Listening Fidelity Among Native and Nonnative English-Speaking Undergraduates as a Function of Listening Apprehension and Gender

References

• Aliakbari , M. , & Tazik , K. ( 2011 ). On the relationship between gender and perceptual language learning styles: The case of Iranian academic EFL learners . Educational Psychology , 31 ( 6 ), 657 – 674 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayres , J. , Wilcox , K. A. , & Ayers , D. M. ( 1995 ). Receiver apprehension: An explanatory model and accompanying research . Communication Education , 44 ( 3 ), 223 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beatty , M. J. ( 1981 ). Receiver apprehension as a function of cognitive backlog . Western Journal of Speech Communication: WJSC , 45 ( 3 ), 277 – 281 .
   Google Scholar
• Beatty , M. J. , & Payne , S. K. ( 1981 ). Receiver apprehension and cognitive complexity . Western Journal of Speech Communication: WJSC , 45 ( 4 ), 363 – 369 .
   Google Scholar
• Behnke , R. R. , & Sawyer , C. R. ( 2000 ). Anticipatory anxiety patterns for male and female public speakers . Communication Education , 49 , 187 – 195 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biber , D. ( 2003 ). Variation among university spoken and written registers: A new multi-dimensional analysis . In P. Leistyna & C. Meyer (Eds), Corpus analysis: Language structure and language use (pp. 47 – 70 ). Amsterdam, The Netherlands : Rodopi .
   Google Scholar
• Biber , D. ( 2006 ). University language: A corpus-based study of spoken and written registers (Studies in corpus linguistics) . Philadelphia , PA : John Benjamins .
   Google Scholar
• Biber , D. , Conrad , S. , Reppen , R. , Byrd , P. , & Helt , M. ( 2002 ). Speaking and writing in the university: A multidimensional comparison . TESOL Quarterly , 36 , 9 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bock , D. G. , & Bock , E. ( 1984 ). The effects of positional stress and receiver apprehension on leniency errors in speech evaluation: A test of the rating error paradigm . Communication Education , 33 ( 4 ), 337 – 341 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brilhart , B. L. ( 1965 ). The relationship between some aspects of communicative speaking and communicative listening . Journal of Communication , 15 , 35 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chavez , M. ( 2001 ). Gender in the language classroom . Boston , MA : McGraw Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Chesebro , J. L. ( 2003 ). Effects of teacher clarity and nonverbal immediacy on student learning, receiver apprehension, and affect . Communication Education , 52 ( 2 ), 135 – 147 .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , A. J. ( 1989 ). Communication confidence and listening competence: An investigation of the relationships of willingness to communicate, communication apprehension, and receiver apprehension to comprehension of content and emotional meaning in spoken messages . Communication Education , 38 ( 3 ), 237 – 248 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook , J. , Powers , W. G. , Fitch-Hauser , M. , & Worthington , D. ( 2008 , April ) . Cross cultural listening: Exploring the impact of communication-related variables . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Southern States Communication Association , Savannah, GA .
   Google Scholar
• Fitch-Hauser , M. , & Powers , W. G. ( 2006 , November ). Listening fidelity measurement . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association , San Antonio, TX .
   Google Scholar
• Fitch-Hauser , M. , & Powers , W. G. ( 2008 , March ) . Listening fidelity theory: A closer look at cultural factors . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Listening Association , Portland, MA .
   Google Scholar
• Fitch-Hauser , M. , Powers , W. G. , O'Brien , K. , & Hanson , S. ( 2007 ). Extending the conceptualization of listening fidelity . International Journal of Listening , 21 ( 2 ), 81 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , R. C. , & Lambert , W. E. ( 1972 ). Attitudes and motivation in second language learning . Rowley , MA : Newbury House .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , J. A. , & McNaughton , N. ( 2000 ). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Green , J. M. , & Oxford , R. L. ( 1995 ). A closer look at learning strategies, L2 proficiency, and gender . TESOL Quarterly , 29 ( 2 ), 261 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenleaf , F. I. ( 1952 ). An exploratory study of speech fright . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 38 ( 3 ), 326 – 330 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber , K. J. , & Gaebelein , J. W. ( 1979 ). Sex differences in listening comprehension . Sex Roles , 5 ( 3 ), 299 – 310 . doi: 10.1007/BF00287397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guiora , A. Z. , Beit-Hallahmi , B. , Brannon , R. C. L. , Dull , C. Y. , & Scovel , T. (1972). The effects of experimentally induced changes in ego states on pronunciation ability in a second language: An exploratory study. Comprehensive Psychiatry , 13, 421–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , M. , & Constanza , M. ( 2004 ). Deaf children's use of phonological coding: Evidence from reading, spelling, and working memory . Journal of Deaf Students and Deaf Education , 9 , 253 – 268 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hastings , A. J. ( 1995 ). The focal skills approach: An assessment . In F. R. Eckman , D. Highland , P. W. Lee , J. Mileham & R. Rutkowski-Weber (Eds.), Second language acquisition theory and pedagogy (pp. 29 – 44 ). Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Hong-Nam , K. , & Leavell , A. G. ( 2006 ). Language learning strategy use of ESL students in an intensive English learning context . System , 34 , 399 – 415 .
   Google Scholar
• King , P. E. , Young , M. J. , & Behnke , R. R. ( 2000 ). Effects of communication load, affect, and anxiety on the performance of information processing tasks . Communication Education , 49 , 1 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Ledbetter , A. M. , & Schrodt , P. ( 2008 ). Family communication patterns and cognitive processing: Conversation and conformity orientations as predictors of information reception apprehension . Communication Studies , 59 , 388 – 401 .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , & Richmond , V. P. ( 1987 ). Willingness to communicate . In J. C. McCroskey & J. A. Daly (Eds.), Personality and interpersonal communication (pp. 129 – 156 ). New York , NY : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• McReynolds , P. ( 1976 ). Assimilation and anxiety . In M. Zuckerman & C. Spielberger (Eds.), Emotions and anxiety: New concepts, methods, and applications (pp. 35 – 86 ). New York , NY : John Wiley & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Mulanex , A. , & Powers , W. G. ( 2001 ). Listening fidelity: Development and relationship to receiver apprehension and locus of control . International Journal of Listening , 15 , 69 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Poole , A. ( 2005 ). Gender differences in reading strategy use among ESL college students . Journal of College Reading and Learning , 36 ( 1 ), 7 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Powers , W. G. , & Bodie , G. D. ( 2003 ). Listening fidelity: Seeking congruence between cognitions of the listener and the sender . International Journal of Listening , 17 , 19 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Powers , W. G. , Cook , J. A. , Fitch-Hauser , M. , & Worthington , D. ( 2008 , November ) . Listening fidelity: Testing for cross-cultural differences in U.S. Caucasian and U.S. Hispanic listeners . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association , San Diego, CA .
   Google Scholar
• Powers , W. G. , & Lowry , D. N. ( 1984 ). Basic communication fidelity and nationality: Group interaction perceptions . Communication Research Reports , 1 ( 1 ), 48 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Powers , W. G. , & Sawyer , C. R. ( 2011 ). Towards a theoretical framework for listening fidelity research . Human Communication , 14 , 57 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Powers , W. G. , & Witt , P. ( 2008 ). Expanding the theoretical framework of communication fidelity . Communication Quarterly , 56 , 247 – 267 .
   Google Scholar
• Rajka , B. ( 2009 ). Open Doors 2010: Report on International Educational Exchange . New York , NY : Institute of International Education .
   Google Scholar
• Scarcella , R. , & Zimmerman , C. ( 1998 ). Academic words and gender: ESL student performance on a test of academic lexicon . Studies in Second Language Acquisition , 20 , 27 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Schumann , J. H. ( 1986 ). Research on the acculturation model for second language acquisition . Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development , 7 , 379 – 392 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , M. D. , & Wheeless , L. R. ( 1977 ). The relationship of three types of communication apprehension to classroom achievement . Southern Speech Communication Journal , 42 , 246 – 255 .
   Google Scholar
• Sheorey , R. , & Mokhtar , K. ( 2001 ). Differences in the metacognitive awareness of reading strategies among native and non-native readers . System , 29 ( 4 ), 431 – 449 .
   Google Scholar
• Smally , W. A. ( 1963 ). Culture shock, language shock and the shock of self-discovery . Practical Anthropology , 10 , 49 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Stengel , E. ( 1939 ). On learning a new language . International Journal of Psychoanalysis , 20 , 471 – 479 .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , L. L. , Guiora , A. Z. , Catford , J. C. , & Lane , H. L. (1970). Psychological variables and ability to pronounce a second language. Language and Speech , 14, 146–157.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau . ( 2008 ). Hispanic Heritage Month 2010: Sept. 15–Oct. 15. Available at http://www.census.gov
   Google Scholar
• Wen , Q. , & Johnson , R. K. ( 1997 ). L2 learner variables and English achievements: A study of tertiary-level English majors in China . Applied Linguistics , 18 , 27 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeless , L. R. ( 1975 ). An investigation of receiver apprehension and social context dimensions of communication apprehension . Speech Teacher , 24 , 261 – 268 .
   Google Scholar
• Wheeless , L. R. , Preiss , R. W. , & Gayle , B. M. ( 1997 ). Receiver apprehension, informational receptivity, and cognitive processing . In J. A. Daly , J. C. McCrospey , J. Ayres , T. Hopf , & D. M. Ayres (Eds.), Avoiding communication: Shyness, reticence, and communication apprehension (nd ed. , 2 , pp. 158 – 187 ). Cresskill, NJ : Hampton Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wigley , C. J. , III. ( 1987 ). Student receiver apprehension as a correlate of trait argumentativeness . Communication Research Reports , 4 ( 2 ), 51 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Wu , H.-J. ( 2011 ). Anxiety and reading comprehension performance in English as a foreign language . Asian EFL Journal , 13 , 237 – 307 .
   Google Scholar