B Cell Response to Vaccination

References

• Abbott RK, Crotty S. 2020. Factors in B cell competition and immunodominance. Immunol Rev. 296(1):120–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott RK, Lee JH, Menis S, Skog P, Rossi M, Ota T, Kulp DW, Bhullar D, Kalyuzhniy O, Havenar-Daughton C, et al. 2018. Precursor frequency and affinity determine B cell competitive fitness in germinal centers, tested with germline-targeting HIV vaccine immunogens. Immunity. 48(133–146):e136.
   Google Scholar
• Ahuja A, Anderson SM, Khalil A, Shlomchik MJ. 2008. Maintenance of the plasma cell pool is independent of memory B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105(12):4802–07.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akira S, Takeda K, Kaisho T. 2001. Toll-like receptors: critical proteins linking innate and acquired immunity. Nat Immunol. 2(8):675–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akram A, Inman RD. 2012. Immunodominance: a pivotal principle in host response to viral infections. Clin Immunol. 143(2):99–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen CD, Cyster JG. 2008. Follicular dendritic cell networks of primary follicles and germinal centers: phenotype and function. Semin Immunol. 20(1):14–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen CD, Okada T, Tang HL, Cyster JG. 2007. Imaging of germinal center selection events during affinity maturation. Science. 315(5811):528–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altman MO, Angeletti D, Yewdell JW. 2018. Antibody immunodominance: the key to understanding influenza virus antigenic drift. Viral Immunol. 31(2):142–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson SM, Khalil A, Uduman M, Hershberg U, Louzoun Y, Haberman AM, Kleinstein SH, Shlomchik MJ. 2009. Taking advantage: high-affinity B cells in the germinal center have lower death rates, but similar rates of division, compared to low-affinity cells. J Immunol. 183(11):7314–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angeletti D, Gibbs JS, Angel M, Kosik I, Hickman HD, Frank GM, Das SR, Wheatley AK, Prabhakaran M, Leggat DJ, et al. 2017. Defining B cell immunodominance to viruses. Nat Immunol. 18(4):456–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arunachalam PS, Charles TP, Joag V, Bollimpelli VS, Scott MKD, Wimmers F, Burton SL, Labranche CC, Petitdemange C, Gangadhara S, et al. 2020. T cell-inducing vaccine durably prevents mucosal SHIV infection even with lower neutralizing antibody titers. Nat Med. 26(6):932–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Essink B, Kotloff K, Frey S, Novak R, Diemert D, Spector SA, Rouphael N, Creech CB, et al. 2021. Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 384(5):403–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumjohann D, Okada T, Ansel KM. 2011. Cutting edge: distinct waves of BCL6 expression during T follicular helper cell development. J Immunol. 187(5):2089–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumjohann D, Preite S, Reboldi A, Ronchi F, Ansel KM, Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F. 2013. Persistent antigen and germinal center B cells sustain T follicular helper cell responses and phenotype. Immunity. 38(3):596–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson MJ, Dillon SR, Castigli E, Geha RS, Xu S, Lam KP, Noelle RJ. 2008. Cutting edge: the dependence of plasma cells and independence of memory B cells on BAFF and APRIL. J Immunol. 180(6):3655–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergstrom JJ, Xu H, Heyman B. 2017. Epitope-specific suppression of IgG responses by passively administered specific IgG: evidence of epitope masking. Front Immunol. 8:238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouteau A, Kervevan J, Su Q, Zurawski SM, Contreras V, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Le Grand R, Zurawski G, Cardinaud S, Levy Y, et al. 2019. DC subsets regulate humoral immune responses by supporting the differentiation of distinct Tfh cells. Front Immunol. 10:1134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brynjolfsson SF, Persson Berg L, Olsen Ekerhult T, Rimkute I, Wick MJ, Martensson IL, Grimsholm O. 2018. Long-lived plasma cells in mice and men. Front Immunol. 9:2673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burnett DL, Langley DB, Schofield P, Hermes JR, Chan TD, Jackson J, Bourne K, Reed JH, Patterson K, Porebski BT, et al. 2018. Germinal center antibody mutation trajectories are determined by rapid self/foreign discrimination. Science. 360(6385):223–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabrita R, Lauss M, Sanna A, Donia M, Skaarup Larsen M, Mitra S, Johansson I, Phung B, Harbst K, Vallon-Christersson J, et al. 2020. Tertiary lymphoid structures improve immunotherapy and survival in melanoma. Nature. 577(7791):561–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calado DP, Sasaki Y, Godinho SA, Pellerin A, Kochert K, Sleckman BP, De Alboran IM, Janz M, Rodig S, Rajewsky K. 2012. The cell-cycle regulator c-Myc is essential for the formation and maintenance of germinal centers. Nat Immunol. 13(11):1092–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannons JL, Qi H, Lu KT, Dutta M, Gomez-Rodriguez J, Cheng J, Wakeland EK, Germain RN, Schwartzberg PL. 2010. Optimal germinal center responses require a multistage T cell: B cell adhesion process involving integrins, SLAM-associated protein, and CD84. Immunity. 32(2):253–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll MC, Isenman DE. 2012. Regulation of humoral immunity by complement. Immunity. 37(2):199–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan TD, Gatto D, Wood K, Camidge T, Basten A, Brink R. 2009. Antigen affinity controls rapid T-dependent antibody production by driving the expansion rather than the differentiation or extrafollicular migration of early plasmablasts. J Immunol. 183(5):3139–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen M, Hong MJ, Sun H, Wang L, Shi X, Gilbert BE, Corry DB, Kheradmand F, Wang J. 2014. Essential role for autophagy in the maintenance of immunological memory against influenza infection. Nat Med. 20(5):503–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen M, Kodali S, Jang A, Kuai L, Wang J. 2015. Requirement for autophagy in the long-term persistence but not initial formation of memory B cells. J Immunol. 194(6):2607–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirelli KM, Carnathan DG, Nogal B, Martin JT, Rodriguez OL, Upadhyay AA, Enemuo CA, Gebru EH, Choe Y, Viviano F, et al. 2019. Slow delivery immunization enhances HIV neutralizing antibody and germinal center responses via modulation of immunodominance. Cell. 177(5):1153–1171 e1128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirelli KM, Crotty S. 2017. Germinal center enhancement by extended antigen availability. Curr Opin Immunol. 47:64–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clybouw C, Fischer S, Auffredou MT, Hugues P, Alexia C, Bouillet P, Raphael M, Leca G, Strasser A, Tarlinton DM, et al. 2011. Regulation of memory B-cell survival by the BH3-only protein Puma. Blood. 118(15):4120–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffey F, Alabyev B, Manser T. 2009. Initial clonal expansion of germinal center B cells takes place at the perimeter of follicles. Immunity. 30(4):599–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crotty S. 2019. T follicular helper cell biology: a decade of discovery and diseases. Immunity. 50(5):1132–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crotty S, Aubert RD, Glidewell J, Ahmed R. 2004. Tracking human antigen-specific memory B cells: a sensitive and generalized ELISPOT system. J Immunol Methods. 286(1–2):111–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crotty S, Felgner P, Davies H, Glidewell J, Villarreal L, Ahmed R. 2003. Cutting edge: long-term B cell memory in humans after smallpox vaccination. J Immunol. 171(10):4969–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Souza L, Gupta SL, Bal V, Rath S, George A. 2017. CD73 expression identifies a subset of IgM(+) antigen-experienced cells with memory attributes that is T cell and CD40 signalling dependent. Immunology. 152:602–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis CW, Jackson KJL, McCausland MM, Darce J, Chang C, Linderman SL, Chennareddy C, Gerkin R, Brown SJ, Wrammert J, et al. 2020. Influenza vaccine-induced human bone marrow plasma cells decline within a year after vaccination. Science. 370(6513):237–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Silva NS, Simonetti G, Heise N, Klein U. 2012. The diverse roles of IRF4 in late germinal center B-cell differentiation. Immunol Rev. 247(1):73–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• DeFranco AL, Rookhuizen DC, Hou B. 2012. Contribution of Toll-like receptor signaling to germinal center antibody responses. Immunol Rev. 247(1):64–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dempsey PW, Allison ME, Akkaraju S, Goodnow CC, Fearon DT. 1996. C3d of complement as a molecular adjuvant: bridging innate and acquired immunity. Science. 271(5247):348–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Niro R, Lee SJ, Vander Heiden JA, Elsner RA, Trivedi N, Bannock JM, Gupta NT, Kleinstein SH, Vigneault F, Gilbert TJ, et al. 2015. Salmonella infection drives promiscuous B cell activation followed by extrafollicular affinity maturation. Immunity. 43(1):120–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiLillo DJ, Hamaguchi Y, Ueda Y, Yang K, Uchida J, Haas KM, Kelsoe G, Tedder TF. 2008. Maintenance of long-lived plasma cells and serological memory despite mature and memory B cell depletion during CD20 immunotherapy in mice. J Immunol. 180(1):361–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogan I, Bertocci B, Vilmont V, Delbos F, Megret J, Storck S, Reynaud CA, Weill JC. 2009. Multiple layers of B cell memory with different effector functions. Nat Immunol. 10(12):1292–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominguez-Sola D, Kung J, Holmes AB, Wells VA, Mo T, Basso K, Dalla-Favera R. 2015. The FOXO1 transcription factor instructs the germinal center dark zone program. Immunity. 43(6):1064–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominguez-Sola D, Victora GD, Ying CY, Phan RT, Saito M, Nussenzweig MC, Dalla-Favera R. 2012. The proto-oncogene MYC is required for selection in the germinal center and cyclic reentry. Nat Immunol. 13(11):1083–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellebedy AH, Krammer F, Li GM, Miller MS, Chiu C, Wrammert J, Chang CY, Davis CW, McCausland M, Elbein R, et al. 2014. Induction of broadly cross-reactive antibody responses to the influenza HA stem region following H5N1 vaccination in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 111(36):13133–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engels N, Konig LM, Heemann C, Lutz J, Tsubata T, Griep S, Schrader V, Wienands J. 2009. Recruitment of the cytoplasmic adaptor Grb2 to surface IgG and IgE provides antigen receptor-intrinsic costimulation to class-switched B cells. Nat Immunol. 10(9):1018–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engels N, Konig LM, Schulze W, Radtke D, Vanshylla K, Lutz J, Winkler TH, Nitschke L, Wienands J. 2014. The immunoglobulin tail tyrosine motif upgrades memory-type BCRs by incorporating a Grb2-Btk signalling module. Nat Commun. 5(1):5456.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ersching J, Efeyan A, Mesin L, Jacobsen JT, Pasqual G, Grabiner BC, Dominguez-Sola D, Sabatini DM, Victora GD. 2017. Germinal center selection and affinity maturation require dynamic regulation of mTORC1 kinase. Immunity. 46(6):1045–1058 e1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank SA. 2002. In immunology and evolution of infectious disease. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press. SBN-10: 0-691-09595-7.
   Google Scholar
• Gitlin AD, Von Boehmer L, Gazumyan A, Shulman Z, Oliveira TY, Nussenzweig MC. 2016. Independent roles of switching and hypermutation in the development and persistence of B lymphocyte memory. Immunity. 44(4):769–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goenka R, Barnett LG, Silver JS, O’Neill PJ, Hunter CA, Cancro MP, Laufer TM. 2011. Cutting edge: dendritic cell-restricted antigen presentation initiates the follicular helper T cell program but cannot complete ultimate effector differentiation. J Immunol. 187(3):1091–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser AE, Junt T, Mempel TR, Sneddon MW, Kleinstein SH, Henrickson SE, Von Andrian UH, Shlomchik MJ, Haberman AM. 2007. Definition of germinal-center B cell migration in vivo reveals predominant intrazonal circulation patterns. Immunity. 26:655–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havenar-Daughton C, Sarkar A, Kulp DW, Toy L, Hu X, Deresa I, Kalyuzhniy O, Kaushik K, Upadhyay AA, Menis S, et al. 2018. The human naive B cell repertoire contains distinct subclasses for a germline-targeting HIV-1 vaccine immunogen. Sci Transl Med. 10:eaat0381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He JS, Subramaniam S, Narang V, Srinivasan K, Saunders SP, Carbajo D, Wen-Shan T, Hidayah Hamadee N, Lum J, Lee A, et al. 2017. IgG1 memory B cells keep the memory of IgE responses. Nat Commun. 8(1):641.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Helmink BA, Reddy SM, Gao J, Zhang S, Basar R, Thakur R, Yizhak K, Sade-Feldman M, Blando J, Han G, et al. 2020. B cells and tertiary lymphoid structures promote immunotherapy response. Nature. 577(7791):549–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry C, Palm AE, Krammer F, Wilson PC. 2018. From original antigenic sin to the universal influenza virus vaccine. Trends Immunol. 39(1):70–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofer T, Muehlinghaus G, Moser K, Yoshida T, Hebel K, Hauser A, Hoyer B, Dorner T, O’ Luger E, Dörner T, et al. 2006. Adaptation of humoral memory. Immunol Rev. 211:295–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong S, Zhang Z, Liu H, Tian M, Zhu X, Zhang Z, Wang W, Zhou X, Zhang F, Ge Q, et al. 2018. B cells are the dominant antigen-presenting cells that activate naive CD4(+) T cells upon immunization with a virus-derived nanoparticle antigen. Immunity. 49(4):695–708 e694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou B, Saudan P, Ott G, Wheeler ML, Ji M, Kuzmich L, Lee LM, Coffman RL, Bachmann MF, DeFranco AL. 2011. Selective utilization of toll-like receptor and MyD88 signaling in B cells for enhancement of the antiviral germinal center response. Immunity. 34(3):375–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang D, Abbott RK, Havenar-Daughton C, Skog PD, Al-Kolla R, Groschel B, Blane TR, Menis S, Tran JT, Thinnes TC, et al. 2020. B cells expressing authentic naive human VRC01-class BCRs can be recruited to germinal centers and affinity mature in multiple independent mouse models. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 117(37):22920–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ise W, Fujii K, Shiroguchi K, Ito A, Kometani K, Takeda K, Kawakami E, Yamashita K, Suzuki K, Okada T, et al. 2018. T follicular helper cell-germinal center B cell interaction strength regulates entry into plasma cell or recycling germinal center cell fate. Immunity. 48(4):702–715 e704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jardine J, Julien JP, Menis S, Ota T, Kalyuzhniy O, McGuire A, Sok D, Huang PS, MacPherson S, Jones M, et al. 2013. Rational HIV immunogen design to target specific germline B cell receptors. Science. 340(6133):711–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jardine JG, Kulp DW, Havenar-Daughton C, Sarkar A, Briney B, Sok D, Sesterhenn F, Ereno-Orbea J, Kalyuzhniy O, Deresa I, et al. 2016. HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibody precursor B cells revealed by germline-targeting immunogen. Science. 351(6280):1458–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenks SA, Cashman KS, Woodruff MC, Lee FE, Sanz I. 2019. Extrafollicular responses in humans and SLE. Immunol Rev. 288:136–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones DD, Wilmore JR, Allman D. 2015. Cellular dynamics of memory B cell populations: igM+ and IgG+ memory B cells persist indefinitely as quiescent cells. J Immunol. 195(10):4753–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallies A, Hasbold J, Tarlinton DM, Dietrich W, Corcoran LM, Hodgkin PD, Nutt SL. 2004. Plasma cell ontogeny defined by quantitative changes in blimp-1 expression. J Exp Med. 200:967–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasturi SP, Rasheed MAU, Havenar-Daughton C, Pham M, Legere T, Sher ZJ, Kovalenkov Y, Gumber S, Huang JY, Gottardo R, et al. 2020. 3M-052, a synthetic TLR-7/8 agonist, induces durable HIV-1 envelope-specific plasma cells and humoral immunity in nonhuman primates. Sci Immunol. 5(48):eabb1025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasturi SP, Skountzou I, Albrecht RA, Koutsonanos D, Hua T, Nakaya HI, Ravindran R, Stewart S, Alam M, Kwissa M, et al. 2011. Programming the magnitude and persistence of antibody responses with innate immunity. Nature. 470(7335):543–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato Y, Abbott RK, Freeman BL, Haupt S, Groschel B, Silva M, Menis S, Irvine DJ, Schief WR, Crotty S. 2020. Multifaceted effects of antigen valency on B cell response composition and differentiation in vivo. Immunity. 53(3):548–563 e548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khodadadi L, Cheng Q, Radbruch A, Hiepe F. 2019. The maintenance of memory plasma cells. Front Immunol. 10:721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YM, Pan JY, Korbel GA, Peperzak V, Boes M, Ploegh HL. 2006. Monovalent ligation of the B cell receptor induces receptor activation but fails to promote antigen presentation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 103(9):3327–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein U, Casola S, Cattoretti G, Shen Q, Lia M, Mo T, Ludwig T, Rajewsky K, Dalla-Favera R. 2006. Transcription factor IRF4 controls plasma cell differentiation and class-switch recombination. Nat Immunol. 7(7):773–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koike T, Harada K, Horiuchi S, Kitamura D. 2019. The quantity of CD40 signaling determines the differentiation of B cells into functionally distinct memory cell subsets. Elife. 8:e44245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krammer F, Palese P. 2015. Advances in the development of influenza virus vaccines. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 14:167–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krautler NJ, Suan D, Butt D, Bourne K, Hermes JR, Chan TD, Sundling C, Kaplan W, Schofield P, Jackson J, et al. 2017. Differentiation of germinal center B cells into plasma cells is initiated by high-affinity antigen and completed by Tfh cells. J Exp Med. 214(5):1259–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnaswamy JK, Alsen S, Yrlid U, Eisenbarth SC, Williams A. 2018. Determination of T follicular helper cell fate by dendritic cells. Front Immunol. 9:2169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnaswamy JK, Gowthaman U, Zhang B, Mattsson J, Szeponik L, Liu D, Wu R, White T, Calabro S, Xu L, et al. 2017. Migratory CD11b(+) conventional dendritic cells induce T follicular helper cell-dependent antibody responses. Sci Immunol:2(18):eaam9169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuraoka M, Schmidt AG, Nojima T, Feng F, Watanabe A, Kitamura D, Harrison SC, Kepler TB, Kelsoe G. 2016. Complex antigens drive permissive clonal selection in germinal centers. Immunity. 44(3):542–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laidlaw BJ, Schmidt TH, Green JA, Allen CD, Okada T, Cyster JG. 2017. The Eph-related tyrosine kinase ligand Ephrin-B1 marks germinal center and memory precursor B cells. J Exp Med. 214(3):639–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam WY, Becker AM, Kennerly KM, Wong R, Curtis JD, Llufrio EM, McCommis KS, Fahrmann J, Pizzato HA, Nunley RM, et al. 2016. Mitochondrial pyruvate import promotes long-term survival of antibody-secreting plasma cells. Immunity. 45(1):60–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam WY, Jash A, Yao CH, D’Souza L, Wong R, Nunley RM, Meares GP, Patti GJ, Bhattacharya D. 2018. Metabolic and transcriptional modules independently diversify plasma cell lifespan and function. Cell Rep. 24(9):2479–2492 e2476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lederer K, Castano D, Gomez Atria D, Oguin TH 3rd, Wang S, Manzoni TB, Muramatsu H, Hogan MJ, Amanat F, Cherubin P, et al. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines foster potent antigen-specific germinal center responses associated with neutralizing antibody generation. Immunity. 53(6):1281–1295 e1285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SK, Rigby RJ, Zotos D, Tsai LM, Kawamoto S, Marshall JL, Ramiscal RR, Chan TD, Gatto D, Brink R, et al. 2011. B cell priming for extrafollicular antibody responses requires Bcl-6 expression by T cells. J Exp Med. 208(7):1377–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li GM, Chiu C, Wrammert J, McCausland M, Andrews SF, Zheng NY, Lee JH, Huang M, Qu X, Edupuganti S, et al. 2012. Pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine induces a recall response in humans that favors broadly cross-reactive memory B cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109(23):9047–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lingwood D, McTamney PM, Yassine HM, Whittle JR, Guo X, Boyington JC, Wei CJ, Nabel GJ. 2012. Structural and genetic basis for development of broadly neutralizing influenza antibodies. Nature. 489(7417):566–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu D, Xu H, Shih C, Wan Z, Ma X, Ma W, Luo D, Qi H. 2015. T-B-cell entanglement and ICOSL-driven feed-forward regulation of germinal centre reaction. Nature. 517(7533):214–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu YJ, Mason DY, Johnson GD, Abbot S, Gregory CD, Hardie DL, Gordon J, MacLennan IC. 1991. Germinal center cells express bcl-2 protein after activation by signals which prevent their entry into apoptosis. Eur J Immunol. 21(8):1905–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo W, Hawse W, Conter L, Trivedi N, Weisel F, Wikenheiser D, Cattley RT, Shlomchik MJ. 2019. The AKT kinase signaling network is rewired by PTEN to control proximal BCR signaling in germinal center B cells. Nat Immunol. 20(6):736–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo W, Weisel F, Shlomchik MJ. 2018. B cell receptor and CD40 signaling are rewired for synergistic induction of the c-Myc transcription factor in germinal center B cells. Immunity. 48(2):313–326 e315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz J, Dittmann K, Bosl MR, Winkler TH, Wienands J, Engels N. 2015. Reactivation of IgG-switched memory B cells by BCR-intrinsic signal amplification promotes IgG antibody production. Nat Commun. 6(1):8575.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martin JT, Cottrell CA, Antanasijevic A, Carnathan DG, Cossette BJ, Enemuo CA, Gebru EH, Choe Y, Viviano F, Fischinger S, et al. 2020. Targeting HIV Env immunogens to B cell follicles in nonhuman primates through immune complex or protein nanoparticle formulations. NPJ Vaccines. 5(1):72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin SW, Goodnow CC. 2002. Burst-enhancing role of the IgG membrane tail as a molecular determinant of memory. Nat Immunol. 3(2):182–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruyama M, Lam KP, Rajewsky K. 2000. Memory B-cell persistence is independent of persisting immunizing antigen. Nature. 407(6804):636–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer CT, Gazumyan A, Kara EE, Gitlin AD, Golijanin J, Viant C, Pai J, Oliveira TY, Wang Q, Escolano A, et al. 2017. The microanatomic segregation of selection by apoptosis in the germinal center. Science. 358(6360):eaao2602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesin L, Schiepers A, Ersching J, Barbulescu A, Cavazzoni CB, Angelini A, Okada T, Kurosaki T, Victora GD. 2020. Restricted clonality and limited germinal center reentry characterize memory B cell reactivation by boosting. Cell. 180(1):92–106 e111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikell I, Sather DN, Kalams SA, Altfeld M, Alter G, Stamatatos L. 2011. Characteristics of the earliest cross-neutralizing antibody response to HIV-1. PLoS Pathog. 7(1):e1001251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra AK, Mariuzza RA. 2018. Insights into the structural basis of antibody affinity maturation from next-generation sequencing. Front Immunol. 9:117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nachbagauer R, Choi A, Izikson R, Cox MM, Palese P, Krammer F. 2016. Age dependence and Isotype specificity of influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk-reactive antibodies in humans. mBio. 7(1):e01996–01915.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochiai K, Maienschein-Cline M, Simonetti G, Chen J, Rosenthal R, Brink R, Chong AS, Klein U, Dinner AR, Singh H, et al. 2013. Transcriptional regulation of germinal center B and plasma cell fates by dynamical control of IRF4. Immunity. 38(5):918–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ols S, Yang L, Thompson EA, Pushparaj P, Tran K, Liang F, Lin A, Eriksson B, Karlsson Hedestam GB, Wyatt RT, et al. 2020. Route of vaccine administration alters antigen trafficking but not innate or adaptive immunity. Cell Rep. 30(12):3964–3971 e3967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palm AE, Henry C. 2019. Remembrance of things past: long-term B cell memory after infection and vaccination. Front Immunol. 10:1787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pape KA, Taylor JJ, Maul RW, Gearhart PJ, Jenkins MK. 2011. Different B cell populations mediate early and late memory during an endogenous immune response. Science. 331(6021):1203–07.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardi N, Hogan MJ, Naradikian MS, Parkhouse K, Cain DW, Jones L, Moody MA, Verkerke HP, Myles A, Willis E, et al. 2018. Nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccines induce potent T follicular helper and germinal center B cell responses. J Exp Med. 215(6):1571–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardi N, Tuyishime S, Muramatsu H, Kariko K, Mui BL, Tam YK, Madden TD, Hope MJ, Weissman D. 2015. Expression kinetics of nucleoside-modified mRNA delivered in lipid nanoparticles to mice by various routes. J Control Release. 217:345–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JK, Xiao Y, Ramuta MD, Rosas LA, Fong S, Matthews AM, Freeman AD, Gouzoulis MA, Batchenkova NA, Yang X, et al. 2020. Pre-existing immunity to influenza virus hemagglutinin stalk might drive selection for antibody-escape mutant viruses in a human challenge model. Nat Med. 26(8):1240–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauli NT, Henry Dunand CJ, Wilson PC. 2011. Exploiting human memory B cell heterogeneity for improved vaccine efficacy. Front Immunol. 2:77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paus D, Phan TG, Chan TD, Gardam S, Basten A, Brink R. 2006. Antigen recognition strength regulates the choice between extrafollicular plasma cell and germinal center B cell differentiation. J Exp Med. 203(4):1081–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira JP, Kelly LM, Cyster JG. 2010. Finding the right niche: B-cell migration in the early phases of T-dependent antibody responses. Int Immunol. 22(6):413–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petitprez F, De Reynies A, Keung EZ, Chen TW, Sun CM, Calderaro J, Jeng YM, Hsiao LP, Lacroix L, Bougouin A, et al. 2020. B cells are associated with survival and immunotherapy response in sarcoma. Nature. 577(7791):556–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phan TG, Paus D, Chan TD, Turner ML, Nutt SL, Basten A, Brink R. 2006. High affinity germinal center B cells are actively selected into the plasma cell compartment. J Exp Med. 203(11):2419–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinna D, Corti D, Jarrossay D, Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A. 2009. Clonal dissection of the human memory B-cell repertoire following infection and vaccination. Eur J Immunol. 39(5):1260–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poholek AC, Hansen K, Hernandez SG, Eto D, Chandele A, Weinstein JS, Dong X, Odegard JM, Kaech SM, Dent AL, et al. 2010. In vivo regulation of Bcl6 and T follicular helper cell development. J Immunol. 185(1):313–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Perez JL, Perez Marc G, Moreira ED, Zerbini C, et al. 2020. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 383:2603–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulendran B, Ahmed R. 2006. Translating innate immunity into immunological memory: implications for vaccine development. Cell. 124(4):849–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy ST, Van der Vlies AJ, Simeoni E, Angeli V, Randolph GJ, O’Neil CP, Lee LK, Swartz MA, Hubbell JA. 2007. Exploiting lymphatic transport and complement activation in nanoparticle vaccines. Nat Biotechnol. 25(10):1159–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed JH, Jackson J, Christ D, Goodnow CC. 2016. Clonal redemption of autoantibodies by somatic hypermutation away from self-reactivity during human immunization. J Exp Med. 213(7):1255–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth GA, Gale EC, Alcantara-Hernandez M, Luo W, Axpe E, Verma R, Yin Q, Yu AC, Lopez Hernandez H, Maikawa CL, et al. 2020. Injectable hydrogels for sustained codelivery of subunit vaccines enhance humoral immunity. ACS Cent Sci. 6(10):1800–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sander S, Chu VT, Yasuda T, Franklin A, Graf R, Calado DP, Li S, Imami K, Selbach M, Di Virgilio M, et al. 2015. PI3 kinase and FOXO1 transcription factor activity differentially control B cells in the germinal center light and dark zones. Immunity. 43(6):1075–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangster MY, Baer J, Santiago FW, Fitzgerald T, Ilyushina NA, Sundararajan A, Henn AD, Krammer F, Yang H, Luke CJ, et al. 2013. B cell response and hemagglutinin stalk-reactive antibody production in different age cohorts following 2009 H1N1 influenza virus vaccination. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 20(6):867–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sather DN, Armann J, Ching LK, Mavrantoni A, Sellhorn G, Caldwell Z, Yu X, Wood B, Self S, Kalams S, et al. 2009. Factors associated with the development of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol. 83(2):757–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schittek B, Rajewsky K. 1990. Maintenance of B-cell memory by long-lived cells generated from proliferating precursors. Nature. 346(6286):749–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholz JL, Crowley JE, Tomayko MM, Steinel N, O’Neill PJ, Quinn WJ 3rd, Goenka R, Miller JP, Cho YH, Long V, et al. 2008. BLyS inhibition eliminates primary B cells but leaves natural and acquired humoral immunity intact. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105(40):15517–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder KM, Agazio A, Torres RM. 2017. Immunological tolerance as a barrier to protective HIV humoral immunity. Curr Opin Immunol. 47:26–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwickert TA, Victora GD, Fooksman DR, Kamphorst AO, Mugnier MR, Gitlin AD, Dustin ML, Nussenzweig MC. 2011. A dynamic T cell-limited checkpoint regulates affinity-dependent B cell entry into the germinal center. J Exp Med. 208(6):1243–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi W, Liao Y, Willis SN, Taubenheim N, Inouye M, Tarlinton DM, Smyth GK, Hodgkin PD, Nutt SL, Corcoran LM. 2015. Transcriptional profiling of mouse B cell terminal differentiation defines a signature for antibody-secreting plasma cells. Nat Immunol. 16(6):663–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinnakasu R, Inoue T, Kometani K, Moriyama S, Adachi Y, Nakayama M, Takahashi Y, Fukuyama H, Okada T, Kurosaki T. 2016. Regulated selection of germinal-center cells into the memory B cell compartment. Nat Immunol. 17(7):861–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shlomchik MJ, Luo W, Weisel F. 2019. Linking signaling and selection in the germinal center. Immunol Rev. 288(1):49–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shlomchik MJ, Weisel F. 2012. Germinal center selection and the development of memory B and plasma cells. Immunol Rev. 247(1):52–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smirnov D, Schmidt JJ, Capecchi JT, Wightman PD. 2011. Vaccine adjuvant activity of 3M-052: an imidazoquinoline designed for local activity without systemic cytokine induction. Vaccine. 29(33):5434–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suan D, Krautler NJ, Maag JLV, Butt D, Bourne K, Hermes JR, Avery DT, Young C, Statham A, Elliott M, et al. 2017. CCR6 defines memory B cell precursors in mouse and human germinal centers, revealing light-zone location and predominant low antigen affinity. Immunity. 47(6):1142–1153 e1144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweet RA, Ols ML, Cullen JL, Milam AV, Yagita H, Shlomchik MJ. 2011. Facultative role for T cells in extrafollicular toll-like receptor-dependent autoreactive B-cell responses in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 108(19):7932–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam HH, Melo MB, Kang M, Pelet JM, Ruda VM, Foley MH, Hu JK, Kumari S, Crampton J, Baldeon AD, et al. 2016. Sustained antigen availability during germinal center initiation enhances antibody responses to vaccination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113(43):E6639–E6648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tas JM, Mesin L, Pasqual G, Targ S, Jacobsen JT, Mano YM, Chen CS, Weill JC, Reynaud CA, Browne EP, et al. 2016. Visualizing antibody affinity maturation in germinal centers. Science. 351(6277):1048–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor JJ, Pape KA, Jenkins MK. 2012. A germinal center-independent pathway generates unswitched memory B cells early in the primary response. J Exp Med. 209(3):597–606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tisoncik JR, Korth MJ, Simmons CP, Farrar J, Martin TR, Katze MG. 2012. Into the eye of the cytokine storm. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 76(1):16–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokatlian T, Read BJ, Jones CA, Kulp DW, Menis S, Chang JYH, Steichen JM, Kumari S, Allen JD, Dane EL, et al. 2019. Innate immune recognition of glycans targets HIV nanoparticle immunogens to germinal centers. Science. 363(6427):649–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomayko MM, Steinel NC, Anderson SM, Shlomchik MJ. 2010. Cutting edge: hierarchy of maturity of murine memory B cell subsets. J Immunol. 185(12):7146–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner JS, Zhou JQ, Han J, Schmitz AJ, Rizk AA, Alsoussi WB, Lei T, Amor M, McIntire KM, Meade P, et al. 2020. Human germinal centres engage memory and naive B cells after influenza vaccination. Nature. 586(7827):127–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viant C, Weymar GHJ, Escolano A, Chen S, Hartweger H, Cipolla M, Gazumyan A, Nussenzweig MC. 2020. Antibody affinity shapes the choice between memory and germinal center B cell fates. Cell. 183(5):1298–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victora GD, Schwickert TA, Fooksman DR, Kamphorst AO, Meyer-Hermann M, Dustin ML, Nussenzweig MC. 2010. Germinal center dynamics revealed by multiphoton microscopy with a photoactivatable fluorescent reporter. Cell. 143(4):592–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisel F, Shlomchik M. 2017. Memory B cells of mice and humans. Annu Rev Immunol. 35(1):255–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weisel FJ, Mullett SJ, Elsner RA, Menk AV, Trivedi N, Luo W, Wikenheiser D, Hawse WF, Chikina M, Smita S, et al. 2020. Germinal center B cells selectively oxidize fatty acids for energy while conducting minimal glycolysis. Nat Immunol. 21(3):331–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisel FJ, Zuccarino-Catania GV, Chikina M, Shlomchik MJ. 2016. A temporal switch in the germinal center determines differential output of memory B and plasma cells. Immunity. 44(1):116–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widge AT, Rouphael NG, Jackson LA, Anderson EJ, Roberts PC, Makhene M, Chappell JD, Denison MR, Stevens LJ, Pruijssers AJ. 2021. Durability of responses after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 vaccination. N Engl J Med. 384(1):80–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis SN, Good-Jacobson KL, Curtis J, Light A, Tellier J, Shi W, Smyth GK, Tarlinton DM, Belz GT, Corcoran LM, et al. 2014. Transcription factor IRF4 regulates germinal center cell formation through a B cell-intrinsic mechanism. J Immunol. 192(7):3200–06.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodruff MC, Ramonell RP, Nguyen DC, Cashman KS, Saini AS, Haddad NS, Ley AM, Kyu S, Howell JC, Ozturk T, et al. 2020. Extrafollicular B cell responses correlate with neutralizing antibodies and morbidity in COVID-19. Nat Immunol. 21(12):1506–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrammert J, Koutsonanos D, Li GM, Edupuganti S, Sui J, Morrissey M, McCausland M, Skountzou I, Hornig M, Lipkin WI, et al. 2011. Broadly cross-reactive antibodies dominate the human B cell response against 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infection. J Exp Med. 208:181–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu NC, Thompson AJ, Lee JM, Su W, Arlian BM, Xie J, Lerner RA, Yen HL, Bloom JD, Wilson IA. 2020. Different genetic barriers for resistance to HA stem antibodies in influenza H3 and H1 viruses. Science. 368(6497):1335–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu H, Chaudhri VK, Wu Z, Biliouris K, Dienger-Stambaugh K, Rochman Y, Singh H. 2015. Regulation of bifurcating B cell trajectories by mutual antagonism between transcription factors IRF4 and IRF8. Nat Immunol. 16(12):1274–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu H, Zhang L, Heyman B. 2018. IgG-mediated immune suppression in mice is epitope specific except during high epitope density conditions. Sci Rep. 8(1):15292.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yu X, Tsibane T, McGraw PA, House FS, Keefer CJ, Hicar MD, Tumpey TM, Pappas C, Perrone LA, Martinez O, et al. 2008. Neutralizing antibodies derived from the B cells of 1918 influenza pandemic survivors. Nature. 455:532–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang A, Stacey HD, Mullarkey CE, Miller MS. 2019. Original antigenic sin: how first exposure shapes lifelong anti-influenza virus immune responses. J Immunol. 202(2):335–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Tech L, George LA, Acs A, Durrett RE, Hess H, Walker LSK, Tarlinton DM, Fletcher AL, Hauser AE, et al. 2018. Plasma cell output from germinal centers is regulated by signals from Tfh and stromal cells. J Exp Med. 215(4):1227–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Z, Hu Y, Harmon T, Pentel P, Ehrich M, Zhang C. 2019. Effect of adjuvant release rate on the immunogenicity of nanoparticle-based vaccines: a case study with a nanoparticle-based nicotine vaccine. Mol Pharm. 16(6):2766–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zinkernagel RM, Hengartner H, Yu X, Tsibane T, McGraw PA, House FS, Keefer CJ, Hicar MD, Tumpey TM, Pappas C, et al. 2006. Protective ‘immunity’ by pre-existent neutralizing antibody titers and preactivated T cells but not by so-called ‘immunological memory’. Immunol Rev. 211(1):310–19.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zost SJ, Wu NC, Hensley SE, Wilson IA. 2019. Immunodominance and antigenic variation of influenza virus hemagglutinin: implications for design of universal vaccine immunogens. J Infect Dis. 219(Supplement_1):S38–S45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zuccarino-Catania GV, Sadanand S, Weisel FJ, Tomayko MM, Meng H, Kleinstein SH, Good-Jacobson KL, Shlomchik MJ. 2014. CD80 and PD-L2 define functionally distinct memory B cell subsets that are independent of antibody isotype. Nat Immunol. 15:631–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar