2,993
Views
136
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Removal of Iron From Aluminum: A Review

, , &
Pages 99-157 | Published online: 07 Dec 2011

REFERENCES

  • Alemany , A. , Argous , J. P. , Barbet , J. , Ivanes , M. , Moreau , R. , and Poinsot , S. , 1980 , “Electromagnetic device for the separation of inclusions contained in an electrically conducitve fluid.” French Patent No. 80400 4430.
  • Allen , C. M. , O'reilly , K. A. Q. , Cantor , B. , and Evans , P. V. , 1998 , “Intermetallic phase selection in 1xxx Al alloys.” Progress in Materials Science , 43 , pp. 89 – 170 .
  • Apelian , D. , 2009 , “Aluminum cast alloys: Enabling tools for improved performance.” In Worldwide Report , Wheeling , IL : NADCA , 2009.
  • Ashtari , P. , Tezuka , H. , and Sato , T. , 2003 , “Influence of Sr and Mn additions on intermetallic compound morphologies in Al-Si-Cu-Fe cast alloys.” Materials Transactions , 44 , pp. 2611 – 2616 .
  • Awano , Y. and Shimizu , Y. , 1990, “Non-equilibrium crystallization of alfesi compound in melt-superheated Al-Si alloy castings.” In Transactions of the American Foundrymen's Society , Detroit, Michigan , MI : American Foundrymen's Society, pp. 889–895.
  • Backerud , L. , Chai , G. , and Tamminen , J. , 1990 , Solidification Characteristics of Aluminum Alloys. Vol. 2. Foundry Alloys , Detroit : American Foundrymen's Society , p. 266 .
  • Balitchev , E. , Jantzen , T. , Hurtado , I. , and Neuschutz , D. , 2003 , “Thermodynamic assessment of the quaternary system Al-Fe-Mn-Si in the Al-rich corner.” Calphad , 27 , pp. 275 – 278 .
  • Barresi , J. G. , Couper , M. J. , St. John , D. H. , Edwards , G. A. , and Wang , H. , 2002 , “Aluminumalloy for producing high performance shaped castings.” US Patent No. 2002/0155023.
  • Benkahla , B. , Caratini , Y. , Mezin , H. , Renaudier , S. , and Fardeau , S. , 2008 , “Last development in Ap50 cell.” Light Metals , pp. 451 – 455 .
  • Benz , M. G. and Hills , B. , 1992 , “Direct Processing of Electroslag Refined Metal.” US Patent No. 5325906.
  • Bhutani , A. K. , Abraham , K. P. , and Nair , K. D. , 1975 , “Electroslag Refining of Al Alloy.” Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals , 28 , pp. 316 – 318 .
  • Cao , X. and Campbell , J. , 2000 , “Effect of precipitation of primary intermetallic compounds on tensile properties of cast Al-11.5Si-0.4Mg alloy.” Transactions of the American Foundry Society and the 104th Annual Castings Congress, Pittsburgh, PA, April 8–9, pp. 391–400.
  • Cao , X. and Campbell , J. , 2004a , “Effect of Sr on primary *a-Fe phase in liquid Al-11.5Si-0.4Mg cast alloy.” Materials Science and Technology , 20 , pp. 514 – 520 .
  • Cao , X. and Campbell , J. , 2004b , “The solidification characteristics of Fe-rich intermetallics in Al-11.5Si-0.4Mg cast alloys.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science , 35A , pp. 1425 – 1435 .
  • Cao , X. and Campbell , J. , 2006 , “Morphology of beta-Al5FeSi phase in Al-Si cast alloys.” Materials Transactions , 47 , pp. 1303 – 1312 .
  • Cao , X. , Saunders , N. , and Campbell , J. , 2004 , “Effect of iron and manganese contents on convection-free precipitation and sedimentation of primary alpha-Al(Fe Mn)Si phase in liquid Al-11.5Si-0.4Mg alloy.” Journal of Materials Science , 39 , pp. 2303 – 2314 .
  • Carpenter , G. J. C. and Lepage , Y. , 1993 , “Revised cell data for the beta-FeSiAl phase in aluminum alloys.” Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia , 28 , pp. 733 – 736 .
  • Chadwick , R. , Muir , N. B. , and Grainger , H. B. , 1953 , “Effect of iron, manganese, and chromium on properties in sheet form of aluminium alloys containing 0.7% magnesium and 1.0% silicon.” Institute of Metals—Journal , 82 , pp. 75 – 80 .
  • Cho , Y. H. , Lee , H. C. , Oh , K. H. , and Dahle , A. K. , 2008 , “Effect of Strontium and Phosphorus on Eutectic Al-Si Nucleation and Formation of beta-Al5FeSi in Hypoeutectic Al-Si Foundry Alloys.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. , 39 , pp. 2435 – 2448 .
  • Closset , B. and Gruzleski , J. E. , 1982a , “Mechanical properties of A356.0 alloys modified with pure strontium. (Retroactive coverage).” Transactions of the American Foundrymen's Society , 90 , pp. 453 – 464 .
  • Closset , B. and Gruzleski , J. E. , 1982b , “Structure and properties of hypoeutectic Al–Si–Mg alloys modified with pure strontium.” Metallurgical Transactions A , 13 , pp. 945 – 951 .
  • Closset , B. , Paray , F. , Gruzleski , J. , and Mulazimoglu , H. , 1996 , “Microstructures and properties of strontium treated aluminium electrical conductor alloys.” Light Metals , pp. 737 – 744 .
  • Colwell , D. L. and Kissling , R. J. , 1961 , “Die and permanent mold casting aluminum alloy minor elements.” AFS Transactions , 69 , pp. 610 – 615 .
  • Cook , M. and Chadwick , R. , 1944 , “Effect of nickel and iron on properties of wrought aluminium-copper-magnesium alloy.” Institute of Metals—Papers , pp. 423 – 433 .
  • Cooper , M. , 1967, “The crystal structure of the ternary alloy alpha.” ACTA Crystallogr , 23, pp. 1106–1107.
  • Cooper , M. and Robinson , K. , 1966 , “The crystal structure of the ternary alloy alpha-AlMnSi.” ACTA Crystallogr , 20 , pp. 614 – 617 .
  • Couture , A. , 1981 , “Iron in aluminum casting alloys–a literature survey.” International Cast Metals Journal , 6 , pp. 9 – 17 .
  • Crepeau , P. N. , 1995 , “Effect of iron in Al-Si casting alloys: A critical review.” Transactions of the American Foundrymen's Society , 103 , pp. 361 – 366 .
  • Czikel , J. , Pfeiffer , W. D. , Sabath , G. , and Steinhaufl , B. , 1985 , “Effects of zinc, iron and manganese on the properties of AlSi8Cu3 type alloys.” Aluminium , 61 , pp. 917 – 922 .
  • Damoah , L. N. W. and Zhang , L. , 2010 , “Removal of inclusions from aluminum through filtration.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B , 41 , 886 – 907 .
  • Dawless , R. K. , Troup , R. L. , Meier , D. L. , and Rohatgi , A. , 1988 , “Production of extreme-purity aluminum and silicon by fractional crystallization processing.” Journal of Crystal Growth , 89 , pp. 68 – 74 .
  • De Moraes , H. L. , De Oliveira , J. R. , Espinosa , D. C. R. , and Tenorio , J. A. S. , 2006 , “Removal of iron from molten recycled aluminum through intermediate phase filtration.” Materials Transactions , 47 , pp. 1731 – 1736 .
  • Depierre , V. and Bernstein , H. , 1951 , “Grain refinement of aluminum-silicon (5% Si) and aluminum-silicon-magnesium (7% Si, 0.3% Mg) casting alloys.” Transaction of the American Society of Metals , 43 , pp. 635 – 643 .
  • Dichtl , H. J. , 1970 , “Use of molybedenum to compensate for the adverse effect of iron in aluminium-silicon alloys.” Aluminium , 46 , pp. 362 – 364 .
  • Dinnis , C. M. , Taylor , J. A. , and Dahle , A. K. , 2005 , “As-cast morphology of iron-intermetallics in Al-Si foundry alloys.” Scripta Materialia , 53 , pp. 955 – 958 .
  • Dinnis , C. M. , Taylor , J. A. , and Dahle , A. K. , 2006 , “Interactions between iron, manganese, and the Al-Si eutectic in hypoeutectic Al-Si alloys.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A , 37 , pp. 3283 – 3291 .
  • Donnadieu , P. , Lapasset , G. , and Sanders , T. H. , 1994 , “Manganese-induced ordering in the alpha-(Al-Mn-Fe-Si) approximant phase.” Philosophical Magazine Letters , 70 , pp. 319 – 326 .
  • Dunn , R. , 1965 , “Aluminum melting problems and their influence on furnace selection.” Die Casting Engineer , B9 , pp. 8 , 10–12, 14, 16, 20–26, 28, 30.
  • El-Kaddah , N. , 1988 , “Comprehensive mathematical model of electromagnetic separation of inclusion in molten metals.” Conference Record – IAS Annual Meeting (IEEE Industry Applications Society) , 35 , pp. 1162 – 1167 .
  • El-Kaddah , N. , Patel , A. D. , and Natarajan , T. T. , 1995 , “Electromagnetic filtration of molten aluminum using an induced-current separator.” JOM Journal of the Minerals Metals and Materials Society , 47 , pp. 46 – 49 .
  • Flores , A. , Escobedo , J. , Mendez , J. , and Mendez , M. , 1992a , “Kinetic mechanisms of iron segregation from Al-Si-Cu-Fe-Mn melts.” Light Metals , pp. 845 – 850 .
  • Flores , A. , Escobedo , J. C. , Mendex , J. , Mendex , M. , and Mercado , H. , 1992b , “Application of the segregation process for the iron removal from aluminum-silicon scrap.” 3rd International Conference on Molten Aluminum Processing, Orlando, FL, November 9–10, pp. 293–300.
  • Flores , A. , Sukiennik , M. , Castillejos , A. H. , Acosta , F. A. , and Escobedo , J. C. , 1998 , “A kinetic study on the nucleation and growth of the Al8FeMnSi2 intermetallic compound for aluminum scrap purification.” Intermetallics , 6 , pp. 217 – 227 .
  • Fridlyander , I. N. , Tkachenko , E. A. , and Matveets , E. N. , 1981 , “The influence of iron, nickel and zirconium on the structure and properties of type V93pch aluminum alloy.” Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov , 2 , pp. 47 – 49 .
  • Fukuda , J. , Ohtani , Y. , Kiyose , A. , Kawase , T. , and Tsutsumi , K. , 1998, “Improvement of slab quality with in-mold electromagnetic stirrer.” 3rd European Conference on Continuous Casting , Madrid, Spain, pp. 437–445.
  • Gao , J. W. , Shu , D. , Wang , J. , and Sun , B. D. , 2007 , “Effects of Na2B4O7 on the elimination of iron from aluminum melt.” Scripta Materialia , 57 , pp. 197 – 200 .
  • Garnier , M. , 2000 , “Present and future prospects in electromagnetic processing of materials.” Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposiumon Electromagnetic Processing of Materials (ISIJ), Tokyo, Japan, pp. 3.
  • Gesing , A. , Berry , L. , Dalton , R. , and Wolanski , R. , 2002 , “Assuring continued recyclability of automotive aluminum alloys: grouping of wrought alloys by color, X-ray absorption and chemical composition-based sorting.” TMS 2002 Annual Meeting: Automotive Alloys and Aluminum Sheet and Plate Rolling and Finishing Technology Symposia. Seattle, WA: Minerals, Metals and Materials Society (TMS), pp. 3–17.
  • Gobrecht , J. , 1975 , “Settling-out of Fe, Mn and Cr in Al-Si casting alloys. Pt. 1.” Giesserei , 62 , pp. 263 – 266 .
  • Granger , D. A. , Sawtell , R. R. , and Kersker , M. M. , 1984 , “Effect of beryllium on the properties of A357.0 castings. (Retroactive coverage).” Transactions of the American Foundrymen's Society , 92 , pp. 579 – 586 .
  • Green , J. A. S. , 2007 , Aluminum Recycling and Processing for Energy Conservation and Sustainability , Materials Park , OH : ASM International , pp. 53 .
  • Guldin , I. T. , Arnold , A. A. , and Matsenko , Y. A. , 1979 , “Refining aluminum-silicon alloys free of iron and titanium.” Tsvetnye metally (The Soviet Journal of Non-Ferrous Metals) , pp. 48 – 50 .
  • Gustafsson , G. , Thorvaldsson , T. , and Dunlop , G. L. , 1986 , “The influence of iron and chromium on the microstructure of cast Al–Si–Mg alloys.” Metallurgical Transactions A , 17 , pp. 45 – 52 .
  • Hanna , M. D. , Lu , S. Z. , and Hellawell , A. , 1984 , “Modification in the aluminum–silicon system.” Metallurgical Transactions A , 15 , pp. 459 – 469 .
  • Iglessis , J. , Frantz , C. , and Gantois , M. , 1977 , “Conditions for the formation of the Fe phases in commercial purity Al-Si alloys.” Mem. Sci. Rev. Metal , 74 , pp. 237 – 242 .
  • Iuchi , T. , Sugita , K. , Sagisaka , E. , Tuchihashi , N. , Kanamori , T. , and Sugiyama , M. 1988 , “Process and apparatus for refining aluminum.” US Patent No. 4734127.
  • Jiao , W.-L. and Zhang , L. , 2006 , “Purification of iron rich impurity from aluminum-silicon alloy by electromagnetic seperation.” Foundry Technology (Chinese) , 27 , pp. 269 – 272 .
  • Jiao , W.-L. , Zhang , L. , and Yao , G.-C. , 2006 , “Seperated effection iron-rich impurity from aluminum-silicon alloy by parameter of electromagnetic seperated equipment.” Foundry (Chinese) , 55 , pp. 179 – 181 .
  • Jones , H. , 1969 , “Observations on a structural transition in aluminum alloys hardened by rapid solidification.” Materials Science and Engineering , 5 , pp. 1 – 18 .
  • Jorstad , J. L. , 1986 , “Understanding sludge.” Die Casting Engineer , 30 , pp. 30 – 36 .
  • Khalifa , W. , Samuel , F. H. , and Gruzleski , J. E. , 2003 , “Iron intermetallic phases in the Al corner of the Al-Si-Fe system.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A , 34 , pp. 807 – 825 .
  • Kholnova , V. I. , 1968 , “The high-strength forging aluminium alloy, V93.” Paper from Alyumin Splavy Metallurgiya, Moscow , 5 , pp. 169 – 176 .
  • Kim , H. Y. , Park , T. Y. , Han , S. W. , and Lee , H. M. , 2006 , “Effects of Mn on the crystal structure of alpha-Al (Mn,Fe)Si particles in A356 alloys.” Journal of Crystal Growth , 291 , pp. 207 – 211 .
  • Kim , J. H. and Yoon , E. P. , 2000 , “Elimination of Fe element in A380 aluminum alloy scrap by electromagnetic force.” Journal of Materials Science Letters , 19 , pp. 253 – 255 .
  • Kolin , A. , 1953, “An electromagnetokinetic phenomenon involving migration of neutral particles.” Science , 117, pp. 134–137.
  • Korovin , V. M. , 1985 , “Separation of particles, suspended in a conducting liquid with the help pf an alternating electromagnetic field.” Magnetohydrodynamics , 21 , pp. 321 – 326 .
  • Korovin , V. M. , 1986 , “Motion of a drop in a conducting liquid under the action of a variable electromagnetic field.” Magnetohydrodynamics , 22 , pp. 17 – 19 .
  • Kosuge , H. and Mizukami , I. , 1975 , “Formation of ‘Fir-Tree’ structure in D.C. Cast ingots of Al-0.6per cent Fe alloys.” Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals , 25 , pp. 48 – 58 .
  • Kral , M. V. , 2005 , “A crystallographic identification of intermetallic phases in Al-Si alloys.” Materials Letters , 59 , pp. 2271 – 2276 .
  • Kral , M. V. , Mcintyre , H. R. , and Smillie , M. J. , 2004 , “Identification of intermetallic phases in a eutectic Al-Si casting alloy using electron backscatter diffraction pattern analysis.” Scripta Materialia , 51 , pp. 215 – 219 .
  • Kral , M. V. , Nakashima , P. N. H. , and Mitchell , D. R. G. , 2006 , “Electron microscope studies of Al-Fe-Si intermetallics in an Al-11 Pct Si alloy.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A , 37 , pp. 1987 – 1997 .
  • Le Brun , P. , Krautlein , C. , Rombach , G. , Pouly , P. , De Vries , P. , and Luyten , J. , 2007 , “Removal of intermetallic particles for the purification of aluminum alloys.” Light Metals , pp. 657 – 664 .
  • Leenov , D. and Kolin , A. , 1954 , “Theory of electromagnetophoresis. I. Magnetohydrodynamic forces experienced by spherical and symmetrically oriented cylindrical particles.” Journal of Chemical Physics , 22 , pp. 683 – 688 .
  • Li , K. , Wang , J. , Shu , D. , Sun , T. X. , Sun , B. D. , and Zhou , Y. H. , 2002 , “Theoretical and experimental investigation of aluminum melt cleaning using alternating electromagnetic field.” Materials Letters , 56 , pp. 215 – 220 .
  • Li , R. D. , Xu , Y. Q. , Ma , B. , and Bai , Y. H. , 2000a , “Migration of solid phase during solidification process of Al-Fe alloy under centrifugal casting.” Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals , 10 , pp. 353 – 357 .
  • Li , T. X. , Xu , Z. M. , Sun , B. D. , Shu , D. , and Zhou , Y. H. , 2000b , “Remove inclusions from aluminum melt in electromagnetic field.” Acta Metallurgica Sinica , 13 , pp. 1068 – 1074 .
  • Li , T. X. , 2004 , “Application of electromagnetic seperation in aluminum melt.” PhD thesis, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
  • Li , T. X. , Xu , Z. M. , Sun , B. D. , Shu , D. , and Zhou , Y. H. , 2003 , “Electromagnetic separation of primary iron-rich phases from aluminum-silicon melt.” Transactions of the Nonferrous Metals Society of China , 13 , pp. 121 – 125 .
  • Li , T. X. , Xu , Z. M. , Zhang , X. P. , Sun , B. D. , and Zhou , Y. H. , 2001 , “Reducing iron content In Al-Si alloy by electromagnetic seperation.” Journal of Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 35 , pp. 664 – 667 .
  • Liu , P. , Thorvaldsson , T. , and Dunlop , G. L. , 1986 , “Formation of intermetallic compounds during solidification of dilute Al–Fe–Si alloys.” Materials Science and Technology , 2 , pp. 1009 – 1018 .
  • Lu , H. , Yuan , W. , Xu , C. , Liu , Z. , Wu , B. , and Zhang , Y. , 2004 , “The development of 65KA three-layer electrolysis cell for refining of aluminium.” Light Metals , pp. 303 – 305 .
  • Lu , L. and Dahle , A. K. , 2005 , “Iron-rich intermetallic phases and their role in casting defect formation in hypoeutectic Al-Si alloys.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A , 36 , pp. 819 – 835 .
  • Lux , A. L. and Flemings , M. C. , 1979a , “Refining by fractional melting.” Metallurgical transactions. B , 10 , pp. 79 – 84 .
  • Lux , A. L. and Flemings , M. C. , 1979b , “Refining by fractional solidification.” Metallurgical Transactions. B , 10 , pp. 71 – 78 .
  • Mahta , M. , Emamy , M. , Daman , A. , Keyvani , A. , and Campbell , J. , 2005, “Precipitation of Fe rich intermetallics in Cr- and Co-modified A413 alloy.” International Journal of Cast Metals Research , 18, pp. 73–79.
  • Makarov , S. , Ludwig , R. , and Apelian , D. , 1999 , “Inclusion removal in molten aluminum: mechanical, electromagnetic, and acoustic techniques.” Transactions of the American Foundrymen's Society , 107 , pp. 727 – 735 .
  • Makarov , S. , Ludwig , R. , and Apelian , D. , 2000 , “Electromagnetic separation techniques in metal casting. I. Conventional methods.” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics , 26 , pp. 2015 – 2021 .
  • Makarov , S. , Ludwig , R. , and Apelian , D. , 2001 , “Electromagnetic separation techniques in metal casting. II. Separation with superconduting coils.” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics , 37 , pp. 1024 – 1031 .
  • Martin , O. , Despinasse , S. , Ritter , C. , Santerre , R. , and Tomasino , T. , 2008 , “The fecri approach and the latest developments in the Ap3x technology.” Light Metals , pp. 255 – 260 .
  • Marty , P. and Alemany , A. , 1982 , “Theoretical and experimental aspects of electromagnetic separation.” Proceedings of the Symposium of the IUTAM , Cambridge , UK , September 6–10 , pp. 245 – 259 .
  • Mascre , C. , 1955 , “Influence of iron and manganese on type A-S13 (Alpax) alloys.” Fonderie , 108 , pp. 4330 – 4336 .
  • Matsubara , H. , Izawa , N. , and Nakanishi , M. , 1998 , “Macroscopic segregation in Al-11 mass% Si alloy containing 2 mass% Fe solidified under centrifugal force.” Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals , 48 , pp. 93 – 97 .
  • Mbuya , T. O. , Odera , B. O. , and Ng'ang'a , P. S. , 2003 , “Influence of iron on castability and properties of aluminum silicon alloys: literature review.” International Journal of Cast Metals Research , 16 , pp. 451 – 465 .
  • Miki , I. , Kosuge , H. , and Nagahama , K. , 1975 , “Supersaturation and Decomposition of Al-Fe alloys during solidification.” Journal of the Japan Institute of Light Metals , 25 , pp. 1 – 9 .
  • Miresmaeili , S. M. , Campbell , J. , Shabestari , S. G. , and Boutorabi , S. M. A. , 2005 , “Precipitation of Sr-rich intermetallic particles and their influence on pore formation in Sr-modified A356 alloy.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A , 36 , pp. 2341 – 2349 .
  • Mohanty , B. P. , Subramanian , S. , and Hajra , J. P. , 1986 , “Electroslag refining of commercial aluminium. (Retroactive coverage).” Trans. Indian Inst. Met , 39 , pp. 646 – 651 .
  • Mondolfo , L. F. , 1976 , Aluminum Alloys: Structure and Properties , London : Butterworths .
  • Moreau , R. , 1980 , “Metallurgical Applications of Magnetohydrodynamics.” Proceedings 15th Congress Theoretical Applied Mechanics, Toronto, ON, August 17–23, pp. 107–118.
  • Morris , L. R. and Miners , F. B. , 1975 , Aluminum Alloys. Montreal, QC: Alcan Research and Development Limited.
  • Mulazimoglu , M. H. , Gruzleski , J. E. , and Closset , B. , 1992 , “Evaluation of the metallurgical effects of strontium on cast 6000 series aluminum alloys.” Aluminium , 68 , pp. 489 – 493 .
  • Mulazimoglu , M. H. , Paray , F. , Gruzleski , J. E. , and Kulunk , B. , 1994 , “Modification of intermetallic phases by strontium in aluminum wrought alloys.” Light Metals , 27 , pp. 1047 – 1056 .
  • Murali , S. , Arvind , T. S. , Raman , K. S. , and Murthy , K. S. S. , 1997a , “Fatigue properties of sand cast, stircast and extruded Al-7Si-0.3 Mg alloy with trace additions of Be and Mn.” Materials Transactions, JIM , 38 , pp. 28 – 36 .
  • Murali , S. , Guru Row , T. N. , Sastry , D. H. , Raman , K. S. , and Murthy , K. S. S. , 1994 , “Crystal structure of beta-FeSiAl sub 5 and (BeFe)-BeSiFe sub 2 Al sub 8 phases.” Scr. Metall. Mater , 31 , pp. 267 – 272 .
  • Murali , S. , Muthukkaruppan , S. , Raman , K. S. , and Murthy , K. S. S. , 1997b , “Stir cast and extruded Al-7Si-0.3Mg alloy containing iron and beryllium.” Materials Science and Technology , 13 , pp. 337 – 342 .
  • Murali , S. , Raman , K. S. , and Murthy , K. S. S. , 1994, “Morphological studies on beta-FeSiAl5 phase in Al- 7Si-0.3Mg alloy with trace additions of Be, Mn, Cr, and Co.” Materials Characterization , 33, pp. 99–112.
  • Murali , S. , Raman , K. S. , and Murthy , K. S. S. , 1995a , “Effect of trace additions (beryllium, chromium, manganese and cobalt) on the mechanical properties and fracture toughness of iron-containing Al-7Si-0.3Mg alloy.” Ljevarstvo , 37 , pp. 3 – 14 .
  • Murali , S. , Raman , K. S. , and Murthy , K. S. S. , 1995b , “The formation of beta-FeSiAl 5 and Be-Fe phases in Al-7Si-0.3 Mg alloy containing Be.” Materials Science & Engineering A (Structural Materials: properties, Microstructure and Processing) , A190 , pp. 165 – 172 .
  • Murali , S. , Raman , K. S. , and Murthy , K. S. S. , 1996 , “Al-7Si-0.3Mg cast alloy: Formation and crystal structure of beta-FeSiAl sub 5 and (Be-Fe)-BeSiFe sub 2 Al sub 8 phases.” Materials Science Forum , 217–222 , pp. 207 – 212 .
  • Murali , S. , Trivedi , A. , Shamanna , K. S. , and Murthy , K. S. S. , 1996 , “Effect of iron and combined iron and beryllium additions on the fracture toughness and microstructures of squeeze-cast Al-7Si-0.3Mg alloy.” Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance , 5 , pp. 462 – 468 .
  • Narayanan , L. A. , Samuel , F. H. , and Gruzleski , J. E. , 1994 , “Crystallization behavior of iron-containing intermetallic compounds in 319 aluminum-alloy.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science , 25 , pp. 1761 – 1773 .
  • Nijhof , G. H. , Van Der Donk , H. M. , Castelijns , C. A. M. , Bouvet , S. , and Bertaud , Y. , 1996 , “Purification of remelted aluminum packagings.” Light Metals , pp. 1065 – 1069 .
  • Ogasawara , T. , Yoshikawa , N. , and Taniguchi , S. , 2004 , “Flow of conducting liquid around two nonconducting particles in DC electromagnetic field and the electromagnetic migration force.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions , 35B , pp. 847 – 855 .
  • Panday , P. K. and Schubert , K. , 1969 , “Structure investigation in a mixed compound T-B3-B4 T equals Mn Fe Co Ir Ni Pd B3 equals A1 Ga T1 B4 equals Si Ge.” Journal of the Less Common Metals , 18 , pp. 175 – 202 .
  • Park , J.-P. , Morihira , A. , Sassa , K. , and Asai , S. , 1994 , “Elimination of non-metallic inclusions using electromagnetic force.” Tetsu-to-Hagane , 80 , pp. 31 – 36 .
  • Passmore , E. M. , Flemings , M. C. , and Taylor , H. F. , 1958 , “Fundmental studies on effects of sloution treatment, iron content, and chilling of sand cast aluminum-copper alloy.” AFS Transaction , 66 , pp. 96 – 103 .
  • Patel , A. D. and El-Kaddah , N. , 1997 , “Kinetics of inclusion removal from molten aluminum under an applied alternating magnetic field.” TMS Annual Meeting, Proceedings of Sessions—Light Metals , Orlando , FL , February 9–13 , pp. 1013 – 1018 .
  • Pennors , A. , Samuel , A. M. , Samuel , F. H. , and Doty , H. W. , 1998 , “Precipitation of beta-Al sub 5 FeSi iron intermetallic in Al-6% Si-3.5% Cu (319) type alloys: role of Sr and P.” One Hundred Second Annual Meeting of the American Foundrymen's Society, Atlanta, GA; USA, American Foundrymen's Society, pp. 251–264.
  • Philips , H. W. , 1976 , Annotated Equilibrium Diagrams of Some Aluminum Alloy Systems , London : The Institute of Metal .
  • Phragmen , G. , 1950 , “On phases occurring in alloys of aluminium with copper, magnesium, manganese, iron, and silicon.” Institute of Metals—Journal , 77 , pp. 489 – 552 .
  • Pillin , B. and Gillon , P. , 1994 , “Electromagnetic separtion fo particles from a conducting liquid using a strong DC magnetic field.” Proceeding of 1st International Symposiumon Electromagnetic Processing of Materials, Nagoya, Japan, pp. 97–102.
  • Pucella , G. , Samuel , A. M. , Samuel , F. H. , Doty , H. W. , and Valtierra , S. , 1998 , “Sludge formation in Sr-modified Al-11.5 Wt% Si diecasting alloys.” One Hundred Third Annual Meeting of the American Foundrymen's Society , pp. 117 – 125 .
  • Roy , N. , Samuel , A. M. , and Samuel , F. H. , 1996, “Porosity formation in Al-9 wt% Si-3 wt% Cu alloy systems: metallographic observations.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A , 27, pp. 415–429.
  • Sampath , V. and Dwarakadasa , E. S. , 1992 , “On the feasibility of the application of electroslag refining to an aluminium alloy.” Materials Forum , 16 , pp. 81 – 85 .
  • Samuel , F. H. , Ouellet , P. , Samuel , A. M. , and Doty , H. W. , 1998 , “Effect of Mg and Sr additions on the formation of intermetallics in Al-6 wt% Si-3.5 wt% Cu-(0.45) to (0.8) wt% Fe 319-type alloys.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A , 29 , pp. 2871 – 2884 .
  • Samuel , F. H. , Samuel , A. M. , Doty , H. W. , and Valtierra , S. , 2003 , “Influence of composition, Sr modification, and annealing treatment on the structure and properties of cast Al-4 pct Mg alloys.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A , 34 , pp. 115 – 129 .
  • Schwartz , L. H. , 1999 , “Sustainability: The materials role.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B , 30B , pp. 157 – 170 .
  • Shabestari , S. G. , 2004 , “The effect of iron and manganese on the formation of intermetallic compounds in aluminum-silicon alloys.” Materials Science and Engineering A , 383 , pp. 289 – 298 .
  • Shabestari , S. G. and Gruzleski , J. E. , 1995 , “Gravity segregation of complex intermetallic compounds in liquid aluminum-silicon alloys.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A , 26 , pp. 999 – 1006 .
  • Shabestari , S. G. and Gruzleski , J. E. , 1996 , “Modification of iron intermetallics by strontium in 413 aluminum alloys,” Transactions of the American Foundrymen's Society, Volume 103 , Kansas City , MO : American Foundrymen's Society, Inc , pp. 285 – 293 .
  • Shabestari , S. G. , Mahmudi , T. , Emamy , M. , and Campbell , J. , 2002 , “Effect of Mn and Sr on intermetallics in Fe-rich eutectic Al-Si alloy.” International Journal of Cast Metals Research , 15 , pp. 17 – 24 .
  • Shabestari , S. G. and Shahri , F. , 2004 , “Influence of modification, solidification conditions and heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 aluminum alloy.” Journal of Materials Science , 39 , pp. 2023 – 2032 .
  • Shrikhande , V. J. , Balasubramanian , M. S. N. , Gupt , K. M. , and Rao , P. K. , 1986 , “Electroslag refining of aluminium alloys.” Trans. Indian Inst. Met , 39 , pp. 57 – 59 , 61.
  • Shu , D. , Li , T. X. , Sun , B. D. , Wang , J. , and Zhou , Y. H. , 1999a , “Study of electromagnetic separation of nonmetallic inclusions from aluminum melt.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A , 30 , pp. 2979 – 2988 .
  • Shu , D. , Li , T. X. , Sun , B. D. , Zhou , Y. H. , Wang , J. , and Xu , Z. M. , 2000a , “Numerical calculation of the electromagnetic expulsive force upon nonmetallic inclusions in an aluminum melt. I. Spherical particles.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B , 31 , pp. 1527 – 1533 .
  • Shu , D. , Li , T. X. , Sun , B. D. , Zhou , Y. H. , Wang , J. , and Xu , Z. M. , 2000b , “Numerical calculation of the electromagnetic expulsive force upon nonmetallic inclusions in an aluminum melt. II. Cylindrical particles.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B , 31 , pp. 1535 – 1540 .
  • Shu , D. , Sun , B. D. , Li , K. , Xu , Z. , and Zhou , Y. H. , 2002 , “Continuous separation of nonmetallic inclusions from aluminum melt using alternating magnetic field.” Materials Letters , 55 , pp. 322 – 326 .
  • Shu , D. , Sun , B. D. , Wang , J. , Li , T. X. , and Zhou , Y. H. , 1999b , “Study of electromagnetic separation of nonmetallic inclusions from aluminum melt.” Metallurgical. Materials Transactions A , 30A , pp. 2979 – 2988 .
  • Sigworth , G. K. , Shivkumar , S. , and Apelian , D. , 1989 , “The influence of molten metal processing on mechanical properties of cast Al–Si–Mg alloys.” In 93rd AFS Casting Congress , San Antonio , TX : American Foundrymen's Society , pp. 811 – 824 .
  • Singleton , O. R. and Robinson , G. C. J. , 1971, “Refining aluminum-silicon alloys by centrifuging.” Journal of the Institute of Metals , 99, pp. 155–159.
  • Skjerpe , P. , 1987 , “Intermetallic phases formed during DC-casting of an Al–0.25Fe–0.13Si alloy.” Metallurgical Transactions A , 18 , pp. 189 – 200 .
  • Starke , E. A. and Staley , J. T. , 1996 , “Application of modern aluminum alloys to aircraft.” Progress in Aerospace Sciences , 32 , pp. 131 – 172 .
  • Stefaniay , V. , Griger , A. , and Turmezey , T. , 1987 , “Intermetallic phases in the aluminium-side corner of the AlFeSi-alloy system.” Journal of Materials Science , 22 , pp. 539 – 546 .
  • Suarez-Pena , B. and Asensio-Lozano , J. , 2006 , “Influence of Sr modification and Ti grain refinement on the morphology of Fe-rich precipitates in eutectic Al-Si die cast alloys.” Scripta Materialia , 54 , pp. 1543 – 1548 .
  • Takahashi , K. and Taniguchi , S. , 2003 , “Electromagnetic separation of nonmetallic inclusion from liquid metal by imposition of high frequency magnetic field.” ISIJ International , 43 , pp. 820 – 827 .
  • Tanaka , Y. , Sassa , K. , Iwai , K. , and Asai , S. , 1995 , “Separation of non-metallic inclusions from molten metal using traveling magnetic field.” Tetsu-to-Hagane , 81 , p. 1120 .
  • Tang , S. K. and Sritharan , T. , 1998 , “Morphology of beta-AlFeSi intermetallic in Al-7Si alloy castings.” Materials Science and Technology , 14 , pp. 738 – 742 .
  • Taniguchi , S. and Brimacombe , J. K. , 1994 , “Application of pinch force to the separation of inclusion particles from liquid steel.” ISIJ International , 34 , pp. 722 – 731 .
  • Taniguchi , S. and Kikuchi , A. , 2000 , “Removal of nonmetallic inclusion from liquid metal by AC-electromagnetic force.” Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposiumon Electromagnetic Processing of Materials, Nagoya, Japan , p. 315 – 320 .
  • Taylor , J. A. , Schaffer , G. B. , and St. John , D. H. , 1999a , “The role of iron in the formation of porosity in Al-Si-Cu-based casting alloys. I. Initial experimental observations.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A , 30 , pp. 1643 – 1650 .
  • Taylor , J. A. , Schaffer , G. B. , and St. John , D. H. , 1999b , “The role of iron in the formation of porosity in Al-Si-Cu-based casting alloys. II. A phase-diagram approach.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A , 30A , pp. 1651 – 1655 .
  • Taylor , J. A. , Schaffer , G. B. , and St. John , D. H. , 1999c , “The role of iron in the formation of porosity in Al-Si-Cu-based casting alloys. III. A microstructural model.” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A , 30 , pp. 1657 – 1662 .
  • Tseng , C. J. , Lee , S. L. , Tsai , S. C. , and Cheng , C. J. , 2002 , “Effects of manganese on microstructure and mechanical properties of A206 alloys containing iron.” Journal of Materials Research , 17 , pp. 2243 – 2250 .
  • Van Der Donk , H. M. , 1998 , “Method for refining an aluminum scrap smelt.” US Patent No. 741348.
  • Van Der Donk , H. M. , Nijhof , G. H. , and Castelijns , C. A. M. , 1995 , “The removal of iron from molten aluminum.” Third International Symposium. Recycling of Metals, and Engineered Materials , Point Clear , AL : Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society , pp. 651 – 661 .
  • Verte , L. A. , 1961 , “Author's certificate, Byull. Izobret. (in Russian), no. 19.” USSR Patent 141592-13c.
  • Vire , S. and Gauckler , L. , 1985 , “Cell for the refining of aluminum.” US Patent No. 4552637.
  • Wang , L. , Makhlouf , M. , and Apelian , D. , 1995 , “Aluminium die casting alloys: Alloy composition, microstructure, and properties-performance relationships.” International Materials Reviews , 40 , pp. 221 – 238 .
  • Wang , Y. and Xiong , Y. , 2000 , “Effects of beryllium in Al-Si-Mg-Ti cast alloy.” Materials Science and Engineering a-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing , 280 , pp. 124 – 127 .
  • William , D. V. and Bernard , W. , 1987 , “Aluminum base alloys of the Al-Cu-Mg-Zn type.” US Patent No. 4711762.
  • Xu , Z. , Li , T. , Shu , D. , and Zhou , Y. , 2001, “Electromagnetic filtration of primary Fe-rich phases from Al-Si alloy melt.” Cailiao Kexue Yu Jishu , 17, pp. 306–310.
  • Xu , Z. , Li , T. , and Zhou , Y. , 2003 , “Elimination of Fe in Al-Si cast alloy scrap by electromagnetic filtration.” Journal of Materials Science , 38 , pp. 4557 – 4565 .
  • Yagi , K. and Halada , K. , 2001 , “Materials development for a sustainable society.” Materials and Design , 22 , pp. 143 – 146 .
  • Yamao , F. , Sassa , K. , Iwai , K. , and Asai , S. , 1997 , “Separation of inclusions in liquid metal using fixed alternating magnetic field.” Tetsu-to-Hagane , 83 , pp. 30 – 35 .
  • Yang , J. B. and Yin , F. , 2000 , “Improvement of the morphology of iron phase in Al-Si alloys.” Foundry , 49 , pp. 454 – 459 .
  • Yao , G. C. , Sun , Z. Q. , and Qiu , Z. X. , 2001 , “Electromagnetic separation of iron-rich phases from molten aluminum.” Journal of Northeastern University, Natural Science , 22 , pp. 127 – 129 .
  • Yie , S. N. , Lee , S. L. , Lin , Y. H. , and Lin , J. C. , 1999 , “Mechanical properties of Al-11% Si casting alloys containing trace Be and Sr.” Materials Transactions, JIM , 40 , pp. 294 – 300 .
  • Yin , F. , Yang , J. B. , Wang , Y. X. , and Wang , G. X. , 2000 , “Effect of Mn and Be on the iron-phase in Al-Si alloys.” Foundry , 49 , pp. 829 – 831 .
  • Yoo , J. E. , Shan , A. , and Moon , I. G. , 1999 , “A study on composition and crystal structure of dispersoids in AlMgSi alloys.” Journal of Materials Science , 34 , pp. 2679 – 2683 .
  • Yoon , E.-P. , Choi , J.-P. , Kim , J.-H. , Nam , T.-W. , and Kitaoka , S. , 2002a , “Continuous elimination of Al2O3 particles in molten aluminium using electromagnetic force.” Materials Science and Technology , 18 , pp. 1027 – 1035 .
  • Yoon , E.-P. , Kim , J.-H. , Choi , J.-P. , and Kwon , H.-R. , 2002b , “Effects of electromagnetic force on the removal of alumina particles in molten A356 aluminum alloy.” Journal of Materials Science Letters , 21 , pp. 739 – 742 .
  • Young , R. M. K. and Clyne , T. W. , 1981 , “An Al–Fe intermetallic phase formed during controlled solidification.” Scr. Metall , 15 , pp. 1211 – 1216 .
  • Zhang , H. , 2007 , “Effect of iron on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Si alloys.” Light Metals , pp. 775 – 780 .
  • Zhang , L. , Jiao , W.-L. , Wei , H. , and Yao , G.-C. , 2005a , “Effects of the shape of Fe enrichment phase on purification of Liquid Al in Electromagnetic Field.” Special Casting & Nonferrous Alloys (Chinese) , 25 , pp. 131 – 132 .
  • Zhang , L. , Jiao , W.-L. , Wei , H. , and Yao , G.-C. , 2006a , “Electromagnetic seperation of magnetic purity particles in aluminum melt.” Materials Science & Technology (China) , 14 , pp. 524 – 526 .
  • Zhang , J. , Shu , D. , Rao , Q.-L. , Sun , B.-D. , and Chen , G. , 2006b , “Nucleation and growth of high purity aluminum grains in directional solidification bulk sample without electromagnetic stirring.” Transactions of the Nonferrous Metals Society of China , 16 , pp. 1 – 7 .
  • Zhang , J. , Sun , B. , He , B. , Mao , H. , Chen , G. , and Ge , A. , 2006c , “Principle and control of new-style purification equipment of 5 N high purity aluminum.” Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering , 42 , pp. 64 – 68 .
  • Zhang , J. , Sun , B.-D. , Rao , Q.-L. , Chen , G. , and Ge , A.-J. , 2005b , “Growth of high purity aluminum grains during directional solidification.” Shanghai Jiaotong Daxue Xuebao , 39 , pp. 1787 – 1791 .
  • Zhang , L.-L. , Xiao , Y.-D. , Zhou , J. , and Li , W.-X. , 2006d , “Effects of be on microstructures and mechanical properties of as-cast Al-Fe-V-Si alloys.” Zhuzao , 55 , pp. 65 – 68 .
  • Zhao , H. and Lu , H. , 2008 , “The development of 85ka three-layer electrolysis cell for refining of aluminium.” Light Metals , pp. 533 – 535 .
  • Zheng , J. G. , Vincent , R. , and Steeds , J. W. , 2000 , “Crystal structure of an orthorhombic phase in beta-(Al-Fe-Si) precipitates determined by convergent-beam electron diffraction.” Philosophical Magazine A , 80 , pp. 493 – 500 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.