Forced Exposure vs. Free Choice: An Examination of Exposure Effects in Entertainment Television Consumption

References

• Bartsch, A. (2012). Emotional gratification in entertainment experience. Why viewers of movies and television series find it rewarding to experience emotions. Media Psychology, 15, 267–302. doi:10.1080/15213269.2012.693811
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman, N. D. (2017). Selectivity: Selective exposure effects. In P. Roessler (Ed.), International encyclopedia of media effects. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. doi: 10.1002/9781118783764.wbieme0076
   Google Scholar
• Brehm, J. W. (1966). A theory of psychological reactance. New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brehm, S. S., & Brehm, J. W. (1981). Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control. New York, NY: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cantor, J. (1998). Children’s attraction to violent television programming. In J. H. Goldstein (Ed.), Why we watch: The attractions of violent entertainment (pp. 88–115). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dillard, J. P., & Shen, L. (2005). On the nature of reactance and its role in persuasive health communication. Communication Monographs, 72, 144–168. doi:10.1080/036377750500111815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, S. M., Li, H., & Lee, J. H. (2002). Forced exposure and psychological reactance: Antecedents and consequences of the perceived intrusiveness of pop-up ads. Journal of Advertising, 31, 83–95. doi:10.1080/00913367.2002.10673678
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, A., & Zwarun, L. (2012). Challenging entertainment: Enjoyment, transportation, and need for cognition in relation to fictional films viewed online. Mass Communication & Society, 15, 384–406. doi:10.1080/15205436.2011.583544
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovland, C. I. (1959). Reconciling conflicting results derived from experimental and survey studies of attitude change. American Psychologist, 14, 8–17. doi:10.1037/h0042210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klapper, J. T. (1949). The effects of mass media. New York, NY: Bureau of Applied Social Research, Columbia University.
   Google Scholar
• Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2015). The selective exposure self-and affect-management (SESAM) model: Applications in the realms of race, politics, and health. Communication Research, 42, 959–985. doi:10.1177/0093650214539173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knobloch-Westerwick, S., Appiah, O., & Alter, S. (2008). News selection patterns as a function of race: The discerning majority and the indiscriminating majority. Media Psychology, 11, 400–417. doi:10.1080/15213260802178542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews, G., Jones, D. M., & Chamberlain, A. G. (1990). Refining the measurement of mood: The UWIST mood adjective checklist. British Journal of Psychology, 81, 17–42. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1990.tb02343.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, M. B., & Bartsch, A. (2010). Appreciation as audience response: Exploring entertainment gratifications beyond hedonism. Human Communication Research, 36, 53–81. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2009.01368.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinecke, L., Tamborini, R., Grizzard, M., Lewis, R., Eden, A., & Bowman, N. D. (2012). Characterizing mood management as need satisfaction: The effects of intrinsic needs on selective exposure and mood repair. Journal of Communication, 62, 437–453. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01649.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2006). Self-regulation and the problem of human autonomy: Does psychology need choice, self-determination, and will? Journal of Personality, 74, 1557–1586. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00420.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamborini, R., Bowman, N. D., Eden, A., Grizzard, M., & Organ, A. (2010). Defining media enjoyment as the satisfaction of intrinsic needs. Journal of Communication, 60, 758–777. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01513.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, A. J. (2011). A meta-analytical review of selective exposure to and the enjoyment of media violence. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 55, 232–250. doi:10.1080/08838151.2011.570826
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zillmann, D. (1988). Mood management: Using entertainment to full advantage. In L. Donohew, H. E. Sypher, & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Communication, social cognition, and affect (pp. 147–172). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1985). Affect, mood, and emotion as determinants of selective exposure. In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant (Eds.), Selective exposure to communication (pp. 157–189). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar