Gas–Liquid Oxygen Mass-transfer; from Fundamentals to Applications in Hydrometallurgical Systems

References

• Yannopoulos , J. C. 1991 . The Extractive Metallurgy of Gold , New York, NY : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
   Google Scholar
• Ashman , D. W. and Jankola , W. A. 1990 . “Recent experience with zinc pressure leaching at Cominco” . In Lead-Zinc '90 , Edited by: Mackey , T. S. and Prengaman , R. D. 252 – 275 . USA : TMS, Warrendale, PA .
   Google Scholar
• Collins , M. J. , McConaghy , E. J. , Stauffer , R. F. , Desroches , G. J. and Krysa , B. D. 1994 . “Starting up the Sherritt zinc pressure leach process at Hudson Bay” . JOM , 46 ( 4 ) : 51 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demopoulos , G. P. and Papangelakis , V. G. 1989 . “Recent advances in refractory gold processing” . CIM Bulletin , 82 ( 923 ) : 85 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Berezowsky , R. M. G. S. , Collins , M. J. , Kerfoot , D. G. E. and Torres , N. 1991 . “The commercial status of pressure leaching technology” . JOM , 43 ( 2 ) : 9 – 15 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi , G. 1990 . Biohydrometallurgy , Hamburg, Germany : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Robbins , G. H. 1996 . “Historical development of the INCO SO2/air cyanide destruction process” . CIM Bulletin , 89 ( 1003 ) : 63 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Habashi , F. 1987 . “One hundred years of cyanidation” . CIM Bulletin , 80 ( 905 ) : 108 – 114 .
   Google Scholar
• Peters , E. 1987 . “Oxygen utilization in hydrometallurgy: fundamental and practical aspects” . In The Impact of Oxygen on the Productivity of Non-Ferrous Metallurgical Processes , Edited by: Kachaniwski , G. and Newman , C. 151 – 164 . Montréal : CIM .
   Google Scholar
• Dreisinger , D. B. 1991 . “R & D opportunities for pressure hydrometallurgy” . JOM , 43 ( 2 ) : 8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papangelakis , V. G. and Demopoulos , G. P. 1992 . “Reactor models for a series of CSTRs with a gas–solid–liquid leaching system” (Parts I – III) . Metallurgical Transactions B , 23B : 847 – 877 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baily , A. D. and Hansford , G. S. 1994 . “Oxygen mass-transfer limitation of batch bio-oxidation at high solids concentration” . Minerals Engineering , 7 : 293 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondos , P. D. , Griffith , W. F. and Jara , J. O. 1996 . “The use of oxygen in gold cyanidation” . Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly , 35 : 39 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin , S. A. and Demopoulos , G. P. 1998 . “Parameter sensitivity of kinetics-based hydrometallurgical reactor models” . Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering , 76 : 1083 – 1092 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin , S. A. , Papangelakis , V. G. and Demopoulos , G. P. 1995 . “Mathematical modeling of the zinc pressure leach process” . Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B , 26B : 1035 – 1047 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson , B. B. , Krause , D. Jr. and Peterson , M. A. 1979 . “The solubility and isotropic fractionation of gases in dilute aqueous solutions. I. Oxygen” . Journal of Solution Chemistry , 8 : 655 – 690 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battino , R. , ed. 1981 . “ IUPAC Solubility Data Series ” . In Oxygen and Ozone , Vol. 7 , Oxford : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fernández-Prini , R. and Crovetto , R. 1989 . “Evaluation of data on solubility of simple apolar gases in light and heavy water at high temperature” . Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data , 18 : 1231 – 1243 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey , A. H. 1997 . “Semiempirical correlation for Henry's constants over large temperature ranges” . AIChE Journal , 42 ( 5 ) : 1491 – 1494 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng , T. C.-M. 1994 . “Measurement of oxygen mass-transfer rates in a laboratory batch pressure reactor” , Montréal : McGill University . M Eng Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Tromans , D. 1998 . “Temperature and pressure dependent solubility of oxygen in water: a thermodynamic analysis” . Hydrometallurgy , 48 : 327 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissenborn , P. K. and Pugh , R. J. 1996 . “Surface tension of aqueous solutions of electrolytes: relationship with ion hydration, oxygen solubility, and bubble coalescence” . Journal of Colloid and Interface Science , 184 : 550 – 563 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mölder , E. , Tenno , T. and Nigu , P. 1998 . “The influence of surfactants on oxygen mass-transfer through the air–water surface” . Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry , 28 ( 2 ) [SI]75–[SI]80
   Google Scholar
• Sechenov , M. 1889 . “Über die Konstitution der Salzlösungen auf Grund ihres Verhaltens zu Kohlensäure” . Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie , 4 : 117 – 125 . In German
   Google Scholar
• Sechénow , M. 1892 . “Action de l'acide carbonique sur les solutions des sels à acides forts” . Annales de Chimie et de Physique , 25 : 226 – 270 . In French
   Google Scholar
• van Krevelen , D. W. and Hoftijzer , P. J. 1950 . “Sur la solubilité des gaz dans les solutions aqueuses” . In Chimie et Industrie , 168 – 173 . Bruxelles : Numéro spéciale du XXIe Congrès International de Chimie Indutrielle . In French
   Google Scholar
• Dackwerts , P. V. 1970 . Gas–Liquid Reactions , 6 – 21 . New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Onda , K. , Sada , E. , Kobayashi , T. , Kito , S. and Ito , K. 1970 . “Salting-out parameters of gas solubility in aqueous salt solutions” . Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan , 3 : 18 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Onda , K. , Sada , E. , Kobayashi , T. , Kito , S. and Ito , K. 1970 . “Solubility of gases in aqueous solutions of mixed salts” . Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan , 3 : 137 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Schumpe , A. 1993 . “The estimation of gas solubilities in salt solutions” . Chemical Engineering Science , 48 : 153 – 158 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermann , C. , Dewes , I. and Schumpe , A. 1993 . “The estimation of gas solubilities in salt solutions” . Chemical Engineering Science , 50 : 1673 – 1675 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narita , E. , Lawson , F. and Han , K. N. 1983 . “Solubility of oxygen in aqueous electrolyte solutions” . Hydrometallurgy , 10 : 21 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tromans , D. 1998 . “Oxygen solubility in inorganic solutions: concentration, temperature and pressure effects” . Hydrometallurgy , 50 : 279 – 296 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linek , V. and Vacek , V. 1981 . “Chemical engineering use of catalyzed sulfite oxidation kinetics for the determination of mass transfer characteristics of gas–liquid contactors” . Chemical Engineering Science , 36 : 1747 – 1768 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasunishi , A. 1977 . “Solubilities of sparingly soluble gases in sodium sulfate and sulfite solutions” . Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan , 10 : 89 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird , R. B. , Stewart , W. E. and Lightfoot , E. N. 1960 . Transport Phenomena , 495 – 711 . New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Miyamoto , S. , Kaya , T. and Nakata , A. 1930 . “On the dissolution velocity of oxygen into water. Part II” . Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan , 5 : 229 – 240 .
   Google Scholar
• Miyamoto , S. and Kaya , T. 1931 . “On the rate of solution of oxygen into water. Part VI. The rate of absorption of oxygen by sodium sulphite solution” . Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan , 6 : 264 – 275 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoshida , F. , Ikeda , A. , Imakawa , S. and Miura , Y. 1960 . “The sulphite oxidation method; oxygen absorption rates in stirred gas–liquid contactors” . Industrial and Engineering Chemistry , 52 : 435 – 438 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitman , W. G. 1923 . “The two-film theory of gas absorption” . Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering , 29 : 146 – 148 .
   Google Scholar
• Higbie , R. 1935 . “The rate of absorption of a pure gas into a still liquid during short periods of exposure” . Transactions of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers , 31 : 365 – 389 .
   Google Scholar
• King , C. J. 1966 . “Turbulent liquid phase mass-transfer at a free gas–liquid interface” . Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Fundamentals , 5 : 1 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozinski , A. A. and King , C. J. 1966 . “The influence of diffusivity on liquid phase mass-transfer to the free interface in a stirred vessel” . AIChE Journal , 12 : 109 – 116 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van't Riet , K. 1979 . “Review of measuring methods and results in nonviscous gas–liquid mass-transfer in stirred vessels” . Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Process Design and Development , 18 : 357 – 364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McWhirter , J. R. , Chern , J.-M. and Hutter , J. C. 1995 . “Oxygen mass-transfer fundamentals of surface aerators” . Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research , 43 : 2644 – 2654 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US EPA ( 1979 ). Methods of Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes , EPA-600/4-79-020 (EPA, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA), Method 360.2.
   Google Scholar
• 1981 . Analytical Methods Manual Update , Ottawa : Inland Waters Directorate, Water Quality Control . Ontario, Canada Environment Canada Method NAQUADAT No 08101
   Google Scholar
• Linek , V. , Vacek , V. , Sinkule , J. and Beneš , P. 1988 . Measurement of Oxygen by Membrane-Covered Probes: Guidelines for Applications in Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , Chichester, UK : Ellis Horwood .
   Google Scholar
• Terasaka , K. , Hullmann , D. and Schumpe , A. 1998 . “Mass-transfer in bubble columns studied with an oxygen optode” . Chemical Engineering Science , 53 : 3181 – 3184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albal , R. S. , Shah , Y. T. , Schumpe , A. and Carr , N. L. 1983 . “Mass-transfer in multiphase agitated contactors” . Chemical Engineering Journal , 27 : 61 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhari , R. V. , Gholap , R. V. , Emig , G. and Hofmann , H. 1987 . “Gas–liquid mass-transfer in ‘dead-end’ autoclave reactors” . Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering , 65 : 744 – 751 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , M.-Y. , Eiras , J. G. and Morsi , B. I. 1991 . “Mass-transfer characteristics of gases in n-hexane at elevated pressures and temperatures in agitated reactors” . Chemical Engineering and Processing , 29 : 49 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , M.-Y. and Morsi , B. I. 1991 . “Mass-transfer characteristics of gases in n-decane at elevated pressures and temperatures in agitated reactors” . Chemical Engineering Journal , 47 : 33 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , M.-Y. and Morsi , B. I. 1991 . “Mass-transfer characteristics of gases in aqueous and organic liquids at elevated pressures and temperatures in agitated reactors” . Chemical Engineering Science , 46 : 2639 – 2650 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang , M.-Y. and Morsi , B. I. 1992 . “Mass-transfer in three-phase reactors operating at elevated pressures and temperatures in agitated reactors” . Chemical Engineering Science , 47 : 1779 – 1790 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li , J. , Tekie , Z. , Mizan , T. I. , Morsi , B. I. , Maier , E. E. and Singh , C. P. P. 1996 . “Gas–liquid mass-transfer in a slurry reactor operating under olefinic polymerization process conditions” . Chemical Engineering Science , 51 : 549 – 559 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng , D.-Y. and Robinson , D. B. 1976 . “A new two-constant equation of state” . Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Fundamentals , 15 : 59 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dang , N. D. P. , Karrer , D. A. and Dunn , I. J. 1977 . “Oxygen transfer coefficients by dynamic model moment analysis” . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 19 : 853 – 865 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linek , V. , Vacek , V. and Beneš , P. 1987 . “A critical review and experimental verification of the correct use of the dynamic method for the determination of oxygen transfer in aerated agitated vessels to water, electrolyte solutions and viscous liquids” . Chemical Engineering Journal , 34 : 11 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tribe , L. A. , Briens , C. L. and Margaritis , A. 1995 . “Determination of the volumetric mass-transfer coefficient (k L a) using the dynamic ‘gas out–gas in’ method: analysis of errors caused by dissolved oxygen probes” . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 46 : 388 – 392 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linek , V. , Beneš , P. and Vacek , V. 1989 . “Dynamic pressure method for k L a measurement in large-scale bioreactors” . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 33 : 1406 – 1412 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linek , V. , Beneš , P. , Sinkule , J. and Moucha , T. 1993 . “Non-ideal pressure step method for k L a measurement” . Chemical Engineering Science , 48 : 1593 – 1599 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman , C. M. , Gibilaro , L. G. and Nienow , A. W. 1982 . “A dynamic response technique for the estimation of gas–liquid mass-transfer coefficients in a stirred vessel” . Chemical Engineering Science , 37 : 891 – 896 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linek , V. , Sinkule , J. and Beneš , P. 1992 . “Critical assessment of the dynamic double-response method for measuring k L a: experimental elimination of dispersion effects” . Chemical Engineering Science , 47 : 3885 – 3894 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen , A. G. , Andersen , H. , Nielsen , J. and Villadsen , J. 1994 . “A novel technique based on 85Kr for quantification of gas–liquid mass-transfer in bioreactors” . Chemical Engineering Science , 49 : 803 – 810 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorresteijn , R. C. , de Gooijer , C. D. , Tramper , J. and Beuvery , E. C. 1994 . “A method of simultaneous determination of solubility and transfer coefficient of oxygen in aqueous media using off-gas mass spectrometry” . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 43 : 149 – 154 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma , M. M. and Danckwerts , P. V. 1970 . “Chemical methods of measuring interfacial area and mass-transfer coefficients in two-fluid systems” . British Chemical Engineering , 15 : 522 – 528 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charpentier , J.-C. 1981 . “Mass-transfer rates in gas–liquid absorbers and reactors” . In Advances in Chemical Engineering , Edited by: Drew , T. B. , Cokelet , G. R. and Hoopes , J. W. Jr. Vermeulen|T. 1 – 133 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jhaveri , A. S. and Sharma , M. M. 1968 . “Absorption of oxygen in aqueous alkaline solutions of sodium diothionite” . Chemical Engineering Science , 23 : 1 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jhaveri , A. S. and Sharma , M. M. 1967 . “Kinetics of absorption of oxygen in aqueous solutions of cuprous chloride” . Chemical Engineering Science , 22 : 1 – 6 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lara Márquez , A. , Nguyen , C. , Poncin , S. , Wild , G. and Midoux , N. 1994 . “A novel hydrazine oxidation technique for the determination of k L a in gas–liquid and gas–liquid–solid reactors” . Chemical Engineering Science , 49 : 5667 – 5679 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasconelos , J. M. T. , Nienow , A. W. , Martin , T. , Alves , S. S. and McFarlane , C. M. 1997 . “Alternative ways of applying the hydrogen peroxide steady state method of k L a measurement” . Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, Part A: Chemical Engineering Research and Design , 75 : 467 – 472 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imai , Y. , Takei , H. and Matsumura , M. 1987 . “A simple Na2 3 k L a measurement in large-scale reactors” . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 29 : 982 – 993 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , P. M. , Doldersum , B. and Cramers , P. H. M. R. 1993 . “The kinetics of uncatalysed sodium sulfite oxidation” . Chemical Engineering Science , 48 : 933 – 941 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teramoto , M. , Tai , S. , Nishii , K. and Teranishi , H. 1974 . “Effects of pressure on liquid-phase mass-transfer coefficients” . Chemical Engineering Journal , 8 : 223 – 226 .
   Google Scholar
• Yoshida , F. and Arakawa , S.-I. 1968 . “Pressure dependence of liquid mass-transfer coefficients” . AlChE Journal , 14 : 962 – 963 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , K. L. 1973 . “Proposed explanation for apparent dependence of liquid mass-transfer coefficients on pressure” . Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering , 51 : 371 – 374 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedek , A. and Heideger , W. J. 1971 . “Effect of additives on mass-transfer in turbine aeration” . Biotechnology and Bioengineering , 13 : 663 – 684 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta , V. D. and Sharma , M. M. 1971 . “Mass-transfer in mechanically agitated gas–liquid contactors” . Chemical Engineering Science , 26 : 461 – 479 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruizendaal , A. E. 1992 . “Oxygen transfer to mineral slurries in a non-agitated sparged column” . In Master's Thesis. , Delft, The Netherlands : Delft University of Technology .
   Google Scholar
• van Ede , C. J. , van Houten , R. and Beenackers , A. A. C. M. 1995 . “Enhancement of gas to water mass-transfer rates by a dispersed organic phase” . Chemical Engineering Science , 50 : 2911 – 2922 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middleton , J. C. 1985 . “Gas–liquid dispersions and mixing” . In Mixing in the Process Industries , 322 – 355 . London, UK : Butterworths .
   Google Scholar
• Tatterson , G. B. 1991 . Fluid Mixing and Gas Dispersion in Agitated Tanks , 1 – 55 . New York : McGraw-Hill . 121–324 and 417–528
   Google Scholar
• Shah , Y. T. , Kelkar , B. G. , Godpole , S. P. and Deckwer , W.-D. 1982 . “Design parameters estimations for bubble column reactors” . AIChE Journal , 28 : 353 – 379 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi , J. B. and Sharma , M. M. 1977 . “Mass-transfer and hydrodynamic characteristics of gas inducing type of agitated contactors” . Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering , 55 : 683 – 695 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi , J. B. , Pandit , A. B. and Sharma , M. M. 1982 . “Mechanically agitated gas–liquid reactors” . Chemical Engineering Journal , 37 : 813 – 844 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mundale , V. D. and Joshi , J. B. 1995 . “Optimization of impeller design for gas inducing mechanically agitated contactors” . Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering , 73 : 161 – 172 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldrich , C. and van Deventer , J. S. J. 1994 . “Observations on the effect of medium density and viscosity on the rate of induced aeration in agitated vessels” . Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B , 25B : 303 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldrich , C. and van Deventer , J. S. J. 1995 . “Modelling of induced aeration in turbine aerators by use of radial basis function neural networks” . Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering , 73 : 808 – 816 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nienow , A. W. , Wisdom , D. J. and Middleton , J. C. “The effect of scale and geometry on flooding, recirculation, and power in gassed stirred vessels” . Paper No. F.I Presented at the 2nd European Conference on Mixing . March 30–April 1st , Cambridge, UK. pp. 16
   Google Scholar
• Wu , H. 1995 . “An issue on applications of a disk turbine for gas–liquid mass-transfer” . Chemical Engineering Science , 50 : 2801 – 2811 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baird , M. H. , Rama Rao , N. V. and Shen , Z. J. 1993 . “Oxygen absorption in a baffled tank by delta paddle impellers” . Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering , 71 : 195 – 201 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Retwatkar , V. B. , Deshpande , A. J. , Pandit , A. B. and Joshi , J. B. 1993 . “Gas hold-up behaviour of mechanically agitated gas–liquid reactors using pitched blade downflow turbines” . Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering , 71 : 226 – 237 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westerterp , K. R. , van Dierendonck , L. L. and de Kraa , J. A. 1963 . “Interfacial areas in agitated gas–liquid contactors” . Chemical Engineering Science , 18 : 157 – 176 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeGráaf , K. B. , Peters , E. and Swinkels , G. M. “An investigation of gas/liquid mass-transfer rates in oxygen pressure leaching systems” . Paper No. 44.2 Presented at the 15th Annual Hydrometallurgical Meeting of CIM . August 18–21 . pp. 35 Vancouver, Canada
   Google Scholar
• Birch , D. and Ahmed , N. 1997 . “The influence of sparger design and location on gas dispersion in stirred vessels” . Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers, Part A: Chemical Engineering Research and Design , 75 : 487 – 496 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Retwatkar , V. B. and Joshi , J. B. 1993 . “Role of sparger design on gas dispersion in mechanically agitated gas–liquid contactors” . Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering , 71 : 278 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dierendonck , L. L. , Fortain , J. M. H. and Vanderbos , D. 1968 . “The specific contact area in gas–liquid reactors” . In Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Chemical Reaction Engineering , 205 – 215 . Oxford, UK : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Patwardhan , A. W. and Joshi , J. B. 1998 . “Design of stirred vessels with gas entrained from free liquid surface” . Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering , 76 : 339 – 364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beenackers , A. A. C. M. and van Swaaij , W. P. M. 1993 . “Mass-transfer in gas–liquid slurry reactors” . Chemical Engineering Science , 48 : 3109 – 3139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills , D. B. , Bar , R. and Kirwan , D. J. 1987 . “Effect of solids on oxygen transfer in agitated three-phase systems” . AIChE Journal , 33 : 1542 – 1549 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oguz , H. , Brehm , A. and Deckwer , W. D. 1987 . “Gas/liquid mass-transfer in sparged agitated slurries” . Chemical Engineering Science , 42 : 1815 – 1822 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikutchi , K.-I. , Ishida , K. , Enda , S. and Takahashi , H. 1995 . “Gas–liquid mass-transfer in two- and three-phase upflows in a vertical tube” . Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering , 73 : 826 – 832 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banisi , S. , Finch , J. A. , Laplante , A. R. and Weber , M. E. 1995 . “Effect of solid particles on gas holdup in flotation columns” . Chemical Engineering Science , 50 ( I–II ) : 2329 – 2342 .
   Google Scholar
• van der , Werff and D. Y. 1994 . “An experimental investigation on the effect of inert solids on the oxygen transfer in agitated three-phase systems” . In Master's Thesis. , Delft, The Netherlands : Delft University of Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Kawase , Y. and Moo-Young , M. 1990 . “Mathematical models for design of bioreactors: applications of Kolmogoroff's theory of isotropic turbulence” . Chemical Engineering Journal , 43 : B19 – B41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nocentini , M. , Fajner , D. , Pasquali , G. and Magelli , F. 1993 . “Gas–liquid mass-transfer and holdup in vessels stirred with multiple Rushton turbines: water and water–glycerol systems” . Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Research , 32 : 19 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linek , V. , Moucha , T. and Sinkule , J. 1996 . “Gas–liquid mass-transfer in vessels stirred with multiple impellers” . Chemical Engineering Science , 51 ( I and II ) : 3203 – 3212 . and 3875–3879
   Google Scholar
• Yoshida , M. , Kitamura , A. , Yamagiwa , K. and Ohkawa , H. 1996 . “Gas hold-up and volumetric oxygen transfer coefficients in an aerated agitated vessel without baffles having forward-reverse rotating impellers” . Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering , 74 : 31 – 39 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes de Figueiredo , M. M. and Calderbank , P. H. 1979 . “The scale-up of aerated mixing vessels for specified oxygen dissolution rates” . Chemical Engineering Science , 34 : 1333 – 1338 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlüter , V. and Deckwer , W.-D. 1992 . “Gas/liquid mass-transfer in stirred vessels” . Chemical Engineering Science , 47 : 2357 – 2362 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schumpe , A. , Saxena , A. K. and Fang , L. K. 1987 . “Gas/liquid mass-transfer in a slurry bubble column” . Chemical Engineering Science , 42 : 1787 – 1796 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moresi , M. and Patete , M. 1988 . “Prediction of k L a in conventional stirred fermentors” . Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology , 42 : 197 – 210 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallett , C. J. , Monhemius , A. J. and Robertson , D. G. C. 1981 . “Oxygen mass-transfer in Pachuca tanks” . In Extractive Metallurgy '81 , 308 – 320 . London, UK : Institution of Mining and Metallurgy .
   Google Scholar
• Roy , G. G. and Shekhar , R. 1996 . “Oxygen mass-transfer in air-agitated Pachuca tanks” . Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Section C , 105 ( I–II ) : C9 – C21 .
   Google Scholar
• Dawson-Amoah , J. 1991 . “Gas–liquid mass-transfer rates by gas pumping agitators in oxygen pressure leaching systems” . In M.A.Sc. Thesis. , Vancouver, Canada : University of British Columbia .
   Google Scholar
• Swiniarski , R. P. 1992 . “Rates and efficiencies of oxygen transfer by gas pumping agitators in gas–liquid mixing systems” . In M.A.Sc. Thesis. , Vancouver, Canada : University of British Columbia .
   Google Scholar
• Hayduk , W. 1991 . Final Report Concerning the Solubility of Oxygen in Sulfuric Acid Zinc Pressure Leaching Solutions , Ottawa, Canada : Dept. of Chemical Engineering, University of Ottawa .
   Google Scholar
• McLaughlin , J. D. , Quinn , P. , Agar , G. E. , Cloutier , J. Y. , Dubé , G. and Leclerc , A. 1994 . “Oxygen mass-transfer rate measurements under different hydrodynamic regimes” . Mines et Carrières, Les techniques , 76 ( III/IV ) : 121 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Boon , M. and Heijnen , J. J. 1998 . “Gas–liquid mass transfer phenomena in bio-oxidation experiments of sulphide minerals: a critical review of literature data” . Hydrometallurgy , 48 : 187 – 204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gormely , L. 1992 . “Mechanical agitation and aeration in hydrometallurgical reactors” . Hydrometallurgy , 29 : 217 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehra , A. 1996 . “Gas absorption in reactive slurries: particle dissolution near gas–liquid interface” . Chemical Engineering Science , 51 : 461 – 477 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartlett , R. W. 1996 . “Biooxidation heap pretreatment of sulfide refractory gold ore” . Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review , 16 : 89 – 124 .
   Google Scholar