2,490
Views
23
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Sexism and the Authoritativeness of Female Sportscasters

Pages 121-130 | Published online: 11 May 2007

References

  • Alexander , S. ( 1994 ). Newspaper coverage of athletics as a function of gender . Women's Studies International Forum , 17 , 655 – 662 .
  • Alfaro , M. W. , Hu , R. , Kosley , J. , & Martin , C. ( 2003 ). The effect of voice-over gender and targeted gender of product on television commercial effectiveness . Retrieved May 16, 2005, from http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/lablouin/psych200/projectsSP03/voiceovers.ppt
  • Allen , C. ( 2003 ). Gender breakthrough fit for a focus group: The first women newscasters and why they arrived in local TV news . Journalism History , 128 , 154 – 162 .
  • Bellizzi , J. A. & Milner , L. (1991). Gender positioning of a traditionally male-dominant product. Journal of Advertising Research , 31(3), 72–79.
  • Benson , P. L. & Vincent , S. ( 1980 ). Development and validation of the Sexist Attitudes Toward Women Scale (SATWS) . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 5 , 276 – 291 .
  • Berlo , D. K. , Lemert , J. B. , & Mertz , R. J. ( 1970 ). Dimensions for evaluating the acceptance of message sources . Public Opinion Quarterly , 33 , 563 – 576 .
  • Boutilier , M. & SanGiovanni , L. ( 1983 ). The sporting woman , Champaign , Ill. : Human Kinetics .
  • Bryant , J. ( 1980 ). A two-year selective investigation of the female in sport as reported in the print media . Arena Review , 4 , 32 – 43 .
  • Bryson , L. ( 1994 ). Sport and the maintenance of masculine hegemony . In S. Birrell & C. L. Cole (Eds.), Women, sport, and culture (pp. 47 – 64 ). Champaign , Ill. : Human Kinetics .
  • Campbell , B. , Schellenberg , E. G. , & Senn , C. Y. ( 1997 ). Evaluating measures of contemporary sexism . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 21 , 89 – 102 .
  • Carocci , N. M. ( 1988 ). Trust and gender ten years later: The more things change… . Women's Studies in Communication , 11 , 63 – 89 .
  • Caulk , C. H. ( 1993 ). College students' perceptions of male and female sportscasters . Unpublished master's thesis , San Diego State University .
  • Cohen , G. L. ( 1993 ). Media portrayals of the female athlete . In G. L. Cohen (Ed.), Women in sport: Issues and controversies (pp. 171 – 184 ). Thousand Oaks , Calif. : Sage .
  • Do we perceive men and women sportscasters differently? ( 2002 , October ). PSI High Newsletter , 4. Retrieved December 3, 2002, from http://www.ship.edu/~psych/psihigh271.html
  • Duncan , M. C. , Jensen , K. , & Messner , M. A. ( 1993 ). Separating the men from the girls: The gendered language of televised sport . Gender and Society , 7 , 121 – 137 .
  • Eastman , S. T. & Billings , A. C. ( 2000 ). Sportscasting and sports reporting: The power of gender bias . Journal of Sport and Social Issues , 24 , 192 – 213 .
  • Eastman , S. T. & Billings , A. C. ( 2001 ). Biased voices of sports: Racial and gender stereotyping in college basketball announcing . Howard Journal of Communications , 12 , 183 – 202 .
  • Engstrom , E. ( 1996 ). Audiences' perceptions of sources' credibility in a television interview setting . Perceptual & Motor Skills , 83 ( 2 ), 579 – 588 .
  • Etling , L. W. & Young , R. ( 2005 ). Sexism and television viewers' attitudes toward women sportscasters . Paper presented at the meeting of the International Listening Association , Minneapolis , Minn.
  • Evans , S. ( 2005 ). Machines' way with words . Retrieved June 9, 2005, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/programmes/from_our_own_corrrespondent/4587163.stm
  • Feldman-Summers , S. , Montano , D. E. , Kaspryzk , D. , & Wagner , B. ( 1980 ). Influence attempts when competing views are gender-related: Sex as credibility . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 5 ( 2 ), 311 – 320 .
  • Gelinas-Chebat , C. & Chebat , J. C. ( 1996 ). Voice and advertising: Effects of intonation and intensity of voice on source credibility, attitudes toward the advertised service and the intent to buy . Perceptual & Motor Skills , 83 ( 1 ), 243 – 262 .
  • Halbert , C. & Latimer , M. ( 1994 ). “Battling” gendered language: An analysis of the language used by sports commentators in a televised coed tennis competition . Sociology of Sport Journal , 11 , 298 – 308 .
  • Hallmark , J. R. & Armstrong , R. N. ( 1999 ). Gender equity in televised spots: A comparative analysis of men's and women's NCAA Division I basketball championship broadcasts, 1991–1995 . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 43 , 222 – 235 .
  • Higgs , C. T. & Weillor , K. H. ( 1994 ). Gender bias and the 1992 summer Olympic Games: An analysis of television coverage . Journal of Sport and Social Issues , 18 , 234 – 246 .
  • Hovland , C. I. & Weiss , W. ( 1951 ). The influence of source credibility on communication effectiveness . Public Opinion Quarterly , 15 , 635 – 650 .
  • Klein , M.-L. ( 1988 ). Women in the discourse of sports reports . International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 23 , 139 – 151 .
  • Koivula , N. (1999). Gender stereotyping in televised media sport coverage. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research , 41, 589–604.
  • Leathers , D. G. ( 1992 ). Successful nonverbal communication: Principles and applications , New York : Macmillan .
  • Lee , J. ( 1992 ). Media portrayals of male and female Olympic athletes: Analyses of newspaper accounts of the 1984 and the 1988 Summer Games . International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 27 , 197 – 219 .
  • Lee , E.-J. , Nass , C. , & Brave , S. ( 2000 ). Can computer-generated speech have gender? An experimental test of gender stereotype . Paper presented at the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Speech , The Hague , Netherlands . Retrieved May 10, 2005, from http://www.stanford.edu/~nass/com369/pdf/GenderOfSynthesizedSpeech.pdf
  • Lumpkin , A. & Williams , L. D. ( 1991 ). An analysis of Sports Illustrated feature articles, 1954–1987 . Sociology of Sport Journal , 8 , 16 – 32 .
  • McCroskey , J. C. ( 1966 ). Scales for the measurement of ethos . Speech Monographs , 33 , 65 – 72 .
  • Miller , G. R. & McReynolds , M. ( 1973 ). Male chauvinism and source competence: A research note . Speech Monographs , 40 , 154 – 155 .
  • Mitrook , M. & Dorr , N. ( 2001 , Summer ). The credibility of women sportscasters . Media Report to Women , ( 29 ) 7 – 12 .
  • Nass , C. ( 2005 ). Do you speak American? Technology spotlight: Machine voices . Retrieved June 9, 2005, from http://www.pbs.org/speak/ahead/technology/
  • Petty , R. E. & Cacioppo , J. T. ( 1986 ). Communication persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change , New York : Springer-Verlag .
  • Pratkanis , A. R. & Gliner , M. D. ( 2005 , Winter ). And when shall a child lead them? Evidence for an altercasting theory of source credibility . Current Psychology: Developmental/Learning/Personality , 23 , 279 – 304 .
  • Robinson , J. & McArthur , L. Z. ( 1982 ). Impact of salient vocal qualities on causal attribution for a speaker's behavior . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 43 , 236 – 247 .
  • Schwanbeck , B. ( 2005 , June ). Who's on first? What's on second?: A look at where women stand in local TV sports . RTNDA Communicator , 34 – 36 , 38 – 39 .
  • Smucker , M. , Whisenant , W. A. , & Pederson , P. M. ( 2003 ). An investigation of job satisfaction and female sports journalists . Sex Roles: A Journal of Research , 49 , 401 – 407 .
  • Swim , J. K. , Aiken , K. J. , Hall , W. S. , & Hunter , B. A. ( 1995 ). Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 68 , 199 – 214 .
  • Toro , H. M. ( 2005 ). Public perceptions of credibility of male and female sportscasters . Unpublished master's thesis , Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University .
  • Tuggle , C. A. ( 1997 ). Differences in television sports reporting of men's and women's athletics: ESPN SportsCenter and CNN Sports Tonight . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 41 , 14 – 24 .
  • Turner , B. ( 1984 ). The body in society . New York : Blackwell .
  • Whipple , T. W. & McManamon , M. K. ( 2002 ). Implications of using male and female voices: An exploratory study . Journal of Advertising , 31 ( 2 ), 79 – 91 .
  • Whitley , B. E. , Jr. ( 2001 ). Gender-role variables and attitudes toward homosexuality . Sex Roles: A Journal of Research , 45 , 691 – 722 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.