Corrosion of Zirconium Alloys in Nuclear Applications – A Review

References

• Palit , G. C. and Gadiyar , H. S. 1987 . “Pitting corrosion of zirconium in chloride solution” . Corros. , 43 : 140
   Google Scholar
• Palit , G. C. and Elayaperumal , K. 1978 . “Passivity and pitting of corrosion resistant pure metals Ta, Nb, Zr, Cr, and Al in chloride solutions” . Corros. Sci. , 18 : 169
   Google Scholar
• Galvele , J. R. 1976 . “Transport processes and the mechanism of pitting of metals” . J. Electrochem. Soc. , 123 : 464
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vetter , K. J. and Strehblow , H. H. 1974 . “Pitting corrosion in an early stage and its theoretical implications” . In Localized Corrosion, NACE-3 , Edited by: Staehle , R. W. , Brown , B. F. , Kruger , J. and Agrawal , A. K. 240 Houston, Texas : National Association of Corrosion Engineers .
   Google Scholar
• Hoar , T. P. 1967 . “The production and breakdown of the passivity of metals” . Corros. Sci. , 7 : 341
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck , T. R. 1973 . “Pitting of Titanium, I Titanium – foil experiments” . J. Electrochem. Soc. , 120 : 1310
   Google Scholar
• Beck , T. R. 1973 . “Pitting of Titanium, II one dimensional pit experiments” . J. Electrochem. Soc. , 120 : 1317
   Google Scholar
• Beck , T. R. and Alkire , R. C. 1979 . “Occurrence of salt films during initiation and growth of corrosion pits” . J. Electrochem. Soc. , 126 : 1662
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolotyrkin , Ya. M. 1961 . “Effects of anions on the dissolution kinetics of metals” . J. Electrochem. Soc. , 108 : 209
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolotyrkin , Ya. M. 1963 . “Pitting corrosion of metals” . Corros. , 19 : 261t
   Google Scholar
• Palit , G. C. 2000 . “Pit simulation study of zirconium under simple immersion conditions in oxidizing chloride solutions” . Corros. , 56 : 523
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , D. E. 1955 . 1st Geneva Conf. on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy , 9 : 407
   Google Scholar
• Ambartsumyan , R. S. 1958 . et al. , 5 : 12 2nd Geneva Conf on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy
   Google Scholar
• Gadiyar , H. S. and Balachandra , J. 1970 . “Studies on Anodic and Corrosion films formed on iodide–zirconium including impedance measurements” . Trans. Society for Advancement of Electrochemical Science and Technology , 5 : 25
   Google Scholar
• Gadiyar H. S. ( 1978 ). Trans. Indian Institute of Metals , 31 , 449 .
   Google Scholar
• Gadiyar , H. S. , Sivaramakrishna , K. S. and Balachandra , J. 1971 . “Hydride distribution in Kroll Zr and Zircaloy-2 after oxidation in steam at 550°C” . Indian J. of Tech. , 9 : 246
   Google Scholar
• Gadiyar , H. S. , Phadnis , S. V. and Balachandra , J. 1973 . “Oxidation and oxide characteristics of zirconium alloys in oxygen at 600 – 700°C” . J. Electrochem. Soc. of India , 22 : 157
   Google Scholar
• Gadiyar , H. S. and Balachandra , J. 1973 . “Effect of halide ions in the passivity of ziconium and zirconium alloys in IN sulphuric acid solution” . Proc. 14th Seminar on Electrochemistry , : 415
   Google Scholar
• Gadiyar , H. S. , Grover , A. K. and Balachandra , J. 1969 . “Effect of halide ions on film formation of Zr-0.5% Nb-1% Cr alloy in aqueous system” . In BARC Report No. 419 , Trombay : Bhabha Atomic Research Centre . Mumbai, India
   Google Scholar
• Gadiyar , H. S. and Balachandra , J. 1974 . “Studies in corrosion of Zr–Cu binaries and Zr–Nb–Be ternary alloys in water, steam and oxygen” . Indian J. of Tech. , 12 : 211
   Google Scholar
• Gadiyar , H. S. and Balachandra , J. 1972 . “Studies in corrosion of Zr-0.5 wt% Nb-1 wt% Cr alloy in dynamic water system at 500°F (260°C)” . In BARC Report-I- 188 , Trombay : Bhabha Atomic Research Centre . Mumbai, India
   Google Scholar
• Gadiyar , H. S. 1973 . “Studies on corrosion of zirconium alloys in high temperature water and steam” , India : Bombay University . PhD Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Gadiyar , H. S. and Balachandra , J. 1975 . “Oxidation kinetics and hydrogen absorption of alloys of zirconium with niobium and chromium” . Trans. Indian Institute of Metals , 19 : 385
   Google Scholar
• Gadiyar , H. S. and Balachandra , J. 1975 . “Stress measurements and structural studies during oxidation of zirconium base alloys” . Trans. Indian Institute of Metals , 19 : 391
   Google Scholar
• Elayaperumal , K. and Gadiyar , H. S. 1976 . “Some basic studies on corrosion of metals and alloys of interest to Atomic Energy Programmes” . Trans. Society for Advancement of Electrochemical Science and Technology , 11 : 43
   Google Scholar
• Gadiyar , H. S. , Chakravorty , S. and Balachandra , J. 1976 . “Role of Oxide plasticity in the oxidation behaviour of zirconium alloys” . Indian J. of Tech. , 14 : 242
   Google Scholar
• Gadiyar , H. S. and Phadnis , S. V. 1983 . “Interaction between zirconium alloys and steam in the temperature range 400–750°C” . Indian J. of Tech. , 21 : 259
   Google Scholar
• Gadiyar , H. S. 1985 . “Corrosion and hydriding of fuel cladding materials” . IAEA TECDOC-356 , : 121
   Google Scholar
• Lustman , B. and Kerze , F. 1955 . “The metallurgy of Zr” , New York : McGraw Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Cox , B. 1961 . “Recent developments in zirconium alloy corrosion technology, Technology” . In Engineering and Safety , Vol. 4 , 166 Oxford : Pergamon .
   Google Scholar
• Kass , S. 1964 . “The development of the Zircaloys” . ASTM STP-368 , : 3
   Google Scholar
• Phadnis , S. V. , Chauhan , P. K. and Gadiyar , H. S. 1983 . “Ellipsometric evaluation of various pretreatments on Zircaloy-2” . J. Electrochem. Soc. of India , 32 : 41
   Google Scholar
• McDonald , S. G. , Sabol , G. P. and Sheppard , K. D. 1983 . “Effect of lithium hydroxide on the corrosion behaviour of Zircaloy-4” . ASTM STP-824 , : 519
   Google Scholar
• Cox , B. and Wu , C. 1993 . “Dissolution of zirconium oxide films in 300°C LiOH” . J. Nucl. Mater. , 199 : 272
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong , Y. H. , Kim , H. G. , Jung , Y. H. and Ruhmann , H. 1999 . “Effect of LiOH, NaOH and KOH on corrosion and oxide microstructure of Zr-based alloys” . IAEA TECDOC , : 115
   Google Scholar
• Cox , B. 1976 . “Oxidation of zirconium and its alloys” . In Advances in corrosion science and technology , Edited by: Fontana , M. G. and Staehle , R. W. 173 N.Y. : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Cox , B. , Wong , Y.-M. and Hoang , T. 1995 . “Electrically conducting paths in zirconia films” . J. Nucl. Mater. , 223 : 202
   Google Scholar
• Kruger , R. M. , Adamson , R. B. and Brenner , S. S. 1992 . J. Nucl. Mater. , : 189 1993
   Google Scholar
• Bangaru , N. V. , Busch , R. A. and Schemel , J. H. 1985 . ASTM STP-939 , : 341
   Google Scholar
• Rudling , P. , Lundblad Vannesjo , K. , Vesterlund , G. and Massih , A. R. 1985 . ASTM STP-939 , : 292
   Google Scholar
• Garzarolli F. Steinberg E. Weidinger H. G. ( 1989 ). Zirconium in the nuclear industry , ASTM STP-1023 , p. 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Uno , M. , Kamiyama , T. , Anada , H. , Miyake , C. and Suzuki , K. 1996 . “Small angle X-ray scattering of small precipitates in zircaloy” . J. Nucl. Mater. , 231 : 34
   Google Scholar
• Sen D.. Mazumdar|S. Tewari R. De P. K. Amenitsch H. Bernstorff S. ( 2000 ). “Investigation on precipitation in Zircaloy-2 fuel cladding tube” , J. Alloys and Compounds , 308 .
   Google Scholar
• De , P. K. , John T. , John , Raman , V. V. and Banerjee , S. 1993 . “Stress distribution and hydride orientation in Zr–Nb–Cu garter spring under complex loading” . J. Nucl. Mater. , 203 : 94
   Google Scholar
• Davies P. H. Stearns C. P. ( 1986 ). Fracture Mechanics (Eds. Underwood J. H. Chait R. Smith C. W. Wilhelm D. P. Newman J. C. ), 17, ASTM STP-905, 379.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace A. C. Shek G. K. Lepik O. E. ( 1989 ). Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry , ASTM STP-1023 , p. 16 .
   Google Scholar
• De , P. K. , John T. , John , Banerjee , S. , Jayakumar , T. , Thavasimuthu , M. and Baldev , Raj . 1998 . “Assessment of hydrogen levels in Zircaloy-2 by non-destructive testing” . J. Nucl. Mater. , 252 : 43
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox , B. 1975 . Reviews on Coatings and Corrosion . 1 : 366 Yahalom J
   Google Scholar
• De P. K. Elayaperumal K. Balachandra J. ( 1970 ). Trans. Society for Advancement of Electrochemical Science and Technology , India, 5 , 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Elayaperumal K. De P. K. Balachandra J. ( 1971 ) Corros. Sci. , 11 , 579 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palit G. C. Elayaperumal K. ( 1976 ). Corros. , 32 , 276 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox B. ( 1973 ). Corros. , 29 , 157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elayaperumal K. De P. K. Balachandra J. ( 1972 /73). J. Nucl. Mater. , 45 , 323 .
   Google Scholar
• De , P. K. , Elayaperumal , K. and Balachandra . 1972 . Paper Presented at the Silver Jubilee Symposium of Metallurgy , Bangalore, India : Indian Institute of Science .
   Google Scholar
• Palit G. C. De P. K. Elayaperumal K. ( 1973 ). Electrochem. Acta , 18 , 927 .
   Google Scholar
• Golozar M. A. Scully J. C. ( 1982 ). Corros. Sci. , 22 , 1015 .
   Google Scholar
• Golden L. B. Lane I. R. Acherman W. L. ( 1952 and 1953). Ind. Eng. Chem. , 44 , 1930 and 45, 782 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lusby W. E. Jr. ( 1957 ). Corros. , 13 , >654t .
   Google Scholar
• Gesver P. J. Wilson W. L. ( 1959 ). Corros. , 15 , 341t .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn W. E. ( 1959 and 1961). Corros. , 15 , 103t and 16, 136t .
   Google Scholar
• Yau L. T. Maguire M. ( 1984 and 1985). Corros. , 40 , 289 and 41, 397 .
   Google Scholar
• Dunham J. T. Kalo H. ( 1961 ). “Stress corrosion cracking susceptibility of zirconium in ferric chloride solution” , US Bureau of Mines Report , BM-RI-5758.
   Google Scholar
• Hackerman N. Cecil O. B. ( 1954 ). J. Electrochem. Soc. , 101 , 419 .
   Google Scholar
• Maraghini M. Adams G. B. Van Ryssolberghe P. ( 1954 ). ibid , 101 , 400 .
   Google Scholar
• Mankowski G. Roques Y. Chatainier G. Dabosi F. ( 1984 ). Br. Corros. J. , 19 , 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roques Y. Mankowski G. Chatainier G. Debosi F. ( 1984 ). Corros. , 40 , 561 .
   Google Scholar
• Knittel D. R. Bronson A. ( 1984 ). ibid , 40 , 409 .
   Google Scholar
• Speidel , M. O. 1971 . “Subcritical crack growth in zirconium alloys” , Los Angeles : ASTM-E24-VI Committee .
   Google Scholar
• Ghosal , S. K. and De , P. K. “Environment induced cracking of Zircaloy-2 fuel cladding tube” . Proc. Tech. Com. Meeting, IAEA . 13–16th October , Vienna, Austria. pp. 27
   Google Scholar
• Wood , J. C. 1972 . “Factors affecting stress corrosion cracking of zircaloy in iodine vapour” . J. Nucl. Mater. , 45 : 105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox B. Wood J. C. , Proc. Conf. Mechanisms of Environment Sensitive Cracking of Materials , Guildford UK , April , 1977 , p. 520 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith E. Miller A. K. ( 1979 ). J. Nucl. Mater. , 80 , 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Videm K. Lunde L. ( 1976 ). Annals of Nuclear Energy , 3 , 305 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garlick A. ( 1973 ). J. Nucl. Mater. , 49 , 209 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood , J. C. 1974 . “Interactions between stressed zirconium alloys and iodine at 300°C” . Nucl. Tech. , 23 : 63
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunisholz L. Lemaignan C. ( 1987 ). ASTM STP-939, p. 700 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith E. ( 1980 ). J. Nucl. Mater. , 89 , 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Jones R. L. Cubicciotti D. Syrett B. C. ( 1980 ). J. Nucl. Mater. , 91 , 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knorr D. B. Pelloux R. M. Van Swam L. F. P. ( 1982 ). J. Nucl. Mater. , 110 , 232 .
   Google Scholar
• Knorr D. B. Pelloux R. M. ( 1982 ). Met. Trans. , 13A , 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Syrett B. C. Cubicciotti D. Jones R. L. ( 1981 ). Nucl. Tech. , 55 , 628 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddad R. E. Dorado A. O. ( 1974 ). ASTM STP -1245, p. 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Cox B. ( 1970 ). Report AECL 35511, Atomic energy of Canada Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Cox B. ( 1972 ). Corros. , 28 , 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosal S. K. John T. John De P. K. ( 2000 ). “Stress corrosion cracking of ziconium alloy fuel cladding” , Report. Co-ordinated Research Project , IAEA.
   Google Scholar
• Wachob , H. and Nelson , H. G. 1979 . Environment Sensitive Fracture of Engineering Materials , 314 New York : TMS-AIME .
   Google Scholar
• Lemaignan C. Schuster I. , Proc. Tech. Com. Meeting, IAEA , Vienna Austria , 13–16th October , 1987 , p. 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Videm K. Lunde L. ( 1977 ). Proc. ANS Topical Meeting on Water Reactor Fuel Performance, American Nuclear Society , La Grange Park IL , p. 274 .
   Google Scholar
• Hardy D. G. Wood J. C. Bain A. S. ( 1978 ). CANDU Fuel Performance and Development , Proc. 18th Annual Conf. Of Canadian Nuclear Association , Ottawa .
   Google Scholar
• Wood J. C. Surrette B. A. Aitchinson I. ( 1980 ). Corros. , 88 , 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Grubb W. T. ( 1977 ). Nature , 265 , 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Grubb W. T. Morgan M. H. ( 1977 ). Proc. ANS Topical Meeting on Water Reactor Fuel Performance, American Nuclear Society , St. Charles Illinois , p. 295 .
   Google Scholar
• Wood J. C. Surrette B. A. London I. M. Baird J. ( 1975 ). J. Nucl. Mater. , 57 , 155 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNE K. ( 1979 ). J. Nucl. Mater. , 87 , 207 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox B. ( 1990 ). J. Nucl. Mater. , 172 , 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuster , I. and Lemaignan , C. 1992 . “Stress corrosion cracking and corrosion fatigue in zirconium alloys” . In Corrosion Deformation Interactions, CDI'92 , Edited by: Magnin , T. and Gras , J. M. 263 France : Fontainebleau .
   Google Scholar
• Cubicciotti Jones R. L. Syrett B. C. ( 1982 ). ASTM STP-754, p. 146 .
   Google Scholar