The development of the teacher clarity short inventory (TCSI) to measure clear teaching in the classroom

References

• Alexander , L. , Frankiewicz , R. and Williams , R. 1979 . Facilitation of learning and retention of oral instruction using advance and post organizers . Journal of Educational Psychology , 71 : 701 – 707 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ausubel , D. P. 1963 . The psychology of meaningful verbal learning , New York : Grune and Stratton .
   Google Scholar
• Chesebro , J. L. 1988 . Teacher Clarity: A Definition, Review, and a Profile of The Clear Teacher Unpublished Manuscript
   Google Scholar
• Chesebro , J. L. and McCroskey , J. C. . The relationship between teacher clarity and immediacy and student affect and cognitive learning . Paper submitted for presentation at the annual Eastern Communication Association Conference . Charleston, WV.
   Google Scholar
• Christophel , D. 1990 . The relationships among teacher immediacy behaviors, student motivation, and learning . Communication Education , 39 : 323 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Civikly , J. M. 1992 . Clarity: Teachers and students making sense of instruction . Communication Education , 41 : 138 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruickshank , D. R. and Kennedy , J. J. 1986 . Teacher clarity . Teaching & Teacher Education , 2 (1) : 43 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Hiller , J. , Fisher , G. and Kaess , W. 1969 . A computer investigation of verbal characteristics of effective classroom learning . American Educational Research Journal , 6 : 661 – 675 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendrick , W. L. and Darling , A. L. 1990 . Problems of understanding in classrooms: Students’ use of clarifying tactics . Communication Education , 39 : 15 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Land , M. 1979 . Low‐inference variables and teacher clarity: Effects on student concept learning . Journal of Educational Psychology , 71 : 795 – 799 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , H. G. 1991 . “ Effective teaching behaviors in the college classroom ” . In Higher education: Handbook of theory and research , Edited by: Smart , J. Vol. 7 , New York : Agathon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Powell , R. G. and Harville , B. 1990 . The effects of teacher immediacy and clarity on instructional outcomes: An intercultural assessment . Communication Education , 39 : 369 – 379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenshine , B. V. 1987 . “ Explicit teaching ” . In Talks to teachers , Edited by: Berliner , D. C. and Rosenshine , B. V. 75 – 92 . New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Sidelinger , R. J. and McCroskey , J. C. 1997 . Communication correlates of teacher clarity in the college classroom . Communication Research Reports , 14 : 1 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Simonds , C. J. 1997 . Classroom understanding: An expanded notion of teacher clarity . Communication Research Reports , 14 : 279 – 290 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , D. G. 1977 . College classroom interactions and critical thinking . Journal of Educational Psychology , 69 : 180 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , C. E. , Richmond , V. P. and McCroskey , J. C. 1994 . The association between immediacy and socio‐communicative style . Communication Research Reports , 11 : 107 – 115 .
   Google Scholar