Sleep-Disordered Breathing Is a Stronger Risk Factor for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy than Metabolic Syndrome and the Number of Its Individual Components

References

• Bunce C, Wormald R. Leading causes of certification for blindness and partial sight in England & Wales. BMC Public Health. 2006;6:58. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-6-58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stratton IM, Kohner EM, Aldington SJ, et al. UKPDS 50: risk factors for incidence and progression of retinopathy in Type II diabetes over 6 years from diagnosis. Diabetologia. 2001;44:156–163. doi:10.1007/s001250051594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keech AC, Mitchell P, Summanen PA, et al.; FIELD study investigators. Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370:1687–1697. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61607-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawasaki R, Tanaka S, Tanaka S, et al.; Japan Diabetes Complications Study Group. Incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy in Japanese adults with type 2 diabetes: 8 year follow-up study of the Japan Diabetes Complications Study (JDCS). Diabetologia. 2011;54:2288–2294. doi:10.1007/s00125-010-2040-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dirani M, Xie J, Fenwick E, et al. Are obesity and anthropometry risk factors for diabetic retinopathy? Diabetes Manage Project. 2011;52:4416–4421.
   Google Scholar
• Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, Smith SC Jr, Lenfant C; American Heart Association; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation. 2004;109:433–438. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000111245.75752.C6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isomaa B, Henricsson M, Almgren P, Tuomi T, Taskinen MR, Groop L. The metabolic syndrome influences the risk of chronic complications in patients with type II diabetes. Diabetologia. 2001;44:1148–1154. doi:10.1007/s001250100615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee MY, Hsiao PJ, Huang JC, Hsu WH, Chen SC, Shin SJ. Association between metabolic syndrome and microvascular and macrovascular disease in type 2 diabetic mellitus. Am J Med Sci. 2018;355:342–349. doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2017.12.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahendra JV, Kumar SD, Anuradha TS, Talikoti P, Nagaraj RS, Vishali V. Plasma fibrinogen in type 2 diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome and its relation with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and retinopathy. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015;9:BC18–BC21. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/10712.5449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiba T, Sato Y, Takahashi M. Relationship between diabetic retinopathy and sleep-disordered breathing. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;147:1017–1021. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2008.12.027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resta O, Foschino-Barbaro MP, Legari G, et al. Sleep-related breathing disorders, loud snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness in obese subjects. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25:669–675. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drager LF, Lopes HF, Maki-Nunes C, et al. The impact of obstructive sleep apnea on metabolic and inflammatory markers in consecutive patients with metabolic syndrome. PLoS One. 2010;5(8):e12065. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brady EM, Davies MJ, Hall AP, Talbot DC, Dick JL, Khunti K. An investigation into the relationship between sleep-disordered breathing, the metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk profiles, and inflammation between South Asians and Caucasians residing in the United Kingdom. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2012;10:152–158. doi:10.1089/met.2011.0073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiba T, Maeno T, Saishin Y, Hori Y, Takahashi M. Nocturnal intermittent serious hypoxia and reoxygenation in proliferative diabetic retinopathy cases. Am J Ophthalmol. 2010;149:959–963. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2010.01.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson CP, Ferris FL, 3rd, Klein RE, et al.; Global Diabetic Retinopathy Project Group. Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales. Ophthalmology. 2003;110:1677–1682. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00475-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Definition and the diagnostic standard for metabolic syndrome. Committee to Evaluate Diagnostic Standards for Metabolic Syndrome. Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi. 2005;94:794–809. doi:10.2169/naika.94.794.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Teramoto T, Sasaki J, Ueshima H, et al. Metabolic syndrome. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2008;15:1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JS, Kawakubo K, Mori K, Akabayashi A. BMI specific waist circumference for detecting clusters of cardiovascular risk factors in a Japanese population. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2010;17:468–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiba T, Takahashi M, Hori Y, Saishin Y, Sato Y, Maeno T. Relationship between sleep-disordered breathing and iris and/or angle neovascularization in proliferative diabetic retinopathy cases. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011;151:604–609. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2010.10.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiba T, Takahashi M, Hori Y, Saishin Y, Sato Y, Maeno T. Evaluation of the relationship between background factors and sleep-disordered breathing in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Jpn J Ophthalmol. 2011;55:638–642. doi:10.1007/s10384-011-0076-5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee WJ, Sobrin L, Lee MJ, Kang MH, Seong M, Cho H. The relationship between diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy in a population-based study in Korea (KNHANES V-2, 3). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:6547–6553. doi:10.1167/iovs.14-15001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palatini P, Penzo M, Racioppa A, et al. Clinical relevance of nighttime blood pressure and of daytime blood pressure variability. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:1855–1860. doi:10.1001/archinte.1992.00400210081013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz R, Hummel C, Heinemann S, et al. Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor are elevated in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and severe nighttime hypoxia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:67–70. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.165.8.2106104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiello LP, Avery RL, Arrigg PG, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1480–1487. doi:10.1056/NEJM199407073310103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leong WB, Jadhakhan F, Taheri S, Chen YF, Adab P, Thomas GN. Effect of obstructive sleep apnoea on diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2016;33:158–168. doi:10.1111/dme.12817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostapanos MS, Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf MS, Steiropoulos P, Papanas N. Obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome and cardiovascular risk. Arch Med Sci. 2012;8:1115–1116. doi:10.5114/aoms.2012.32425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian Y, Xu H, Wang Y, Yi H, Guan J, Yin S. Obstructive sleep apnea predicts risk of metabolic syndrome independently of obesity: a meta-analysis. Arch Med Sci. 2016;12:1077–1087. doi:10.5114/aoms.2016.61914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong DS, Ferris FL 3rd, Davis MD, Chew EY. Causes of severe visual loss in the early treatment diabetic retinopathy study: ETDRS report no. 24. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127:137–141. doi:10.1016/S0002-9394(98)00309-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivak-Callcott JA, O’Day DM, Gass JD, Tsai JC. Evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of neovascular glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2001;108:1767–1778. doi:10.1016/S0161-6420(01)00775-8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar