C., Finlay, W. M. L., & Stagg, S. (2021). Forms of resistance in people with severe and profound intellectual disabilities. Sociology of Health & Illness, 43(3), 642–659. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.13246
  • Nicolaidis, C., Kripke, C. C., & Raymaker, D. (2014). Primary care for adults on the autism spectrum. Medical Clinics of North America, 98(5), 1169–1191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2014.06.011
  • Nicolaidis, C., Raymaker, D. M., Ashkenazy, E., Mcdonald, K. E., Dern, S., Baggs, A. E., Kapp, S. K., Weiner, M., & Boisclair, W. C. (2015). “Respect the way I need to communicate with you”: Healthcare experiences of adults on the autism spectrum. Autism, 19(7), 824–831. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361315576221
  • O’brien, R., Goldberg, S. E., Pilnick, A., Beeke, S., Schneider, J., Sartain, K., Thomson, L., Murray, M., Baxendale, B., & Harwood, R. H. (2018). The VOICE study - A before and after study of a dementia communication skills training course. PLoS One, 13(6), e0198567. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198567
  • Pajo, K., & Klippi, A. (2013). Hearing-impaired recipients’ non-vocal action sets as a resource for collaboration in conversation. Journal of Pragmatics, 55, 162–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2013.06.004
  • Parry, R., & Barnes, R. (2024). Conversation-analytic research on communication in healthcare: Growth, gaps and potential. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 57(1), 1–6.
  • Penn, C., Frankel, T., Watermeyer, J., & Müller, M. (2008). Informed consent and aphasia: Evidence of pitfalls in the process. Aphasiology, 23(1), 3–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687030701521786
  • Perry, J., Felce, D., Kerr, M., Bartley, S., Tomlinson, J., & Felce, J. J. (2014). Contact with primary care: The experience of people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 27(3), 200–211. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12072
  • Pilnick, A., O’brien, R., Beeke, S., Goldberg, S., & Harwood, R. (2021). Avoiding repair, maintaining face: Responding to hard-to-interpret talk from people living with dementia in the acute hospital. Social Science & Medicine, 282, 114–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114156
  • Pino, M., Doehring, A., & Parry, R. (2021). Practitioners’ dilemmas and strategies in decision-making conversations where patients and companions take divergent positions on a healthcare measure: An observational study using conversation analysis. Health Communication, 36(14), 2010–2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2020.1813952
  • Plejert, C., Antelius, E., Yazdanpanah, M., & Nielsen, T. R. (2015). ‘There’s a letter called ef’ on challenges and repair in interpreter-mediated tests of cognitive functioning in dementia evaluations: A case study. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 30(2), 163–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-015-9262-0
  • Pote, H., Mazon, T., Clegg, J., & King, S. (2011). Vulnerability and protection talk: Systemic therapy process with people with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 36(2), 105–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668250.2011.575771
  • Power, A., Coverdale, A., Croydon, A., Hall, E., Kaley, A., Macpherson, H., & Nind, M. (2022). Personalisation policy in the lives of people with learning disabilities: A call to focus on how people build their lives relationally. Critical Social Policy, 42(2), 220–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/02610183211004534
  • Prince, M. J., Comas-Herrera, A., Knapp, M., Guerchet, M. M., & Karagiannidou, M. (2016). World Alzheimer report 2016-Improving healthcare for people living with dementia: Coverage, quality and costs now and in the future.
  • Redley, M., & Weinberg, D. (2007). Learning disability and the limits of liberal citizenship: Interactional impediments to political empowerment. Sociology of Health & Illness, 29(5), 767–786. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9566.2007.01015.x
  • Reindal, S. M. (2008). A social relational model of disability: A theoretical framework for special needs education? European Journal of Special Needs Education, 23(2), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856250801947812
  • Ronkainen, R., Laakso, M., Lonka, E., & Tykkylainen, T. (2017). Promoting lexical learning in the speech and language therapy of children with cochlear implants. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 31(4), 266–282. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2016.1245786
  • Schegloff, E. A. (2007). Sequence organization in interaction: A primer in conversation analysis. Cambridge University Press.
  • Shepherd, V., Hood, K., & Wood, F. (2022). Unpacking the ‘black box of horrendousness’: A qualitative exploration of the barriers and facilitators to conducting trials involving adults lacking capacity to consent. Trials, 23(1), 471. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-022-06422-6
  • Simmons-Mackie, N., Damico, J. S., & Damico, H. L. (1999). A qualitative study of feedback in aphasia treatment. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 8(3), 218–230. https://doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360.0803.218
  • Skelt, L. M. (2012). Dealing with misunderstandings: The sensitivity of repair in hearing impaired conversation. In M. Egbert & A. Depperman (Eds.), Hearing aids communication (pp. 56–66). Verlag für Gesprächsforschung.
  • Solomon, O., Heritage, J., Yin, L., Maynard, D. W., & Bauman, M. L. (2016). ‘What brings him here today?’: Medical problem presentation involving children with autism spectrum disorders and typically developing children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(2), 378–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2550-2
  • Stiegler, L. N. (2007). Discovering communicative competencies in a nonspeaking child with Autism. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 38(4), 400–413. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2007/041)
  • Stivers, T. (2001). Negotiating who presents the problem: Next speaker selection in pediatric encounters. Journal of Communication, 51(2), 252–282. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02880.x
  • Thomas, C. (2004). Rescuing a social relational understanding of disability. Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research, 6(1), 22–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/15017410409512637
  • Thomas, C. (2017). Sociologies of disability and illness: Contested ideas in disability studies and medical sociology. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Turowetz, J. (2015a). Citing conduct, individualizing symptoms: Accomplishing autism diagnosis in clinical case conferences. Social Science and Medicine, 142, 214–222.
  • Turowetz, J. (2015b). The interactional production of a clinical fact in a case of autism. Qualitative Sociology, 38(1), 57–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-014-9294-8
  • Turowetz, J., & Maynard, D. W. (2018). Narrative methods for differential diagnosis in a case of autism. Symbolic Interaction, 41(3), 357–383. https://doi.org/10.1002/symb.344
  • Turowetz, J., & Maynard, D. W. (2019). Documenting diagnosis: Testing, labelling, and the production of medical records in an autism clinic. Sociology of Health & Illness, 41(6), 1023–1039. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9566.12882
  • Volkmer, A., Spector, A., Swinburn, K., Warren, J. D., & Beeke, S. (2021). Using the medical research council framework and public involvement in the development of a communication partner training intervention for people with Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA): Better conversations with PPA. BMC Geriatrics, 21(1), 642. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02561-8
  • Webb, J., Williams, V., Gall, M., & Dowling, S. (2020). Misfitting the research process: shaping qualitative research “in the Field” to fit people living with dementia. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 19, 160940691989592. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406919895926
  • Weismer, G., Martin, R., & Kent, R. D. (1992). Acoustic and perceptual approaches to the study of intelligibility. Intelligibility in Speech Disorders, 67–118.
  • Wiklund, M. (2016). Interactional challenges in conversations with autistic preadolescents: The role of prosody and non-verbal communication in other-initiated repairs. Journal of Pragmatics, 94, 76–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2016.01.008
  • Wilkinson, R. (2019). Atypical interaction: Conversation analysis and communicative impairments. Research on Language and Social Interaction, 52(3), 281–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/08351813.2019.1631045
  • Williams, V., Swift, P., & Mason, V. (2015). The blurred edges of intellectual disability. Disability & Society, 30(5), 704–716. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2015.1040870
  • Williams, V., Webb, J., Read, S., James, R., & Davis, H. (2020). Future lived experience: Inclusive research with people living with dementia. Qualitative Research, 20(5), 721–740. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468794119893608
  • Worrall, D. L. 2022. A conversation analytic study of co-working between a person with learning disabilities and a person without learning disabilities. PhD, University of Bristol.
  • Zerbo, O., Qian, Y., Ray, T., Sidney, S., Rich, S., Massolo, M., & Croen, L. A. (2019). Health care service utilization and cost among adults with autism spectrum disorders in a U.S. integrated health care system. Integrated Health Care System. Autism in Adulthood, 1(1), 27–36. https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2018.0004
  • Ziviani, J., Lennox, N., Allison, H., Lyons, M., & Del Mar, C. (2009). Meeting in the middle: Improving communication in primary health care consultations with people with an intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 29(3), 211–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668250412331285163