Complement Inhibition Keeps Mothers Calm and Avoids Fetal Rejection

REFERENCES

• Abbas A. K., Lichtman A. H., Pober J. S. Effector mechanisms of humoral immunity. Cellular and molecular immunology. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, PA 2000; 456–460
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin W. M., III, Pruitt S. K., Brauer R. B., Daha M. R, Sanfilippo F. Complement in organ transplantation: contribution to inflammation, injury and rejection. Transplantation 1995; 59: 797–808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benirschke K., Kaufmann P. Circulating angiogenic factors and the risk of preeclampsia. Pathology of the human placenta. Springer, New York 2000; 320–322
   Google Scholar
• Billingham R. E., Medawar P. B. Actively acquired tolerance of foreign cells. Nature 1953; 172: 603–606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blois S., Tometten M., Kandil J., Hagen E., Klapp B. F., Margni R. A., Arck P. C. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1/LFA-1 cross talk is a proximate mediator capable of disrupting immune integration and tolerance mechanism at the feto-maternal interface in murine pregnancies. J. Immunol. 2005; 174: 1820–1829
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark D. A., Chaouat G., Arck P. C., Mittruecker H. W., Levy G. A. Cytokine-dependent abortion in CBA x DBA/2 mice is mediated by the procoagulant fgl2 prothrombinase [correction of prothombinase]. J. Immunol. 1998; 160: 545–549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham D. S., Tichenor J. R. Decay-accelerating factor protects human trophoblast from complement-mediated attack. Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 1995; 74: 156–161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Derksen R. H., Khamashta M. A., Branch D. W. Management of the obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome. Arthritis Rheum. 2004; 50: 1028–1039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esmon C. T. The interactions between inflammation and coagulation. Br. J. Haematol. 2005; 131: 417–430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feucht H. E., Felber E., Gokel M. J., Hillebrand G., Nattermann U., Brockmeyer C. Vascular deposition of complement-split products in kidney allografts with cell-mediated rejection. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1991; 86: 464–470
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsen T., Eriksson J. G., Tuomilehto J., Osmond C., Barker D. J. Growth in utero and during childhood among women who develop coronary heart disease: longitudinal study. Br. Med. J. 1999; 319: 1403–1407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girardi G., Berman J., Redecha P., et al. Complement C5a receptors and neutrophils mediate fetal injury in the antiphospholipid syndrome. J. Clin. Invest. 2004; 112: 1644–1654
   Google Scholar
• Girardi G., Redecha P., Salmon J. E. Heparin prevents antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss by inhibiting complement activation. Nat. Med. 2004; 10: 1222–1226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girardi G., Yarilin D., Thurman J. M., Holers V. M., Salmon J. E. Complement activation induces dysregulation of angiogenic factors and causes fetal rejection and growth restriction. J. Exp. Med. 2006; 203: 2165–2175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godfrey K. M., Barker D. J. Fetal nutrition and adult disease. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000; 71: 1344S–1352S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsh J., Warkentin T. E., Shaughnessy S. G., Anand S. S., Halperin J. L., Raschke R., Granger C., Ohman E. M., Dalen J. E. Heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin: mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, dosing, monitoring, efficacy, and safety. Chest 2001; 119: 64S–94S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoet J. J., Hanson M. A. Intrauterine nutrition: its importance during critical periods for cardiovascular and endocrine development. J. Physiol. 1999; 514(Pt 3)617–627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holers V. M., Kinoshita T., Molina H. The evolution of mouse and human complement C3-binding proteins: divergence of form but conservation of function. Immunol. Today 1992; 13: 231–236
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holers V. M., Girardi G., Mo L., Guthridge J. M., Molina H., Pierangeli S. S., Espinola R., Xiaowei L. E., Mao D., Vialpando C. G., Salmon J. E. Complement C3 activation is required for antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss. J. Exp. Med. 2002; 95: 211–220
   Google Scholar
• Kazatchkine M. D., Fearon D. T., Metcalfe D. D., Rosenberg R. D., Austen K. F. Structural determinants of the capacity of heparin to inhibit the formation of the human amplification C3 convertase. J. Clin. Invest. 1981; 67: 223–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim Y. U., Kinoshita T., Molina H., Hourcade D., Seya T., Wagner L. M., Holers V. M. Mouse complement regulatory protein Crry/p65 uses the specific mechanisms of both human decay-accelerating factor and membrane cofactor protein. J. Exp. Med. 1995; 181: 151–159
   Google Scholar
• Kirchhofer D., Moran P., Bullens S., Peale F., Bunting S. A monoclonal antibody that inhibits mouse tissue factor function. J. Thromb. Haemost. 2005; 3(5)1098–1099
   Google Scholar
• Lam C., Lim K. H., Karumanchi S. A. Circulating angiogenic factors in the pathogenesis and prediction of preeclampsia. Hypertension 2005; 46: 1077–1085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine R. J., Maynard S. E., Qian C., Lim K. H., England L. J., Yu K. F., Schisterman E. F., Thadhani R., Sachs B. P., Epstein F. H., Sibai B. M., Sukhatme V. P., Karumanchi S. A. Circulating angiogenic factors and the risk of preeclampsia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004; 350: 672–683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liszewski M. K., Farries T. C., Lublin D. M., Rooney I. A., Atkinson J. P. Control of the complement system. Adv. Immunol. 1996; 61: 201–283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch A. M., Murphy J. R., Byers T., Gibbs R. S., Neville M. C., Giclas P. C., Salmon J. E., Holers V. M. Alternative complement pathway activation fragment Bb in early pregnancy as a predictor of preeclampsia. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Jan 24, 2008, [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Maynard S. E., Min J. Y., Merchan J., Lim K. H., Li J., Mondal S., Libermann T. A., Morgan J. P., Sellke F. W., Stillman I. E., Epstein F. H., Sukhatme V. P., Karumanchi S. A. Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. J. Clin. Invest. 2003; 111: 649–658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micheloud D., Sarmiento E., Teijeiro R., Jensen J., Rodríguez Molina J. J., Fernández-Cruz E., Carbone J. Hypocomplementemia in the absence of autoantibodies in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Allergol. Immunopathol 2007; 35: 90–94, (Madr)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mollnes T. E., Brekke O. L., Fung M., Fure H., Christiansen D., Bergseth G., Videm V., Lappegård K. T., Köhl J., Lambris J. D. Essential role of the C5a receptor in E coli-induced oxidative burst and phagocytosis revealed by a novel lepirudin-based human whole blood model of inflammation. Blood 2002; 100: 1869–1877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan B. P. Effects of the membrane attack complex of complement on nucleated cells. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1992; 178: 115–140
   Google Scholar
• Pawlinski R., Pedersen B., Erlich J., Mackman N. Role of tissue factor in haemostasis, thrombosis, angiogenesis and inflammation: lessons from low tissue factor mice. Thromb. Haemost. 2004; 92: 444–450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redecha P., Tilley R., Tencati M., Salmon J. E., Kirchhofer D., Mackman N., Girardi G. Tissue factor: a link between C5a and neutrophil activation in antiphospholipid antibody induced fetal injury. Blood 2007; 110: 2423–2431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richani K., Romero R., Soto E., Espinoza J., Nien J. K., Chaiworapongsa T., Refuerzo J., Blackwell S., Edwin S. S., Santolaya-Forgas J., Mazor M. Unexplained intrauterine fetal death is accompanied by activation of complement. J. Perinat. Med. 2005; 33: 296–305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricklin D., Lambris J. D. Complement-targeted therapeutic. Nat. Biotechnol. 2007; 25: 1265–1275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamonki J. M., Salmon J. E., Hyjek E., Baergen R. N. Excessive complement activation is associated with placental injury in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2007; 196(167)e1–5
   Google Scholar
• Schmitdt B. Z., Colten H. R. Complement: a critical test of its biological importance. Immunol. Rev. 2000; 178: 166–176
   Google Scholar
• Stone S., Pijnenborg R., Vercruysse L. The placental bed in pregnancies complicated by primary antiphospholipid syndrome. Placenta 2006; 27: 457–467
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tedesco F., Narchi G., Radillo O., Meri S., Ferrone S., Betterle C. Susceptibility of human trophoblast to killing by human complement and the role of complement regulatory proteins. J. Immunol. 1993; 151: 1562–1570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurman J. M., Kraus D. M., Girardi G., Hourcade D., Kang H. J., Royer P. A., Mitchell L. M., Giclas P. C., Salmon J., Gilkeson G., Holers V. M. A novel inhibitor of the alternative complement pathway prevents antiphospholipid antibody-induced pregnancy loss in mice. Mol. Immunol. 2005; 42: 87–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veening M. A., Van Weissenbruch M. M., Delemarre-Van De Waal H. A. Glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion in children born small for gestational age. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002; 87: 4657–4661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walport M. J. Complement. First of two parts. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001a; 344: 1058–1066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walport M. J. Complement. Second of two parts. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001b; 344: 1140–1144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasowska B. A., Lee C-Y, Halushka M. K., Baldwin W. M., III. New concepts of complement in allorecognition and graft rejection. Cell Immunol. 2007; 248: 18–30
   Google Scholar
• Xu C., Mao D., Holers V. M., Palanca B., Cheng A., Molina H. A critical role for the murine complement regulator Crry in fetomaternal tolerance. Science 2000; 287: 498–501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanney M., Marlow N. Paediatric consequences of fetal growth restriction. Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med. 2004; 9: 411–418
   PubMedGoogle Scholar