1,783
Views
178
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Pressure Acid Leaching of Nickel Laterites: A Review

&
Pages 527-599 | Received 04 Mar 1999, Accepted 04 Jan 2000, Published online: 26 Mar 2008

References

  • Acharya S. and Anand S. and Das R. P. , 1992 , Iron rejection through jarosite precipitation during acid pressure leaching of zinc leach residue , Hydrometallurgy , 31 , 101 – 110
  • Allen B. L. and Hajek B. F. , 1989 , Mineral occurrence in soilenvironments, Soil Science Society of America , Dixon J. B. and Weed S. B. , Eds ., , pp. 199 – 278
  • Anderson E. , 1997 , Ramu nickel project - post pre-feasibility . ALTA 1997 Nickel/ Cobalt Pressure Leaching and Hydrometallurgy Forum ALTA Metalurgical Services (Melbourne) ,
  • Anthony M. T. and Flett D. S. , Nickel processing technology: a review , 1997 , Minerals Industry International , , pp. 26 – 42
  • Avotins P. V. and Ahlschlager S. S. and Wicker G. R. , 1979 , The rheology and handling characteristics of laterite slurries , International Laterite Symposium , Eds . Evans D.J.I. , Shoemaker R. S. , and Veltman H. , New Orleans , , pp. 610 – 635
  • Avramidis K. S. and Turian R. M. , 1991 , Yield stress of laterite suspensions , Journal of Colloid and Interface Science , 143 , 54 – 68
  • Baghalha M. and Papangelakis V. G. , Pressure acid leaching of laterites at 250°C: a solution chemical model and its application , Metallurgical and Materials Trans. B , 1998a , 28B , 945 – 952
  • Baghalha M. and Papangelakis V. G. , The ion-association-interaction approach as applied to aqueous H$sub:2$esub:S04-Al$sub:2$esub:(S04)3-MgS04 solutions at 250°C , Metallurgical and Materials Trans. B , 1998b , 28B , 1021 – 1030
  • Baillie M, G. and Cocks G. C. , 1998 , Weda Bay laterite project, Indonesia , ALTA 1998 NickellCohalt Pressure Leachina and Hvdrometallurav Forutn ALTA 1998 Nickel/Cobalt Pressure Leaching and Hydrometallurgy Forum ALTA Melbourne
  • Barkas J. P. , 1998 , The outlook for nickel, Australian Nickel Forum Nickel'98 , IIR Conferences , Perth . Western Australia 9 and 10 February
  • Berezowsky R. M. , 1997 , Laterite - new life of limonites? , Minerals Industry International , Jan , 48 – 55
  • Bhattacharya I. N. and Panda D. and Bandopadhyay P. , 1998 , Rheological behaviour of nickel laterite suspensions , International Journal of Mineral Processing , 53 , 251 – 263
  • Blakey B. C. and Papangelakis V. G. , 1993 , On the synthesis and solubility of hydronium alunite. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (Warrendale) , Extraction and Processing Division Conference , San Francisco , USA , , Warren G.W. , Ed .,, pp. 03 – 19
  • Blakey B. C. and Papangelakis V. G. , 1996 , A study of solid-aqueous equilibria by the speciation approach in hydronium aiunite-sulphuric acid-water system at high temperatures , Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B , 27B , 555 – 566
  • Blight D. F. and Muir I. G. , 1996, The Syerston polymetallic project ALTA 1996 Nickel/Cobalt Pressure Leaching and Hydrometallurgy Forum ALTA Metalurgical Services Melbourne ,
  • Brand N. W. and Butt C. R. M. and Hellsten K. J. , 1996 , Structural and lithological controls in the formation of the Cawse nickel laterite deposits, Western Australia - implications for supergene ore formation and exploration in deeply weathered terrains , Nickel '96: Mineral to Market, Aus, I.M.M Melbourne , , pp. 185 – 190
  • Briceno A. and Osseo-Asare K. , 1965 , Particulates in hydrometallurgy Part 1. Characterisation of laterite acid leach residues , Metallurgical and Materials Transactions , 26B , 1123 – 1131
  • Brindley G. W. and Hang P. T. , 1973 , The nature of garnierites I. Structure, chemical compositions and colour characteristics , Clays and Clay Minerals , 21 , 27 – 40
  • Burger P. A. , 1996a) Origins and characteristics of lateritic nickel deposits, Nickel '96: Mineral to Market, Aus. l.M.M Melbourne , 1996a , pp. 179 – 183
  • Burger P. A. , Ni/Co laterite deposits: geology, evaluation and mining , ALTA 1997 NicketlCobatt Laterite Project Development Seminar ALTA Metalurgical Services Melbourne , 1996b
  • Burger P. A. , The Bulong, Western Australia, Ni/Co laterite deposits - a case history , Nickel '96: Mineral to Market, Aus. l.M.M Melbourne , 1996c , pp. 37 – 41
  • Camuti K. S. and Riel R. G. , 1996 , Mineralogy of the Murrin Murrin nickel laterites Nickel '96: Mineral to Market, Aus. l.M.M Melbourne , , pp. 209 – 210
  • Canterford J. H. , 1985 , Sulphuric acid leaching of cobalt bearing manganese wad , Hydrometallurgy , 14 , 35 – 46
  • Ccrpa A. and Garcia-Gonzalez M. T. and Tartaj P. and Requena J. and Garcell L. R. and Serna C. J. , 1996 , Rheological properties of concentrated lateritic suspensions , Progr. Colloid Polym. Sci , 100 , 266 – 270
  • Chalkley M, E. and Balan R. and Kranz H. U. and Sanchez R. , 1996 , The acid pressure leach process for nickel cobalt laterite: a review of operations at Moa Nickel, S. A., ALTA 1996 Nickel/Cobalt Pressure Leaching and Hydrometallurgy Forum ALTA Metalurgical Services Melbourne ,
  • Chalkley M. E. and Toirac I. L. , 1997 , The acid pressure leach process for nickel and cobalt laterite. Part I: Review of operations at Moa In: Proceedings of the Nickel-Cobalt 97 International Symposium , , Sudbury , Ontario , Canada , C1M (Montreal) Cooper, W. C. and Mihaylov, I. Eds , pp. 341 – 353
  • Chandra D. and Ruud C. O. and Siemens R. E. , 1983 , Characterisation of lateritic nickel ores by electron-optical and X-ray techniques , US Department of the Interior Report of Investigations , 3835 12
  • Chavcs R. A. and Karelin V. V. and Sobolev B. P. , 1968 , side reactions during sulphuric acid process of extracting nickel and cobalt from Cuban laterites, Tsvetnye Metally , , pp. 66 – 70 (English edition)
  • Chou E. C. and Queneau P. B. and Rickard R. S. , 1977 , Sulphuric acid pressure leaching of nickelifcrous limonites , Metallurgical Transactions B , 8B , 547 – 554
  • Cornell R. M. , 1991 , Simultaneous incorporation of Mn, Ni and Co in the goethite (o-FeOOH) structure , Clay Minerals , 26 , 427 – 430
  • Cornell R. M. and Giovanoli R. , 1989 , Effect of cobalt on the formation of crystalline iron oxides from ferrihydrite in alkaline media , Clays and Clay Minerals , 37 , 65 – 70
  • Costa M. L. , 1997 , Lateritisation as a major process of ore deposit formation in the Amazon region , Explor. Mining Geoi , 6 1 , 79 – 104
  • Czerny C. and Whittington B. , 1999 , 1999) Scale formation in the pressure acid leach process, ALTA 1999 Nickcl/Cobalr Pressure Leaching and Hydromerallurgy Forum ALTA 1999 Nickel/Cobalt Pressure Leaching and Hydrometallurgy Forum ALTA Metalurgical Services Melbourne ,
  • Da Silva F. T. , 1992 , A thermodynamic approach for the sulphuric acid pressure leaching of nickeliferous laterites , Minerals Engineering , 05 09 , 1061 – 1068
  • Das G. K. and Acharya S. and Anand S. and Das R. P. , 1995, Acid pressure leaching of nickel-containing chromite overburden in the presence of additives, Hydrometallurgy , 39, 117–128
  • Das G. K. and Anand S. and Acharya S. and Das R. P. , 1997 , Characterisation and acid pressure leaching of various nickel-bearing chromite overburden samples , Hydro-metallurgy , 44 , 97 – 111
  • Das G. K. and Acharya S. and Anand S. and Das R. P. , 1996 , Jarosites: a review , Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review , 16 , 185 – 210
  • Deer W. A. and Howie R. A. and Zussman J. , 1992 , An Inrroducrion ro the Rock Forming Minerals, Longman ,
  • Duyvesteyn W. P. C. and Wicker G. R. and Doane R. E. , 1979 , An omnivorous process for laterite deposits, International Laterite Symposium: Evans D. J. I. , Shoemaker R. S. , and Veltman H. , Eds American Institute of Mining, Metalurgical and Petroleum Engineers , , pp. 553 – 570
  • Faris M. D. and Collins M. J. and Becker G. S. and Matheson P. J. and Lennard G. A. , 1997 , The Calliope project: pressure acid leaching of nickel laterite ores from New Caledonia , Proceedings of the Nickel-Cobalt 97 International Symposium , 409 – 424
  • Fekete S. O. and Wicker G. R. and Duyvesteyn W. P. C. and Shieh D. F. , 1978 , Acid leaching of nickeliferous oxide ores with minimised scaling . US Patent 4098870 , , pp. 8
  • Fischer L. and Zur Muhlen E. and Brummer G. W. and Niehus H. , 1996 , Atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigations of the surface topography of a multidomain porous goethite, , European Journal of Soil Science , 47 , 329 – 334
  • Gasser U. G. and Jeanroy E. and Mustin C. and Barres O. and Nuesch R. and Berthelin J. and Herbillon A. J. , 1996 , Properties of synthetic goethites with Co for Fe substitution , Clay Minerals , 31 , 465 – 476
  • Georgiou D. and Perdikis P. and Papangelakis V. G. , 1994 , Investigating the behaviour of iron solid products during direct acid leaching of limonitic laterites, Separarion Processes : Separation Processes: Heavy Metals, Ions and Minerals , Misra M. Ed. , (Warrendale) The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society , , pp. 275 – 286
  • Georgiou D. , 1995 , Kinetics of nickel dissolution during sulphuric acid pressure leaching of a limonitic laterite , M.Sc, Thesis University of Toronto , , p. 128
  • Georgiou D. and Papangelakis V. G. , 1998 , Sulphuric acid pressure leaching of a limonitic laterite: chemistry and kinetics , Hydrometallurgy , 49 23046
  • Gerth J. , 1990 , Unit cell dimensions of pure and trace metal-associated goethites , Geochim. et Cosmochim. Ada , 54 , 363 – 371
  • Golightly J. P. , 1979 , Nickeliferous laterites: a general description , International Laterite Symposium Ed . Evans D. J. I. , Shoemaker R. S. , and Veltman H. , New Orleans , American Institute of Mining , , Metalurgical and Petroleum Engineers pp. 3 – 23
  • Golightly J. P. , 1981 , Nickeliferous laterite deposits , Economic Geology , , pp. 710 – 735
  • Griffen A. , 1998 , The Marlborough laterites project, ALTA 1998 Nickel/Cobalr Pressure Leaching and Hydromerallurgy Foruni , ALTA 1998 Nickel/Cobalt Pressure Leaching and Hydrometallurgy Forum ALTA Metalurgical Services Melbourne ,
  • Haigh C. J. , 1967 , The hydrolysis of iron in acid solutions , Proc. Aust. Inst. Min. Met , Sep , 49 – 56
  • Hamilton J. , 1998 , Ravensthorpe: Australia's next nickel laterite mine? , Australias Mining Monthly , May , 28 – 29
  • Hayward N. , 1998 , Treatment of nickel laterites - Bulong nickel project - process design , AJ Parker CRC/AMF “Hydrometallurgy - Current Practice” Short Course , Perth , Western Australia , June , , Perth , pp. 22 – 24
  • Hazen N. and Chou E. , 1997 , Development of process design criteria for HPAL nickel laterite projects , ALTA 1997 NickeljCoball Pressure Leaching and Hydrometallurgy Forum ALTA Metalurgical Services Melbourne ,
  • Hellsten K. J. and Lewis C. R. , 1996, Cawse nickel laterite deposit ALTA 1996 Nickel/ Cobalt Pressure Leaching and Hydromelallurgy Forum ALTA Metalurgical Services Melbourne ,
  • Iler R. K. , 1952 , Polymerisation of silicic acid: retarding effect of chromateion , J. Phys. Chem , 56 , 678 – 679
  • Iler R. K. and Queneau P. B. and Cooperrider M. W. , 1983 , Control of silica scale during acid leaching of lateritic ore , US Patent number , 04 , 399 – 109
  • Kirk-Othmer. , 1995 , Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology , Fourth Edition New York Wiley Interscience ,
  • Krause E. , 1996 , Method for acidic leaching of lateritic ores , US Patent 5575981 , , p. 7
  • Krause E. and Singhal A. and Blakey B. C. and Papangelakis V. G. and Georgiou D. , 1997 , Sulphuric acid leaching of nickeliferous laterites , In: Proceedings of the Nickel-Cobalt 97 International Symposium , Montreal Sudbury , Ontario , Canada , , CIM , Cooper W. C. and Mihaylov I. Eds . pp. 441 – 458
  • Krause E. and Blakey B. C. and Papangelikis V. G. , 1998 , Pressure acid leaching of nickeliferous laterite ores , ALTA 1998 Nickel/Cobalt Pressure Leaching and Hydrometallurgy Forum ALTA Metalurgical Services Melbourne ,
  • Kumar R. and Ray R. K. and Biswas A. K. , 1989 , Nickel, cobalt and copper bearing synthetic model oxyhydroxides of manganese (IV) - relevance in manganese nodule processing , Productivity and Technology in the Metallurgical Industries , Koch M. and Taylor J. C. , Eds ., , pp. 561 – 586
  • Kumar R. and Ray R. K. and Biswas A. K. , 1990 , Physico-chemical nature and leaching behaviour of goethites containing Ni, Co and Cu in the sorption and coprecipitation mode , Hydrometallurgy , 25 , 61 – 83
  • Kyle J. H. , 1996 , Pressure acid leaching of Australian nickel/cobalt laterites , Nickel' 96: Mineral to Market, Aus. l.M.M . Melbourne , , pp. 245 – 250
  • Kyle J. H. and Furfaro D. , 1997 , The Cawse nickel/cobalt laterite project metallurgical process development , In: Proceedings of the Nickel-Cobalt 97 International Symposium Sudbury , Ontario , Canada , , Cooper W. C. and Mihaylov I. , Eds pp. 379 – 389
  • Kyle J. H. and Corrans I. J. , 1998 , Pilot plant testing of nickel laterites , ALTA 1998 Nickel/Cobalt Pressure Leaching and Hydrometallurgy Forum. ,
  • Lawrence L. , 1996 , Geochemical responses within lateritic profiles over barren and mineralised ultrafumic rocks: implications for nickel exploration in the Yilgarn block, Western Australia , Nickel' 96: Mineral to Market, Aus. I.M.M , Melbourne , , pp. 167 – 171
  • Loughnan F. C. , 1969 , Chemical weathering of the silicate minerals , American Elsevier Publishing Co New York ,
  • Lussiez G. W. and Reid H. F. , 1977 , Fluidising means for reducing viscosity of slurries , US Patent 4065105 , , p. 16
  • Lussiez G. W. and Jha M. , 1983 , Chemical dissolution of scale formed during pressure leaching of nickeliferous oxide and silicate ores , US Patent 4 , . 374 , pp. 101
  • McKenzie R. M. , 1967 , The sorption of cobalt by manganese minerals in soils , Aust. J. Soil Res , 05 , 235 – 246
  • McKenzie R. M. , 1970 , The reaction of cobalt with manganese dioxide minerals , Aust. J. Soil Res , 08 , 97 – 106
  • Manceau A. and Drits V. A. and Silvester E. and Bartoli C. and Lanson B. , 1997 , Structural mechanism of Co$sup:2+$esup: oxidation by the phyllomanganate buserite , American Mineralogist , 82 , 1150 – 1175
  • Marshall W. L. and Slusher R. , 1965 , Aqueous systems at high temperature. XV. Solubility and hydrolytic instability of magnesium sulphate in sulphuric acid-water and deuterosulphuric acid - deuterium oxide solutions , 200° to 350°C, Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data , 10 , 353 – 358
  • Mason P. G. and Groutsch J. V. and Mayze R. S. and White D. , 1997, Process development and plant design for the Cawse nickel project,, ALTA 1997 Nickel/Cobalt Pressure Leaching and Hydrometallurgy Forum ALTA Metalurgical Services Melbourne ,
  • Mason P. and Hawker M. , 1988 , Ramu nickel process piloting . ALTA 1998 Nickel/ Cobalt Pressure Leaching and Hydrometallurgy Forum ALTA Metalurgical Services Melbourne ,
  • Matos R. R. , 1997 , Industrial experience with the Ni/Co sulphide precipitation process , In: Proceedings of the Nickel-Cobalt 97 International Symposium Sudbury , Ontario , Canada , Cooper W.C. , and Mihaylov I. Eds., CIM (Montreal) , pp. 371 – 378
  • Monhemius A. J. , 1987 , Treatment of laterite ores of nickel lo produce ferronickcl, matte or precipitated sulphide , Critical Reports on Applied Chemistry Volume 17 Extractive Metallurgy of Nickel , New York Wiley , , Burkin A. R. , Ed . pp. 51 – 75
  • Monti R. and Fazakerley V. W. , 1996 , The Murrin Murrin nickel cobalt project , Nickel '96: Mineral to Market, Aus. I.M.M Melbourne , , pp. 191 – 195
  • Motteram G. and Ryan M. and Berzowsky R. and Raudsepp R. , 1996 , ,Murrin Murrin nickel/cobalt project developement overview . ALTA 1996 Nickell Cobalt Pressure Leaching and Hydrqmetalurgy Forum ALTA Metalurgical Services Melbourne ,
  • Motteram G. and Ryan M. and Weizenbach R. , 1997 , Application of the pressure acid leach process to Western Australian nickel/cobalt laterites , In: Proceedings of the Nickel – Cobalt 97 International Symposium Montreal Ontarion , Canada , CIM , Cooper W. C. , and Mihaylov I. Eds ., pp. 391 – 407
  • Newman A. C. D. and Brown G. , 1987 , The chemical constitution of clays , In: Chemistry of Clays and Clay Minerals , Newman A. C. D. , Ed pp. 2 – 128
  • Palache C. and Berman H. and Frondel C. , 1951 , The Svstem of Mineralonv . Wiley and
  • Papangelakis V.G. and Blakey B.C. and Liao H. , 1951 , Hematite solubility in supphate process solutions Hydermellur 94 . IMM. SCI. Champman and Hall London , UK , pp. 159 – 175
  • Papangelakis V.G. and Balkey B.C. and Liao H. , Control of iron during the press leaching of linonitic laterites . Proc. Second Int. Symp. Iron control in Hydromelal1urgy, Iron Control and Disposal , 1994a Dutrizac J.E. , and Harris G. B. CIM (Montreal)
  • Perdikis P. , 1996 , Scale formation in a batch reactor under pressure acid leaching of limonitic laterite , M.Sc. Thesis , University of Toronto , Canada , , pp. 125
  • Queneau P. B. and Doane R. E. and Berggren M. H. and Cooperrider M. W. , Controlling scale composition during acid pressure leaching of laterite and gar- nierite ore , US Patent 4,415 , 1983a , pp. 415 – 542
  • Queneau P. B. and Berggren M. H. and Cooperrider M. W. and Doane R. E. , Control of silica deposition during pressure let-down of acidic leach slurries , In: Hydrometallurgy Research, Development and Plant Practice , The Metallurgical Society of AIME , 1983b Osseo-Asare K. and Miller J. D. , Eds .,
  • Queneau P. B. and Doane R. E. and Cooperrider M. W. and Berggren M. H. and Rey P. , 1984 , Control of autoclave scaling during acid pressure leaching of nickeliferous laterite ore , Metallurgical Trans. B , 15B , 433 – 440
  • Queneau P. B. and Berthold C. E. , 1986 , Silica in hydrometallurgy: an overview , Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly , 25 , 201 – 209
  • Queneau P. B. and Weir D. R. , 1986 , Control of iron during hydrometallurgical processing of nickeliferous lalerite ores , In: Iron Control in Hydrometallurgy , Ellis Horwood Limited , Chichester , UK , , Dutrizac J. E. , and Monhemius A. J. Eds ., pp. 76 – 105
  • Read H. H. , 1970, Rurley's elenrenrs ofnrineralogy , 26th edition, Thomas Murby and Co , London .
  • Reid J. G. , 1996 , Laterite ores - nickel and cobalt resources for the future , Nickel' 96: Mineral to Market, Aus. l.M.M . ( Melbourne , ), pp. 11 – 16
  • Roach G. I. D. and Cornell J. B. , 1985 , Scaling in Bayer plants , Chemeca , 85 , pp. 217 – 222
  • Schellmann W. , 1978 , Behaviour of nickel, cobalt and chromium in ferruginous lateritic nickel ores , Bulletin du Bureau Recherches Geoloiques et Minieres Section II , 03 , pp. 275 – 282
  • Schwertmann U. and Taylor R M. , 1989 , Iron oxides . In: Minerals in Soil Environments, Soil Science Society of America , , Dixon J. B. , and Weed S. B. Eds pp. 379 – 438
  • Sen R. and Yarar B. and Spottiswood D. J. and Schowengerdt F. D. , 1984 , Application of quantitative mineralogy to the concentration of a laterite ore , Proc. Second Int. Congress Applied Mineralogy in the Minerals Industry , , Park W. C. , Hausen D. M. and Hagani R. D. , Eds pp. 441 – 466
  • Siedel A. , ( 1965 ) Soluhiliries : inorganic and meral-organic conrpounds , Fourth Edition , Linke W. L. , revisor , American Chemical Society , Washington 2 , , D. C. , 524 – 526
  • Sobol S. I. , 1967 , Formation and importance of the crust during leaching of lateritic ore at Moa Bay (Oriente, Cuba) , Original in Revista Technologies (Cuba) ,
  • Sobol S. I. , 1968 , Mineral composition of the Moa Bay laterites and its influence on the leaching process by sulphuric acid in autoclaves , Nuestra Industria, Revista Tcchnologica , 06 , 3 – 24
  • Sobol S, I. , 1969 , Physico-chemical studies of the composition and conditions of formation of the crust (scale) in the reactors of the Moa Bay leaching plant , Revista Tcchnologica , pp. 7 – 3
  • Stecmson M. L. , 1966 , Planning and execution of a metallurgical test program for laterite pressure leaching , ALTA 1996 Nickel/Cobalt Pressure Leaching and Hydrometallurgy Forum ALT A Metalurgical Services Melbourne ,
  • Stucki J. W. , 1988 , Structural iron in smectites , In: Iron in Soils and Clay Minerals Reidel Publishing Company , Boston , , Stucki J. W. , Goodman B. A. , and Schwertermann U. , Eds ., pp. 625 – 675
  • Taylor A. , 1996 , Engineering issues and economics of pressure leaching of laterites , ALTA 1996 NickelfCobait Pressure Leaching and Hydrometallurgy Forum ALTA Metalurgical Services Melbourne ,
  • Taylor A. T. , Pressure acid leaching , ALTA 1997 Nickel/Cobalt Laterite Project Development Seminar ALTA Metalurgical Services Melbourne , 1997a
  • Taylor A. , Process selection , ALTA 1997 Nickel/Cobalt Laterite Project Development Seminar ALTA Metalurgical Services Melbourne , 1977b
  • Taylor A. and Cairns D. , 1997 , Technical development of the Bulong lalerite treatment project , ALTA 1997 Nickel/Cobalt Pressure Leaching and Hydrometallurgy Forum ALTA Metalurgical Services Melbourne ,
  • Taylor R. M. , 1987 , Non-silicate oxides and hydroxides , In: Chemistry of Clays and Clay Minerals, Mineraological Society Monograph No. 6 Longman Scientific and Technical , , Newman A. C. D. Ed . pp. 129 – 201
  • Terrell J. and Dollar G. , 1988 , Nickel Provides Prospect , WA Dept. Res. Development , December-February , pp. 129 – 2
  • Tindall G, P. and Muir D. M. , 1996 , Transformation of iron oxide in nickel laterite processing . Proc. Second. Int. Symp. on Iron Control in Hydrometallurgy, Iron Control and Disposal , CIM (Montreal) Dutrizac J. E. , and Harris G. B. , Eds ., pp. 249 – 262
  • Tindall G. P. and Muir D. M. , 1997 , Settling rates of nickel-laterite clay-rich residues from high-temperature acid leaching , In: Proceedings of the Nickel-Cobalt 97 International Symposium Sudbury , Ontario , Canada , , Cooper W. C. and Mihaylov I. , Eds ., pp. 459 – 470 CIM(Montreal)
  • Tindall G. P. and Muir D. M. , 1988, Effect of Eh on the rate and mechanism of the transformation of goethite into hematite in a high temperature acid leach process, Hydrometallurgy , 47, 377–381
  • Tozawa K. and Sasaki K. , 1986 , Effect of coexisting sulphates on precipitation of ferric oxide from ferric sulphate solutions at elevated temperatures , Iron Control in Hydrometallurgy, Dutrizac Ellis Horwood , Chichester , UK , Dutrizac J.E. and Monhemius A. J. , Eds ., pp. 454 – 476
  • Troly G. and Esterle M. and Pelletier B. and Reibell W. , 1979 , Nickel deposits in New Caledonia: some factors influencing their formation . International Laterite Symposium New Orleans , American Institute of Mining , , Metalurgical and Petroleum Engineers , Eds . Evans D. J. I. , Shoemaker R. S. , and Veltman H. , pp. 85 – 119
  • Umetsu Y. and Tozawa K. and Sasaki K.I. , 1977 , The hydrolysis of ferric sulphate solutions at elevated temperatures , The Metallurgical Society of ClM , , pp. 111 – 117
  • Vracar R. Z. and Cerovic K. P. , 1977 , Kinetics of oxidation of Fe(l1) ions by gaseous oxygen at high temperatures in an autoclave , Hydrometallurgy , , pp. 113 – 124

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.