NLR: A Cost-effective Nomogram to Guide Therapeutic Interventions in COVID-19

References

• Bansal M. 2020. Cardiovascular disease and COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 14(3):247–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao X. 2020. COVID-19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 20:269–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascella M, Rajnik M, Cuomo A, Dulebohn SC,  Di Napoli R. 2020. Features, evaluation and treatment coronavirus (COVID-19). In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearlsPublishing [accessed 2020 Apr 6]. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776
   Google Scholar
• Celikbilek A, Ismailogullari S, Zararsiz G. 2014. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio predicts poor prognosis in ischemic cerebrovascular disease. J Clin Lab Anal. 28(1):27–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang TH, Wu JL, Chang LY. 2020. Clinical characteristics and diagnostic challenges of pediatric COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Formos Med Assoc. 20:30143–1.
   Google Scholar
• Channappanavar R, Perlman S. 2017. Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology. Semin Immunopathol. 39(5):529–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, Wang X, Zhang S. 2020a. Findings of acute pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients. Lancet Infect Dis. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3548771
   Google Scholar
• Chen X, Zhao B, Qu Y, Chen Y, Xiong J, Feng Y, Men D, Huang Q, Liu Y, Yang B, et al. 2020b. Detectable serum SARS-CoV-2 viral load (RNAaemia) is closely associated with drastically elevated interleukin 6 (IL-6) level in critically ill COVID-19 patients. MedRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.02.29.20029520
   Google Scholar
• Crispim PCA, Jammal MP, Murta EFC, Nomelini RS. 2020. Endometriosis: what is the Influence of Immune Cells? Immunol Invest. 1–17. doi:10.1080/08820139.2020.1764577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer K, Hoffmann P, Voelkl S, Meidenbauer N, Ammer J, Edinger M, Gottfried E, Schwarz S, Rothe G, Hoves S. 2007. Inhibitory effect of tumor cell-derived lactic acid on human T cells. Blood. 109(9):3812–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong J, Dong H, Xia SQ, Z Y H, Wang D, Zhao Y, Liu W, Tu S, Zhang M, Wang Q, et al. 2020. Correlation analysis between disease severity and inflammation-related parameters in patients with COVID-19 Pneumonia. MedRxiv Preprint. doi:10.1101/2020.02.25.20025643
   Google Scholar
• Gong J, Ou J, Xueping Q,  Yusheng J,  Yaqiong C, Lianxiong Y, Jing C, Mingkai T, Wenxiong X, Fang Z, et al. 2020. Multicenter development and validation of a novel risk nomogram for early prediction of severe 2019-novel coronavirus pneumonia. Lancet. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3551365
   Google Scholar
• Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei C, Hui DS, et al. 2020. Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in China. N Engl J Med. 382(18):1708–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, et al. 2020. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 395:497–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagunas-Rangel FA. 2020. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratio in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 1–2. doi:10.1002/jmv.25819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lattanzi S, Brigo F, Trinka E, Cagnetti C, Di Napoli M, Silvestrini M. 2019. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in acute cerebral hemorrhage: a system review. Transl Stroke Res. 10(2):137‐145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, Han T, Li Z, Zhou P, Pan P, Wang W, Hu D, Liu X, et al. 2020. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol. 92(4):424–32. doi:10.1002/jmv.25685
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao YC, Liang WG, Chen FW, Hsu JH, Yang JJ, Chang MS. 2002. IL-19 induces production of IL-6 and TNF-α and results in cell apoptosis through TNF-α. J Immunol. 169(8):4288–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Li S, Liu J, Liang B, Wang X, Wang H, Li W, Tong Q, Yi J, Zhao L, et al. 2020a. Longitudinal characteristics of lymphocyte responses and cytokine profiles in the peripheral blood of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. EBioMedicine. 55:102763.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Liu Y, Xiang P, Pu L, Xiong H, Li C, Zhang M, Tan J, Xu Y, Song R, et al. 2020b. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts severe illness patients with 2019 novel coronavirus in the early stage. MedRvix Preprint.doi:10.1101/2020.02.10.20021584.
   Google Scholar
• Liu W, Tao ZW, Lei W, Yuan M-L, Liu K, Zhou L, Wei S, Deng Y, Liu J, Liu H-G, et al. 2020c. Analysis of factors associated with disease outcomes in hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Chin Med J (Engl). 133(9):1032–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu WJ, Zhao M, Liu K, Xu K, Wong G, Tan W, Gao GF. 2017. T-cell immunity of SARS-CoV: implications for vaccine development against MERS-CoV. Antiviral Res. 137:82–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Du X, Chen J, Jin Y, Peng L, Wang HHX, Luo M, Chen L, Zhao Y. 2020d. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as an independent risk factor for mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Infect. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mo P, Xing Y, Xiao Y, Deng L, Zhao Q, Wang H, Xiong Y, Cheng Z, Gao S, Chen KLT, et al. 2020. Clinical characteristics of refractory COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. ciaa270. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa270/5805508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, Zhang S, Yang S, Tao Y, Xie C, Ma K, Shang K, Wang W, et al. 2020. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. pii: ciaa248. Preprint. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu H, Wu J, Hong L, Luo Y, Song Q, Chen D. 2020. Clinical and epidemiological features of 36 children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Zhejiang, China: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 1–8. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30198-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quartuccio L, Sonaglia A, McGonagle D, Fabris M, Peghin M, Pecori D, De Monte A, Bove T, Curcio F, Bassi F, et al. 2020. Profiling COVID-19 pneumonia progressing into the cytokine storm syndrome: results from a single Italian Centre study on tocilizumab versus standard of care. MedRxiv Preprint. doi:10.1101/2020.05.01.20078360
   Google Scholar
• Shenoy GN, Bhatta M, Loyall JL, Jr RJ K, Bernstein JM, Bankert RB. 2020. Exosomes represent an immune suppressive T cell checkpoint in human chronic inflammatory microenvironments. Immunol Invest. 1–18. doi:10.1080/08820139.2020.1748047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song CY, Xu J, He JQ, Lu YQ. 2020. COVID-19 early warning score: a multi-parameter screening tool to identify highly suspected patients. MedRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.03.05.20031906
   Google Scholar
• Tamhane UU, Aneja S, Montgomery D, Rogers EK, Eagle KA, Gurm HS. 2008. Association between admission neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 102(6):653–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan L, Wang Q, Zhang D, Ding J, Huang Q, Tang Y-Q, Wang Q, Miao H. 2020. Lymphopenia predicts disease severity of COVID-19: a descriptive and predictive study. Sig Transduct Target Ther. 5:33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. 2020. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thrombn Haemost. JTH.18(4):844–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terpos E, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Elalamy I, Kastritis E, Sergentanis TN, Politou M, Psaltopoulou T, Gerotziafas G, Dimopoulos MA. 2020. Hematological findings and complications of COVID-19. Am J Hematol. doi:10.1002/ajh.25829
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan S, Yi Q, Fan S, Lv J, Zhang X, Guo L, Lang C, Xiao Q, Xiao K, Yi Z, et al. 2020. Relationships among lymphocyte subsets, cytokines, and the pulmonary inflammation index in coronavirus (COVID-19) infected patients. Br J Haematol. 189:428–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y, et al. 2020. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 323(11):1061–69. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, Peng J, Dan H, Zeng X, Li T, Chen Q. 2020. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci. 12(8):1–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yang AP, Liu J, Tao W, Li HM. 2020. The diagnostic and predictive role of NLR, d-NLR and PLR in COVID-19 patients. Int Immunopharmacol. 84:106504. Journal Pre-proofs. doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye W, Chen G, Li X, Lan X, Ji C, Hou M, Zhang D, Zeng G, Wang Y, Xu C, et al. 2020. Dynamic changes of D-dimer and neutrophil lymphocyte count ratio as prognostic biomarkers in COVID-19. Resp Res BMC. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-21984/v1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang B, Zhou X, Qiu Y, Feng F, Feng J, Jia Y, Zhu H, Hu K, Liu J, Liu Z, et al. 2020. Clinical characteristics of 82 death cases with COVID-19. MedRxiv. doi:10.1101/2020.02.26.20028191
   Google Scholar
• Zheng H, Zhang M, Yang C, Zhang N, Wang X-C, Yang X-P, Dong X-Q, Zheng Y-T. 2020. Elevated exhaustion levels and reduced functional diversity of T cells in peripheral blood may predict severe progression in COVID-19 patients. Cell Mol Immunol. 17(5):541–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, Xiang J, Wang Y, Song B, Gu X, et al. 2020a. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 395:1054–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou S, Wang Y, Zhu T, Xia L. 2020b. CT features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pneumonia in 62 patients in Wuhan, China. Am J Roentgenol. 1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu M. 2004. SARS Immunity and Vaccination. Cell Mol Immunol. 1(3):193–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Z, Cai T, Fan L, Lou K, Hua X, Huang Z, Gao G. 2020. Clinical value of immune-inflammatory parameters to assess the severity of coronavirus disease 2019. Int J Infect Dis. 95:332–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuo Y, Kanthi Y, Knight JS. 2020. Neutrophil extracellular traps in COVID-19. JCI Insight. doi:10.1172/jci.insight.138999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar