References
- Lublin FD, Reingold SC, Cohen JA, et al. Defining the clinical course of multiple sclerosis: the 2013 revisions. Neurology. 2014;83:278–286.
- Serra A, Chisari CG, Matta M. Eye movement abnormalities in multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis, modeling, and treatment. Front Neurol. 2018;9:31.
- Pozzilli C, Tomassini V, Marinelli F, et al. “Gender gap” in multiple sclerosis: magnetic resonance imaging evidence. Eur J Neurol. 2003;10:95–97.
- Graves J, Balcer LJ. Eye disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis: natural history and management. Clin Ophthalmol. 2010;4:1409–1422.
- Jasse L, Vukusic S, Durand-Dubief F, et al. Persistent visual impairment in multiple sclerosis: prevalence, mechanisms and resulting disability. Mult Scler J. 2013;19:1818–1826
- Frohman EM, Frohman TC, Zee DS, et al. The neuro-ophthalmology of multiple sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:111–121.
- Rufa A, Cerase A, De Santi L, et al. Impairment of vertical saccades from an acute pontine lesion in multiple sclerosis. J Neurophthalmol. 2008;28:305–307.
- Alpini D, Milanese C, Berardi C. Value of otoneurological tests in the staging of multiple sclerosis. Ital J Neurol Sci. 1987;Suppl 6:103–108.
- Prasad S, Galetta SL. Eye movement abnormalities in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Clin. 2010;28:641–655.
- Lizak N, Clough M, Millist L, et al. Impairment of smooth pursuit as a marker of early multiple sclerosis. Front Neurol. 2016;7:206.
- Solingen LD, Baloh RW, Myers L, et al. Subclinical eye movement disorders in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 1977;27:614–619.
- Servillo G, Renard D, Taieb G, et al. Bedside tested ocular motor disorders in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler Int. 2014;2014:732329.
- Serra A, Derwenskus J, Downey DL, et al. Role of eye movement examination and subjective visual vertical in clinical evaluation of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol. 2003;250:569–575.
- Ventre J, Vighetto A, Bailly G, et al. Saccade metrics in multiple sclerosis: versional velocity disconjugacy as the best clue? J Neurol Sci. 1991;102:144–149.
- Yousef A, Devereux M, Gourraud P-A, et al. Subclinical saccadic eye movement dysfunction in pediatric multiple sclerosis. J Child Neurol. 2019;34:38–43.
- Nygaard GO, de Rodez Benavent SA, Harbo HF, et al. Eye and hand motor interactions with the symbol digit modalities test in early multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2015;4:585–589.
- Mastaglia FL, Black JL, Collins DWK. Quantitative studies of saccadic and pursuit eye movements in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 1979;102:817–834.
- Hainline C, Rizzo JR, Hudson TE, et al. Capturing saccades in multiple sclerosis with a digitized test of rapid number naming. J Neurol. 2017;264:989–998.
- Meienberg O, Muri R, Rabineau PA. Clinical and Oculographic Examinations of Saccadic Eye Movements in the Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 1986;43:438–443.
- Fielding J, Kilpatrick T, Millist L, et al. Control of visually guided saccades in multiple sclerosis: disruption to higher-order processes. Neuropsychologia. 2009;47:1647–1653.
- Flipse J, Straathof CS, Van der Steen J, et al. Binocular saccadic eye movements in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 1997;148:53–65.
- Jozefowicz-Korczynska M, Łukomski M, Pajor A. Identification of internuclear ophthalmoplegia signs in multiple sclerosis patients. J Neurol. 2008;255:1006–1011.
- Reulen JP, Sanders EA, Hogenhuis LA. Eye movement disorders in multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis. Brain. 1983;106:121–140.
- Frohman EM, Frohman TC, Fleckenstein J, et al. Ocular contrapulsion in multiple sclerosis: clinical features and pathophysiological mechanisms. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70:688–692.
- Nij Bijvank JA, Petzold A, Coric D, et al. Quantification of visual fixation in multiple sclerosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60:1372–1383
- Santinelli FB, Barbieri FA, Pinheiro CF, et al. Postural control complexity and fatigue in minimally affected individuals with multiple sclerosis. J Mot Behav. 2019;51:551–560.
- Finke C, Pech LM, Sömmer C, et al. Dynamics of saccade parameters in multiple sclerosis patients with fatigue. J Neurol. 2012;259:2656–2663.
- Ferreira M, Pereira PA, Parreira M, et al. Using endogenous saccades to characterize fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2017;14:16–22.
- Metz HS. Saccadic velocity measurements in internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1976;81:296–299.
- Matta M, Leigh RJ, Pugliatti M, et al. Using fast eye movements to study fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 2009;73:798–804.
- Garg H, Dibble LE, Schubert MC, et al. Gaze stability, dynamic balance and participation deficits in people with multiple sclerosis at fall-risk. Anat Rec. 2018;301:1852–1860.
- Fielding J, Kilpatrick T, Millist L, et al. Multiple sclerosis: cognition and saccadic eye movements. J Neurol Sci. 2009;277:32–36.
- Versino M, Bergamaschi R, Callieco R, et al. Eye movement quantitative evaluation before and after high-dose 6-methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 2009;89:105–110.
- Müri RM, Meienberg O. The clinical spectrum of internuclear ophthalmoplegia in multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 1985;42:851–855.
- Alpini D, Caputo D, Hahan A, et al. Grading brainstem involvement in multiple sclerosis - by means of electro-oculography. J Neurovirol. 2000;6(Suppl 2):S156–9.
- Fox RJ, McColl RW, Lee JC, et al. A preliminary validation study of diffusion tensor imaging as a measure of functional brain injury. Arch Neurol. 2008;65:1179–1184.
- Seay M, Akhand O, Galetta MS, et al. Mobile Universal Lexicon Evaluation System (MULES) in MS: evaluation of a new visual test of rapid picture naming. J Neurol Sci. 2018;394:1–5.
- Subei AM, Eggenberger E. Efferent manifestations of multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2012;23:506–509.
- Zwergal A, Cnyrim C, Arbusow V, et al. Unilateral INO is associated with ocular tilt reaction in pontomesencephalic lesions: INO plus. Neurology. 2008;71:590–593.
- Karatas M. Internuclear and supranuclear disorders of eye movements: clinical features and causes. Eur J Neurol. 2009;16:1265–1277.
- Nij Bijvank JA, van Rijn LJ, Balk LJ, et al. Diagnosing and quantifying a common deficit in multiple sclerosis: internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Neurology. 2019;92:e2299–e2308.
- Keane JR. Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia: unusual causes in 114 of 410 patients. Arch Neurol. 2005;62:714.
- Tilikete C, Jasse L, Vukusic S, et al. Persistent ocular motor manifestations and related visual consequences in multiple sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2011;1233:327–334.
- Bolanos I, Lozano D, Cantu C. Internuclear ophthalmoplegia: causes and long-term follow-up in 65 patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 2004;110:161–165.
- Maxner CE. Neuro-ophthalmology and multiple sclerosis. Am Orthopt J. 2006;56:72–85.
- Steinlin MI, Blaser SI, MacGregor DL, et al. Eye problems in children with multiple sclerosis. Pediatr Neurol. 1995;12:207–212.
- Chen L, Gordon LK. Ocular manifestations of multiple sclerosis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2005;16:315–320.
- Brown P. A new clinical technique for demonstrating changes in eye acceleration during horizontal saccades in patients with partial internuclear ophthalmoplegias. J Neuroophthalmol. 1998;18:36–39.
- Hassen GW, Bhardwaj N. Bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia in multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:e3.
- Vidal de Francisco D, Argente Alcaraz J, Espinosa Rosso R. Complete bilateral horizontal internuclear ophthalmoplegia as a sign of multiple sclerosis relapse. Neurologia. 2014;29:252–253.
- Milea D, Napolitano M, Dechy H, et al. Complete bilateral horizontal gaze paralysis disclosing multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;70:252–255.
- Gündüz K, Cansu K, Bulduklar S, et al. Homonymous hemianopsia as the initial manifestation of multiple sclerosis. Ophthalmologica. 1998;212:215–220.
- Nij Bijvank JA, Balk LJ, Tan HS, et al. A rare cause for visual symptoms in multiple sclerosis: posterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia of Lutz, a historical misnomer. J Neurol. 2017;264:600–602.
- Fisher CM. Some neuro-ophthalmological observations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1967;30:383–392.
- Xue F, Zhang L, Zhang L, et al. One-and-a-half syndrome with its spectrum disorders. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2017;7:691–697.
- Martyn CN, Kean D. The one-and-a-half syndrome. clinical correlation with a pontine lesion demonstrated by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in a case of multiple sclerosis. Br J Ophthalmol. 1988;72:515–517.
- Espinosa PS. Teaching NeuroImage: one-and-a-half syndrome. Neurology. 2008;70:e20.
- de Seze J, Vukusic S, Viallet-Marcel M, et al. Unusual ocular motor findings in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2006;243:91–95.
- Ilniczky S, Kamondi A, Várallyay G, et al. One-and-a-half syndrome–two cases. Ideggyogy Sz. 2007;60:489–493.
- Wall M, Wray SH. The one-and-a-half syndrome–a unilateral disorder of the pontine tegmentum: a study of 20 cases and review of the literature. Neurology. 1983;33:971–980.
- Westerink M, van Woerkom TCAM, Tavy DLJ. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in peripheral facial nerve palsy of central origin. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1991;93:45–49.
- Eggenberger E. Eight-and-a-half syndrome: one-and-a-half syndrome plus cranial nerve VII palsy. J Neuroophthalmol. 1998;18:114–116.
- Jacob S, Murray A. Rare occurrence of eight-and-a-half syndrome as a clinically isolated syndrome. BMJ Case Rep. 2018;2018:bcr-2017-222057.
- Keskin Guler S, Güneş N, Gokce Cokal B, et al. As the first sign of multiple sclerosis, eight-and-a-half syndrome. Neurol Sci. 2018;39:945–947.
- Wanono R, Daelman L, Maarouf A, et al. Eight and a half plus syndrome as a first presentation of multiple sclerosis. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2014;170:553–554.
- Mortzos P, Nordling MM, Sørensen TL. Eight-and-a-half syndrome as presenting sign of childhood multiple sclerosis. J Aapos. 2014;18:490–492.
- Bourre B, Collongues N, Bouyon M, et al. Un cas d’ophtalmoplégie horizontale bilatérale: le syndrome 1+1. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2010;166:1028–1031.
- Warner J, Lessell S. Neuro-ophthalmology of multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurosci. 1994;2:180–188.
- Bede P, Finegan E, Chipika RH, et al. Occulomotor neural integrator dysfunction in multiple sclerosis: insights from neuroimaging. Front Neurol. 2018;9:691.
- Stahl JS, Averbuch-Heller L, Leigh RJ. Acquired Nystagmus. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:544.
- Duquette J. Multiple Sclerosis, Vision Problems and Visual Impairment Interventions. Institut Nazareth & Louis Braille; 2011. www.inlb.qc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Multiple-sclerosis-and-vision-impairment.pdf. accessed December 2nd 2019.
- Lyon-Caen O, Izquierdo G, Marteau R, Lhermitte F, Castaigne P, Hauw JJ. Late onset multiple sclerosis. A clinical study of 16 pathologically proven cases. Acta Neurol Scand. 2009;72:56–60.
- Kang S, Shaikh AG. Acquired pendular nystagmus. J Neurol Sci. 2017;375:8–17.
- Choudhuri I, Sarvananthan N, Gottlob I. Survey of management of acquired nystagmus in the United Kingdom. Eye. 2007;21:1194–1197.
- Barton JJ, Cox TA. Acquired pendular nystagmus in multiple sclerosis: clinical observations and the role of optic neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1993;56:262–267.
- Tilikete C, Jasse L, Pelisson D, et al. Acquired pendular nystagmus in multiple sclerosis and oculopalatal tremor. Neurology. 2011;76:1650–1657.
- Barton JJ. Is acquired pendular nystagmus always phase locked? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1994;57:1263–1264.
- Das VE, Oruganti P, Kramer PD, et al. Experimental tests of a neural-network model for ocular oscillations caused by disease of central myelin. Exp Brain Res. 2000;133:189–197.
- Stahl JS, Leigh RJ. Nystagmus. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2001;1:471–477.
- Averbuch-Heller L, Zivotofsky AZ, Das VE, et al. Investigations of the pathogenesis of acquired pendular nystagmus. Brain. 1995;118:369–378.
- Singhvi JP, Singh AS. Unilateral vertical pendular nystagmus in multiple sclerosis: a distinctive neuro-ophthalmological sign. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2019;22:116–117.
- Grénman R. Involvement of the audiovestibular system in multiple sclerosis. An otoneurologic and audiologic study. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1985;420:1–95.
- Todd L, King J, Darlington CL, et al. Optokinetic reflex dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Neuroreport. 2001;12:1399–1402.
- Cipparrone L, Fratiglioni L, Siracusa G, et al. Electronystagmography in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 1989;80:193–200.
- Luis-Rosell E, Ramírez-Rivera J. Multiple sclerosis originating in childhood associated with seizures and hallucinations. Bol Asoc Med P R. 2006;98:203–205.
- Slyman JF, Kline LB. Dorsal midbrain syndrome in multiple sclerosis. Neurology. 1981;31:196–198.
- Lee SU, Kim HJ, Choi JH, et al. Comparison of ocular motor findings between neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and multiple sclerosis involving the brainstem and cerebellum. Cerebellum. 2019;18:511–518
- Oliva A, Rosenberg ML. Convergence-evoked nystagmus. Neurology. 1990;40:161–162.
- Gstoettner W, Swoboda H, Müller C, et al. Preclinical detection of initial vestibulocochlear abnormalities in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 1993;250:40–43.
- Ikeda KM, Lee DH, Fraser JA, et al. Plasma exchange in a patient with tumefactive, corticosteroid-resistant multiple sclerosis. Int J MS Care. 2015;17:231–235.
- Iyer PM, Fagan AJ, Meaney JF, et al. Horizontal nystagmus and multiple sclerosis using 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Irish J Med Sci. 2016;185:881–886
- Kim JA, Jeong IH, Lim YM, et al. Primary position upbeat nystagmus during an acute attack of multiple sclerosis. J Clin Neurol. 2014;10:37.
- Nakamagoe K, Tozaka N, Nohara S, et al. Upbeat nystagmus is a useful sign in the regional diagnosis of trigeminal nerve disorder with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2018;19:59–61.
- Kim HA, Yi HA, Lee H. Can upbeat nystagmus increase in downward, but not upward, gaze? J Clin Neurosci. 2012;19:600–601.
- Adamec I, Gabelić T, Krbot M, et al. Primary position upbeat nystagmus. J Clin Neurosci. 2012;19:161–162.
- Masucci EF, Kurtzke JF. Downbeat nystagmus secondary to multiple sclerosis. Ann Ophthalmol. 1988;20:347–348.
- Lemos J, Pereira D, Amorim M, et al. Downbeat nystagmus elicited by eyelid closure. J Neuroophthalmol. 2014;34:350–353.
- Baloh RW, Spooner JW. Downbeat nystagmus: A type of central vestibular nystagmus. Neurology. 1981;31:304.
- Rosenhall U. Positional nystagmus. Acta Otolaryngol Suppl. 1988;455:17–20.
- Thomsen J, Zilstorff K, Johnsen NJ. Positional Nystagmus of the Persistent Type. ORL. 1978;40:86–91.
- Katsarkas A. Positional nystagmus of the “central type” as an early sign of multiple sclerosis. J Otolaryngol. 1982;11:91–93.
- Samkoff LM, Smith CR. See-saw nystagmus in a patient with clinically definite MS. Eur Neurol. 1994;34:228–229.
- Sandramouli S, Benamer HT, Mantle M, et al. See-saw nystagmus as the presenting sign in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroophthalmol. 2005;25:56–57.
- Lee AG, Brazis PW. Localizing forms of nystagmus: symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2006;6:414–420.
- Gresty MA, Findley LJ, Wade P. Mechanism of rotatory eye movements in opsoclonus. Br J Ophthalmol. 1980;64:923–925.
- Conger D, Beh SC. Seeing function in structure: “incidental” eye findings on OCT in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 2019;31:72–73.
- Keane JR. Periodic alternating nystagmus with downward beating nystagmus. Arch Neurol. 1974;30:399.
- Mallery RM, Poolman P, Thurtell MJ, et al. Visual fixation instability in multiple sclerosis measured using SLO-OCT. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59:196–201
- Feys P, Helsen W, Nuttin B, et al. Unsteady gaze fixation enhances the severity of MS intention tremor. Neurology. 2008;70:106–113.
- La Morgia C, Carelli V, Carbonelli M. Melanopsin retinal ganglion cells and pupil: clinical implications for neuro-ophthalmology. Front Neurol. 2018;9:1047.
- Hamilton W, Drewry RD. Edge-light pupil cycle time and optic nerve disease. Ann Ophthalmol. 1983;15:714–721.
- Karahan E, Karti O, Koskderelioglu A, et al. Pupil cycle time: as indicator of visual pathway dysfunction in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Belg. 2017;117:75–81.
- Moro SI, Rodriguez-Carmona ML, Frost EC, et al. Recovery of vision and pupil responses in optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2007;27:451–460.
- Ali E, Maddess T, James A, et al. Pupillary response to sparse multifocal stimuli in multiple sclerosis patients. Mult Scler J. 2014;20:854–861
- Hawkes CH, Stow B. Pupil size and the pattern evoked visual response. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1981;44:90–91.
- Manor RS, Yassur Y, Ben-Sira I. Pupil cycle time in noncompressive optic neuropathy. Ann Ophthalmol. 1982;14:546–550.
- Braverman RS, Enzenauer RW. Incidental detection of bilateral corectopia by photo screening leads to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. A case report. Binocul Vis Strabismus Q. 2010;25:37–39.
- Pozzessere G, Rossi P, Valle E, et al. Autonomic involvement in multiple sclerosis: a pupillometric study. Clin Auton Res. 1997;7:315–319.
- Ogden NA, Raymond JE, Seland TP. Visual accommodation and sustained visual resolution in multiple sclerosis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1992;33:2744–2753.
- de Rodez Benavent SA, Nygaard GO, Harbo HF, et al. Fatigue and cognition: pupillary responses to problem-solving in early multiple sclerosis patients. Brain Behav. 2017;7:e00717.
- Cox TA. Relative afferent pupillary defects in multiple sclerosis. Can J Ophthalmol. 1989;24:207–210.
- DeRosa L. Two cases of the diagnosis of optic neuritis leading to the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. J Am Optom Assoc. 1985;56:120–122.
- Fischer LG. The ocular manifestations of multiple sclerosis. J Am Optom Assoc. 1977;48:1511–1515.
- Giroud M, Semama D, Pradeaux L, et al. Hemiballismus revealing multiple sclerosis in an infant. Childs Nerv Syst. 1990;6:236–238.
- Dacso CC, Bortz DL. Significance of the Argyll Robertson pupil in clinical medicine. Am J Med. 1989;86:199–202.
- Bhatti MT, Schmalfuss IM, Williams LS, et al. Peripheral third cranial nerve enhancement in multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24:1390–1395.
- Newman NJ, Lessell S. Isolated pupil-sparing third-nerve palsy as the presenting sign of multiple sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:817–818.
- Searle A, Rowe FJ. Vergence neural pathways: a systematic narrative literature review. Neuro-ophthalmology. 2016;40:209–218.
- Bronstein AM, Rudge P, Gresty MA, et al. Abnormalities of horizontal gaze. Clinical, oculographic and magnetic resonance imaging findings. II. Gaze palsy and internuclear ophthalmoplegia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1990;53:200–207.
- Shabbir S, O Gl T, Robbins M. Convergence spasm in Wernicke’s encephalopathy. Neurohospitalist. 2018;8:NP1–NP2.
- Tüzün E, Akman-Demir G, Eraksoy M. Paroxysmal attacks in multiple sclerosis. Brain. 1975;98:189–202.
- Goldstein JH, Schneekloth BB. Spasm of the near reflex: a spectrum of anomalies. Surv Ophthalmol. 1996;40:269–278.
- Matthews WB. Paroxysmal symptoms in multiple sclerosis. Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1975;38:617–623.
- Anlıaçık S, Uca AU, Kozak HH, et al. A very rare paroxysmal symptom in multiple sclerosis: convergence spasm. Am J Emerg Med. 2016;34:117.e5-117.e6.
- Postert T, McMonagle U, Büttner T, et al. Paroxysmal convergence spasm in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 1996;94:35–37.
- Ghosh A, Padhy SK, Gupta G, et al. Functional convergence spasm. Indian J Psychol Med. 2014;36:332–334.
- Sitole S, Jay WM. Spasm of the near reflex in a patient with multiple sclerosis. Semin Ophthalmol. 2007;22:29–31.
- Kirkham TH, Bird AC, Sanders MD. Divergence paralysis with raised intracranial pressure. An electro-oculographic study. Br J Ophthalmol. 1972;56:776–782.
- Li YP, Zhang W. Advances in research of divergence insufficiency. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi. 2017;53:552–556.
- Lepore FE. Divergence paresis: a nonlocalizing cause of diplopia. J Neuroophthalmol. 1999;19:242–245.
- Jacobson DM. Divergence insufficiency revisited: natural history of idiopathic cases and neurologic associations. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:1237–1241.
- Tamler E, Jampolsky A. Is divergence active? An electromyographic study. Am J Ophthalmol. 1967;63:452–459.
- Reche Sainz JA, Espinet Badia R, Puig Ganau T. Divergence insufficiency and demyelinating disorder. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2002;12:238–240.
- Küçük B, Hamamcı M, Aslan Bayhan S, Ali Bayhan H, Ertuğrul İnan L. Amplitude of accommodation in patients with multiple sclerosis. Curr Eye Res. 2019;44:1271–1277.
- Cumming BG, Deangelis GC. The physiology of stereopsis. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2001;24:203–238.
- Reis A, Mateus C, Macário MC, et al. Independent patterns of damage to retinocortical pathways in multiple sclerosis without a previous episode of optic neuritis. J Neurol. 2011;258:1695–1704.
- Sobaci G, Demirkaya S, Gundogan FC, Mutlu FM. Stereoacuity testing discloses abnormalities in multiple sclerosis without optic neuritis. J Neuroophthalmol. 2009;29:197–202.
- Heravian J, Moghaddam AAS, Najjaran M, et al. Visual evoked potentials, short wave-length automated perimetry, standard automated perimetry, contrast sensitivity and stereoacuity testing in visually asymptomatic eyes of patients with multiple sclerosis. Iran J Ophthalmol. 2013;25:45–52.
- Saxena R, Bandyopadhyay G, Singh D, et al. Evaluation of changes in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and visual functions in cases of optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2013;61:562–566.