Reagents types in flotation of iron oxide minerals: A review

References

• Abdel-Khalek, N. A., Yassin, K. E., Selim, K. A., Rao, K. H., and Kandel, A.-H., 2012, “Effect of starch type on selectivity of cationic flotation of iron ore.” Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 121. pp. 98–102.
   Google Scholar
• Ananthapadmanabhan, K. P., and Somasundaran, P., 1980, Oleate chemistry and hematite flotation, In Interfacial Phenomena in Mineral Processing, (B. Yarar and D. J. Spottiswood, eds),New York: Engineering Foundation, pp. 207.
   Google Scholar
• Ananthapadmanabhan, K. P., and Somasundaran, P., 1988, “Acid-soap formation in aqueous oleate solutions.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 122. pp. 104–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araujo, A. C., and Souza, C. C., 1997, Partial replacement of amine in reverse column flotation of iron ores: 1—pilot plant studies, In Proceedings of the 70th Annual Meeting Minnesota Section SME and 58th Annual University of Minnesota Mining Symposium, Duluth, Minnesota. pp. 111–122.
   Google Scholar
• Araujo, A. C., Viana, P. R. M., and Peres, A. E. C., 2005, “Reagents in iron ores flotation.” Minerals Engineering, 18. pp. 219–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arens, M., Worrell, E., and Schleich, J., 2012, “Energy intensity development of the German iron and steel industry between 1991 and 2007.” Energy, 45. pp. 786–797.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arvidson, B., Klemetti, M., Knuutinen, T., Kuusisto, M., Man, Y. T., and Hughes-Narborough, C., 2013, “Flotation of pyrrhotite to produce magnetite concentrates with a sulphur level below 0.05% w/w.” Minerals Engineering, 50–51. pp. 4–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assis, S. M., Montenegro, L. C. M., and Peres, A. E. C., 1996, “Utilisation of hydroxamates in minerals froth flotation.” Minerals Engineering, 9 (1). pp. 103–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkin, R., Craig, V. S. J., Wanless, E. J., and Biggs, S., 2003, “Mechanism of cationic surfactant adsorption at the solid–aqueous interface.” Advancement Colloid Interface Sciences, 103. pp. 219–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball, B., and Rickhard, R. S., 1976, Gaudin memorial volume 1, (Edited by M. C. Fuerstenau), Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, (M. C. Fuerstenau, Edited by), New York. pp. 458.
   Google Scholar
• Beklioglu, B., and Arol, A. I., 2004, “Selective flocculation behavior of chromite and serpentine.” Phsiochemical Problems of Mineral Processing, 38. pp. 103–112.
   Google Scholar
• Beunen, J. A., Mitchell, D. J., and White, L. R., 1978, “Surface tension minimum in ionic surfactant systems.” Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 74. pp. 2501–2517.
   Google Scholar
• Broome, F. K., Hoerr, C. W., and Harwood, H. J., 1951, “The binary systems of water with dodecylammonium chloride and its N-methylderivated.” Journal of the American Chemical Society, 73. pp. 3350–3352.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bulatovic, S. M., 2007, Handbook of Flotation Reagents: chemistry, Theory and Practice, Amsterdam: Elsevier, Internet resource.
   Google Scholar
• Bushell, C. H. G., and Krauss, G. J., 1962, Copper Activation of Pyrite, Canadian Mineral and Metallurgical Bulletin, Montreal, 55 (601). pp. 314–318.
   Google Scholar
• Cao, X., Liu, C., and Hu, Y., 2009, “Flotation of kaolinite with dodecyl tertiary amines.” Journal of Central South University Technology, 16. pp. 749–752.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson, J. J., and Kawatra, S. K., 2013, “Factors affecting zeta potential of iron oxides.” Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 34 (5). pp. 269–303.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra, A. P., and Gerson, A. R., 2009, “A review of the fundamental studies of the copper activation mechanisms for selective flotation of the sulfide minerals, sphalerite and pyrite.” Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 145 (1–2). pp. 97–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, C. S., Cooke, S. R. B., and Iwasaki, I., 1954, Flotation Characteristics of Pyrrhotite with Xanthate, Transactions AIME, Mining Engineering. pp. 209–217.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Z. M., Sasaki, H., and Usui, S., 1991, “Cationic flotation of fine hematite using dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB).” Metall Reviews MMIJ, 8 (1). pp. 35–45.
   Google Scholar
• Clemmer, J. B., 1947, “Flotation of iron ore”. Proceedings of the 8th Annual Mining Symposium, Duluth, Minnesota, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Cline, W., Connolly, L., and Grandy, G., 1974, “Marcona pyrrhotite flotation from magnetite”, SME Fall Meeting, Acapulco, Mexico, September, 22–25.
   Google Scholar
• Clout, J. M. F., and Simonson, B. M., 2005, “Precambrien iron formations and iron formation-hosted iron ore deposits.” Economic Geology, 100th Anniversary Volume 1 (1905-2005), SEG, pp. 643–649.
   Google Scholar
• Crabtree, E. H., and Vincent, J. D., 1962, Historical outline of major flotation developments, In 50th Anniversary, (D. W. Fuerstenau, Ed.), New York: American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineering Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Cristoveanu, I. E., and Meech, J. A., 1985, “Carrier flotation of hematite.” CIM Bull, 78. pp. 35–42.
   Google Scholar
• Darling, P., 2011, SME Mining Engineering Handbook, Third edition, Littleton, CO:SME.
   Google Scholar
• Das, B., and Mishra, B. K., 2013, “Investigations on recovery of hematite from two different banded iron ores by flotation”, Proceedings of 2013 SME Annual Meeting & Exhibit and CMA 115th National Western Mining Conference, Denver. 24–27 Feb.
   Google Scholar
• Das, B., Mishra, B. K., Prakash, S., Das, S. K., Reddy, P. S. R., and Angadi, S. I., 2010, “Magnetic and flotation studies of banded hematite quartzite (BHQ) ore for the production of pellet grade concentrate.” International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, 17 (6). pp. 675.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, B., Prakash, S., Biswal, S. K., Reddy, P. S. R., and Misra, V. N., 2005, Studies on the beneficiation of indian iron ore slimes using the flotation technique, In Centenary of Flotation Symposium, (G. J. Johnson, Ed.), Brisbane: AusIMM.
   Google Scholar
• Dasgupta, H. K., and Taluja, S. C., 1988, “Beneficiation of a magnetite-apatite ore from Sung Valley, Shillong, Meghalaya.” Bulletin of Materials Science, 10. pp. 453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David, D., Larson, M., and Li, M., 2011, “Optimising Western Australia magnetite circuit design”, Proceedings of the Metallurgical Plant Design and Operating Strategies, Perth.
   Google Scholar
• De Castro, F. H. B., and Borrego, A. G., 1995, “Modification of surface tension in aqueous solutions of sodium oleate according to temperature and pH in the flotation bath.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 173. pp. 8–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Moraes, S., and Kawatra, S. K., 2011, “Laboratory study of an organic binder for pelletization of magnetitie concentrate.” Minerals and Metallurgical Processing, 27 (3). pp. 148–153.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deloitte report, 2015, Iron and Steel Industry Report, Moscow: Deloitte CIS Research Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Deo, N., and Natarajan, K. A., 1997, “Interaction of Bacillus polymyxa with some oxide minerals with reference to mineral beneficiation and environmental control.” Minerals Engineering, 10. pp. 1339–1354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devinsky, F., Lacko, I., Bittererova, F., and Tomeckova, L., 1986, “Relationship between structure, surface activity, and micelle formation of some new bisquaternary isosteres of 1, 5-pentanediammonium dibromides.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 114. pp. 314–322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du Rietz, C., 1957, Progress in Minerals Dressing, Transactions of the International Mineral Dressing Congress, Stockholm, Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. pp. 417.
   Google Scholar
• Eigeles, M. A., 1964, Fundamentals of Flotation of non-Sulfide Minerals, Moscow: Nedra. pp. 406.
   Google Scholar
• Eisele, T. C., and Kawatra, S. K., 2003, “A review of binders in iron ore pelletization.” Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 24 (1). pp. 1–90.
   Google Scholar
• Ferreiraa, A. R., Nevesa, L. A., Ribeiroc, J. C., Lopesc, F. M., Coutinhob, J. A. P., Coelhosoa, I. M., and Crespoa, J. G., 2014, “Removal of thiols from model jet-fuel streams assisted by ionic liquid membrane extraction.” Chemical Engineering Journal, 256. pp. 144–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippov, L. O., Filippova, I. V., and Severov, V. V., 2010, “The use of collectors mixture in the reverse cationic flotation of magnetite ore: the role of Fe-bearing silicates.” Minerals Engineering, 23. pp. 91–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsmo, S. P. E., Forsmo, S. E., Björkman, B. M. T., and Samskog, P. O., 2008, “Studies on the influence of a flotation collector reagent on iron ore green pellet properties.” Powder Technology, 182. pp. 444–452.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuerstenau, D. W., and Deason, D. M., 1993, The role of surface transformation processes on the surface chemical and flotation behavior of dolomite and apatite, In Beneficiation of Phosphate: theory and Practice, (H. El-Shall, B.M. Moudgil, and R. Wiegel, Eds.), Palm Coast, FL: SME. pp. 171–181.
   Google Scholar
• Fuerstenau, D. W., Gaudin, A. M., and Miaw, H. L., 1958, “Iron oxide slime coatings in flotation.” Transactions AIME, 211. pp. 792–795.
   Google Scholar
• Fuerstenau, D. W., Healy, T. W., and Somasundaran, P., 1964, “The role of hydrocarbon chain of alkyl collectors in flotation.” Transactions of SME-AIME, 229. pp. 321–325.
   Google Scholar
• Fuerstenau, D. W., and Mishra, B. K., 1981, On the mechanism of pyrite notation with xanthate as collectors, In Complex Sulfides, (M. H. Jones, Editor), London: IMM, pp. 271–278.
   Google Scholar
• Fuerstenau, D. W., and Pradip, 1984, Mineral flotation with hydroxamate collectors, In Reagent in the Mineral Industry, (M. J. Jones and R. Oblatt, Eds.), London: The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, GB. pp. 161–168.
   Google Scholar
• Fuerstenau, D.W., 1982. Activation in the flotation of sulphide minerals, Principles of Flotation, (R.P.King, Eds.), Johannesburg, South Africa: South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, pp. 183–198.
   Google Scholar
• Fuerstenau, M. C., and Cummins, W. F., 1967, “Role of basic aqueous complexes in anionic flotation of quartz.” Transactions AIME, 238. pp. 196.
   Google Scholar
• Fuerstenau, M. C., and Elgillani, D. A., 1966, “Calcium activation in sulfonate and oleate flotation of quartz.” Transactions AIME, 235. pp. 405.
   Google Scholar
• Fuerstenau, M. C., Harper, R. W., and Miller, J. D., 1970, “Hydroxamate vs. fatty acid flotation of iron oxide.” Transactions AIME, 247. pp. 69–73.
   Google Scholar
• Fuerstenau, M. C., Jameson, J., and Yoon, R., 2007, Froth Flotation: A Century of Innovation, Littleton, CO: SME.
   Google Scholar
• Fuerstenau, M. C., Kuhn, M. C., and Elgillani, D. A., 1968, “The role of dixanthogen in xanthate flotation of pyrite.” Transactions AIME, 241. pp. 148–156.
   Google Scholar
• Fuerstenau, M. C., Martin, C. C., and Bhappu, R. B., 1963, “The role of hydrolysis in sulfonate flotation of quartz.” Transactions AIME, 226. pp. 449.
   Google Scholar
• Fuerstenau, M. C., Miller, J. D., and Kuhn, M. C., 1985, Chemistry of Flotation, Society of Mining Engineers of the American Institute of Mining, Littleton, USA: Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers Publication.
   Google Scholar
• Fuerstenau, M. C., and Palmer, R. B., 1976, “Anionic flotation of oxides and silicates.” Flotation- AM Gaudin Memorial Volume 1, NY: American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Pe-troleum Engineers, pp. 148–196.
   Google Scholar
• Gaudin, A. M., 1957, Flotation, 2nd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Glembotsky, V. A., 1968, “Investigation of separate conditioning of sands and slimes with reagents prior to joint flotation”, In: Proc. International Mineral Processing Congress, 8, Paper S-16, Leningrad.
   Google Scholar
• Goracci, L., Germani, R., Rathman, J. F., and Savelli, G., 2007, “Anomalous behavior of amine oxide surfactants at the air/water interface.” Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids, 23. pp. 10525–10532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guimaraes, R. C., Araujo, A. C., and Peres, A. E. C., 2005, “Reagents in igneous phosphate ores flotation.” Minerals Engineering, 18 (2). pp. 199–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, A., and Yan, D., 2006, Mineral Processing Design and Operation: an Introduction, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Gutzmer, J., and Beukes, N. J. 2002. Iron and manganese ore deposits: mineralogy, geochemistry and economic geology. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems, UNESCO, Section 5.15.6.2 www.eolss.net.
   Google Scholar
• Hai-Pu, L., Sha-Sha, Z., Hao, J., and Bin, L., 2010, “Effect of modified starches on depression of diaspore.” Transaction of Nonferrous Metallurgical Society of China, 20. pp. 1494–1499.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hangone, G., Bradshaw, D. J., and Ekmekci, Z., 2005, “Flotation of copper sulphide ore from Okiep using thiol collectors and their mixtures.” Journal of South African Mining and Metallurgy, 105. pp. 199–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanna, H. S., and Anazia, J., 1983, “Beneficiation of low grade Birmingham iron ores to recover enriched concentrates”. In Proceedings of the SME-AIME Fall Meeting, Salt Lake City, UT, October. Littleton, CO: SME.
   Google Scholar
• Haselhuhn, H. J., and Kawatra, S. K., 2015a, “Effects of water chemistry on hematite selective flocculation and dispersion.” Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 36 (5). pp. 305–309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haselhuhn, H. J., and Kawatra, S. K., 2015b, “Flocculation and dispersion studies of iron ore using laser scattering particle size analysis.” Minerals & Metallurgical Processing, 32 (4). pp. 191–195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Y., Ouyang, K., Cao, X., and Zhang, L., 2008, “Flotation of kaolinite and diaspore with hexadecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride.” Journal of Central South University Technology, 15. pp. 378–381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Y., Sun, W., Hao, J., Miller, J. D., and Fa, K., 2005, “The anomalous behavior of kaolinite flotation with dodecyl amine collector as explained from crystal structure considerations.” International Journal of Mineral Processing, 76. pp. 163–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Z. Q., Zhong, H., Wang, S., Xia, L. Y., Zhao, G., and Liu, G. Y., 2014a, “Gemini trisiloxane surfactant: synthesis and flotation of aluminosilicate minerals.” Minerals Engineering, 56. pp. 145–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Z. Q., Zhong, H., Wang, S., Xia, L. Y., Zhao, G., and Liu, G. Y., 2014b, “Investigations on reverse cationic flotation of iron ore by using a Gemini surfactant: ethane-1, 2-bis (dimethyl-dodecyl-ammonium bromide).” Chemical Engineering Journal, 257. pp. 218–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwasaki, I., 1983, “Iron ore flotation theory and practice.” Mining Engineering, 35. pp. 622–631.
   Google Scholar
• Iwasaki, I., 1988, Flotation behaviour of pyrrhotite in the processing of copper– nickel ores, In Extractive Metallurgy of Nickel and Cobalt, (G. P. Tyroler and C.A. Landolt, Eds.), Warrendale, USA: The Metallurgical Society. pp. 272–292.
   Google Scholar
• Iwasaki, I., Cooke, S. R. B., and Choi, H. S., 1960, “Flotation characteristics of hematite, goethite and activated quartz with 18-carbon aliphatic acids and related compounds.” Transactions of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical Engineering, 217. pp. 237–244.
   Google Scholar
• Iwasaki, I., and Lai, R. W., 1965, “Starches and starch products as depressants in soap flotation of activated silica from iron ores.” Transactions of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical Engineering, 232. pp. 364–371.
   Google Scholar
• Jain, V., Rai, B., Waghmare, U. V., and Pradip, 2012, Molecular modeling based selection and design of selective reagents for beneficiation of alumina rich iron ore slimes, In Proceedings XXVI International Mineral Processing Congress, New Delhi, India: Institute of Minerals & Materials Technology (IMMT). pp. 2258–2269.
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, H., Xu, L., Hu, Y., Wang, D., Li, C., Meng, W., and Wang, X., 2011, “Flotation and adsorption of quaternary ammonium cationic collectors on diaspora and kaolinite.” Transactions Nonferrous Metallurgical Society China, 21. pp. 2528–2534.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, R.F., James, R.O., Healy, T.W., 1987, “Adsorption, precipitation and electrokinetic processes in the iron oxide (goethite)-oleic acid-oleate system.” Journal of colloid and interface science, 118 (2). pp. 463–472.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, R. F., James, R. O., and Healy, T. W., 1988, “A multiple equilibria model of the adsorption of oleate aqueous species at the goethite water interface.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 122. pp. 544.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kar, B., Sahoo, H., Rath, S., and Das, B., 2013, “Investigations on different starches as depressants for iron ore flotation.” Minerals Engineering, 49. pp. 1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karjalahti, K., 1972, “Factors affecting the conditioning of an apatite ore for agglomeration flotation.” Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 81. pp. 119–226.
   Google Scholar
• Kawatra, S. K., and Ripke, S. J., 2002, “Effects of bentonite fiber formation in iron ore pelletization.” International Journal of Mineral Processing, 65 (3–4). pp. 141–149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keck, W. E., Eggleston, G. C., and Lowry, W. W., 1939, “A study of the flotative properties of hematite.” Transactions of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical Engineering, 134. pp. 102–128.
   Google Scholar
• Khosla, N. K., Bhagat, R. P., Gandhi, K. S., and Biswas, A. K., 1984, “Calorimetric and other interaction studies on mineral–starch adsorption systems.” Colloids and Surfaces, 8. pp. 321–336.
   Google Scholar
• Kulkarni, R.D., 1975, “ Flotation properties of hematite-oleate system and their dependence on interfacial adsorption”, D. Eng. Sci. Thesis, Columbia University, New York.
   Google Scholar
• Kulkarni, R. D., and Somasundaran, P., 1975, Kinetics of oleate adsorption at the liquid/air interface and its role in hematite flotation, In Advances in Interfacial Phenomena of Particulate/Solution/Gas Systems: applications to Flotation Research, (P. Somasundaran and R. B. Grieves, Eds.), USA: AIChE, pp. 124–133.
   Google Scholar
• Kulkarni, R. D., and Somasundaran, P., 1980, “Flotation chemistry of hematite/oleate system.” Colloids and Surfaces, 1. pp. 387–405.
   Google Scholar
• Laskowski, J. S., Vurdela, R. M., and Liu, Q., 1988, “The colloid chemistry of weak-electrolyte collector flotation”, Proceedings of the XVI International Mineral Processing Congress, p. 703.
   Google Scholar
• Leja, J., 1981, Surface Chemistry of Froth Flotation, New York: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leppinen, J. O., 1990, “FTIR and flotation investigation of the adsorption of ethyl xanthate on activated and non-activated sulfide minerals.” International Journal of Mineral Processing, 30 (3–4). pp. 245–263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lia, J., Zhoua, Y., Maoa, D., Chena, G., Wanga, X., Yanga, X., Wang, M., Peng, L., and Wang, J., 2014, “Heteropolyanion-based ionic liquid-functionalized mesoporous copolymer catalyst for Friedel-Crafts benzylation of arenes with benzyl alcohol.” Chemical Engineering Journal, 254. pp. 54–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima, N. P., 2001, “Behavior of itabirite ores from Alegria and Fábrica Nova deposits in the desliming and flotation processes”. Curso de Pós Graduação em Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Minas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. March de 2001. M.Sc thesis. (In Portuguese).
   Google Scholar
• Lima, N. P., Valadão, G. E. S., and Peres, A. E. C., 2013, “Effect of amine and starch dosages on the reverse cationic flotation of an iron ore.” Minerals Engineering, 45. pp. 180–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Q., Wannas, D., and Peng, Y., 2006, “Exploiting the dual functions of polymer depressants in fine particle flotation.” International Journal of Mineral Processing, 80. pp. 244–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, W., Wei, D., and Cui, B., 2011, “Collecting performances of N-dodecylethylene-diamine and its adsorption mechanism on mineral surface.” Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 21. pp. 1155−1160.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, W., Wei, D., Wang, B., Fang, P., Wang, X., and Cui, B., 2009, “A new collector used for flotation of oxide minerals.” Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 19. pp. 1326−1330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu-Yin, X., Zhong, H., and Guangyi, L., 2010, “Flotation techniques for separation of diaspore from bauxite using Gemini collector and starch depressant.” Transactions of Non-Ferrous Metal Society of China, 20. pp. 495–501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu-Yin, X., Zhong, H., Guang-Yi, L., and Shuai, W., 2009, “Utilization of soluble starch as a depressant for the reverse flotation of diaspore from kaolinite.” Minerals Engineering, 22 (6). pp. 560–565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovell, V. M., 1976, Froth characteristics in phosphate flotation, In Flotation: gaudin Memorial, Vol. 1, (M. C. Fuerstenau, Ed.), New York, NY: AIME, pp. 597–621.
   Google Scholar
• Lwasaki, I., 1989, Bridging theory and practice in iron ore flotation, In Page 177 in Advances in Coal and Mineral Processing Using Flotation, (S. Chander and R. R. Klimpel, Edited by), Littleton, CO: SME.
   Google Scholar
• Lwasaki, I., 1999. “Iron ore flotation: historical perspective and future prospects”. Proceedings of the Symposium, Advances in Flotation Technology, SME Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, March 1–3, p. 231.
   Google Scholar
• Ma, X., Bruckard, W. J., and Holmes, R., 2009, “Effect of collector, pH and ionic strength on the cationic flotation of kaolinite.” International Journal of Mineral Processing, 93. pp. 54–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, X., Marques, M., and Gontijo, C., 2011, “Comparative studies of reverse cationic/anionic flotation of Vale iron ore.” International Journal of Mineral Processing, 100 (1–2). pp. 179–183.
   Google Scholar
• Meech, J. A., 1981, “Feasibility of iron recovery from Mount Wright tailing material.” CIM Bull, 74. pp. 115–119.
   Google Scholar
• Menger, F. M., and Littau, C. A., 1991, “Gemini surfactants: synthesis and properties.” Journal of the American Chemical Society, 113 (1991). pp. 1451–1452.
   Google Scholar
• Montes-Sotomayor, S., Houot, R., and Kongolo, M., 1998, “Flotation of silicated gangue iron ores: mechanism and effect of starch.” Minerals Engineering, 11 (1). pp. 71–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowla, D., Karimi, G., and Ostadnezhad, K., 2008, “Removal of hematite from silica sand ore by reverse flotation technique.” Separation and Purification Technology, 58. pp. 419–423.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee, K., Thella, J. S., Makhija, D., Patra, A. S., Manna, M., and Ghosh, T. K., 2015, “Process to recover iron values from high-alumina Indian iron ore slime - a bench-scale study.” Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 36 (1). pp. 39–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakazawa, H., and Iwasaki, I., 1985, “The effect of pyrite–pyrrhotite contact on their floatabilities.” Minerals and Metallurgical Processing, 2. pp. 206–211.
   Google Scholar
• Napier-Munn, T., and Wills, B. A., 2006, Wills’ mineral processing technology, In Seventh Edition: an Introduction to the Practical Aspects of Ore Treatment and Mineral Recovery, New York: Butterworth-Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Neves, C. M. S. S., Lemusb, J., Freirea, M. G., Palomarb, J., and Coutinhoa, J. A. P., 2014, “Enhancing the adsorption of ionic liquids onto activated carbon by the addition of inorganic salts.” Chemical Engineering Journal, 252. pp. 305–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman, H., 1986, Sulphonate type flotation reagents, In Chemical Reagents in the Mineral Processing Industry, (D. Malhotra and W. Friggs, Eds.), Littleton, Colorado: SME Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Nummela, W., and Iwasaki, I., 1986, Iron ore flotation, In Advances in Mineral Processing: A Half-Century of Progress in Application of Theory to Practice, (P. Somasundaran, Ed.), Littleton: SME, pp. 308–342.
   Google Scholar
• Oliveira, J.F., 2006, Mineral sector: technological trends. Centro de Tecnologia Mineral (CETEM). (In Portuguese).
   Google Scholar
• Onal, G., 1975, Mazidagi low grade calcareous phosphate ore flotation, In Proceedings of Cento Symposium on the Mining and Beneficiation of Fertilizer Minerals, Istanbul: Public Relations Division, Central Treaty Organization. pp. 171–179.
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, B. R., Fuerstenau, M. C., and Apian, F. F., 1975, “Mechanisms involved in the flotation of oxides and silicates with anionic collectors: part 2.” Transactions AIME, 258. pp. 261.
   Google Scholar
• Papini, R. M., Brandao, P. R. G., and Peres, A. E. C., 2001, “Cationic flotation of iron ores: amine characterisation and performance.” Minerals and Metallurgical Processing, 17 (2). pp. 1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Pavlovic, S., and Brandao, P. R. G., 2003, “Adsorption of starch, amylose, amylopectin and glucose monomer and their effect on the flotation of hematite and quartz.” Minerals Engineering, 16 (11). pp. 1117–1122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peck, A. S., Raby, L. H., and Wadsworth, M. E., 1966, “An infrared study of the flotation of hematite with oleic acid and sodium oleate.” Transactions AIME, 238. pp. 301.
   Google Scholar
• Peng, Y., and Grano, S., 2010, “Effect of grinding media on the activation of pyrite flotation.” Minerals Engineering, 23 (8). pp. 600–605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira, S. R. N., 2003, “The use of nonpolar oils in the cationic reverse flotation of an iron ore”, M.Sc. thesis project, CPGEM-UFMG, p. 253 (in Portuguese).
   Google Scholar
• Peres, A. E. C., and Correa, M. I., 1996, “Depression of iron oxides with corn starches.” Minerals Engineering, 9 (12). pp. 1227–1234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ping, S., 2002, “Practice of transformation for iron improvement and silicon reduction in Gong Chang Ling concentrator of Anshan Steel Company.” Metal Mine, 2. pp. 41–44. (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Pinto, C. A. F., Yarar, B., and Araujo, A. C., 1991, “Apatite flotation kinetics with conventional and new collectors”, Preprint 91-80, SME Annual Meeting, Denver, Colorado, February 25–28.
   Google Scholar
• Pinto, C. L. L., Araujo, A. C., and Peres, A. E. C., 1992, “The effect of starch, amylose and amylopectin on the depression of oxi-minerals.” Minerals Engineering, 5 (3–5). pp. 469–478.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, M. I., and Sutton, D., 1973, “Correlation between froth flotation response and collector adsorption from aqueous solution. I. Titanium dioxide and ferric oxide conditioned in oleate solutions.” Powder Technological, 7. pp. 271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potapova, E., Grahn, M., Holmgren, A., and Hedlund, J., 2010, “The effect of calcium ions and sodium silicate on the adsorption of Anionic flotation collector on magnetite studied by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 345. pp. 96–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pradip, Ravishankar, S. A., Sankar, T. A. P., and Khosla, N. K., 1993, “Beneficiation studies on alumina rich Indian iron ore slimes using selective dispersants, flocculants and flotation collectors”, Proceedings XVIII International Mineral Processing Congress. In Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne, 1289–1294.
   Google Scholar
• Quast, K., 2006, “Flotation of hematite using C6–C18 saturated fatty acids.” Minerals Engineering, 19 (6–8). pp. 582–597.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghavan, S., and Fuerstenau, D. W., 1975, “The adsorption of aqueous octylhydroxamte on ferric oxide.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 50. pp. 319–330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajala, J. A., and Smith, R. W., 1983, “Ionic strength, collector chain length, and temperature interactions in allcyl sulfate flotation of hematite.” Transactions AIME, 274. pp. 1947.
   Google Scholar
• Raju, G. B., Holmgren, A., and Forsling, W., 1997, “Adsorption of dextrin at mineral/water interface.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 193. pp. 215–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao, K. H., Su, F., and Forssberg, K. S. E., 1999, Flotation kinetics of apatite from magnetite, In In Beneficiation of Phosphates: advances in Research and Practice, Littleton, CO: SME.
   Google Scholar
• Rao, S., 2004, Surface chemistry of froth flotation, In Second Edition, Rev. edn. of: Surface chemistry of froth flotation/ Jan Leja, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Ripke, S. J., Eisele, T. C., and Kawatra, S. K., 2004, Effects of retained calcium ions in iron ore filtration and pelletization performance”, Particle Size Enlargement in Mineral Processing-Proc. 5th UBC-McGill Int. Symposium, (Laskowski ed.) Metallurgical Society of Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Hamilton, 384–391.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, A. J., 1975, “Relationship between particle size and collector concentration.” Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 69. pp. 45–62.
   Google Scholar
• Rodrigues, O. M. S., 2009, “Study on kaolinite flotation”, Belo Horizonte: Escola de Engenharia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 96p M.Sc. Thesis in Metallurgical and Mining Engineering, (in Portuguese).
   Google Scholar
• Rodrigues, O. M. S., Peres, A. E. C., Martins, A. H., and Pereira, C. A., 2013, “Kaolinite and hematite flotation separation using etheramine and ammonium quaternary salts.” Minerals Engineering, 40. pp. 12–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahoo, H., Sinha, N., Rath, S., and Das, B., 2015, “Ionic liquids as novel quartz collectors: insights from experiments and theory.” Chemical Engineering Journal, 273. pp. 46–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, I. D., and Oliveira, J. F., 2007, “Utilization of humic acid as a depressant for hematite in the reverse flotation of iron ore.” Minerals Engineering, 20. pp. 1003–1007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulz, N. F., and Cooke, S. R. B., 1953, “Froth flotation of iron ores: adsorption of starch products and laurylamine acetate.” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 45. pp. 2767–2772.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seth, V., Kumar, R., Arora, S. C. D., and Biswas, A. K., 1975, “Disodium dodecyl phosphate as a collector in the calcite–apatite mineral system.” Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 84. pp. 56–58.
   Google Scholar
• Sheikh, N., 1972, “The chemical stability of the heavy metal xanthatcs”, Ph.D. Thesis. (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC). 154.
   Google Scholar
• Shen, H., and Huang, X., 2005, “A review of the development in iron ore processing from 2000 to 2004.” Metal Mine Engineering, 25. pp. 26–30. (In Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Shen, W. Z., Fornasiero, D., and Ralston, J., 1998, “Effect of collectors, conditioning pH and gases in the separation of sphalerite from pyrite.” Minerals Engineering, 11. pp. 145–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrimali, K., and Miller, J. D., 2016, “Polysaccharide depressants for the reverse flotation of iron ore.” Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, 69 (1). pp. 83–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrimali, K., Jin, J., Hassas, B.V., Wang, X., Miller, J.D., 2016, “The surface state of hematite and its wetting characteristics.” Journal of colloid and interface science, 477. pp.16–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, S., Sahoo, H., Rath, S. S., Palei, B. B., and Das, B., 2015, “Separation of hematite from banded hematite jasper (BHJ) by magnetic coating.” Journal of Central South University of Technology, 22. pp. 437−444.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sis, H., and Chander, S., 2003, “Reagents used in the flotation of phosphate ores: A critical review.” Minerals Engineering, 16. pp. 577–585.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, R. W., Haddenham, R., and Schroeder, C., 1973, “Amphoteric surfactants as flotation collectors.” Transactions AIME, 254. pp. 231–235.
   Google Scholar
• Snow, R. E. 1979. “Beneficiation of Phosphate Ore”, US Patent # 4,144, 969.
   Google Scholar
• Sollenberger, C. L., and Greenwalt, R. B., 1958, “Relative effectiveness of sodium silicate of different SiO2: na2Oratio as gangue depressants in non-metallic flotation.” Minerals Engineering, 10 (6). pp. 691–693.
   Google Scholar
• Soltanmohammadi, V., Noaparast, M., Kohsari, A. H., and Zamani, F., 2009, “Determination of optimum conditions to remove sulfur and phosphor from Gol-E-Gohar iron ore concentrate.” Iranian Journal of Science & Technology, Transaction B, Engineering, 33 (3). pp. 267–278.
   Google Scholar
• Soltanmohammadi, V., Noaparast, M., Kohsari, A. H., and Zamani, F., 2011, “Influence of flotation parameters on decreasing sulfur and phosphorus contents in the Gol-E-Gohar iron ore concentrate.” Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing, 46. pp. 173–190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somasundaran, P., and Ananthapadmanabhan, K. P., 1979, “Solution chemistry of surfactants and the role of it in adsorption and froth flotation in mineral-water systems”, Proceedings, Solution Chemistry Surfactants, 52th Colloid and Surface Science Symposium, p. 777.
   Google Scholar
• Somasundaran, P., and Maltesh, C., 1997, September 21–26, Fatty acid treatment of phosphate ores under laboratory and plant conditions, In Proc. XX. Int. Min. Process. Congress, (H. Hoberg and H. Von Blottmitz, Eds.), Germany, Vol. 3: Aachen, pp. 573–583.
   Google Scholar
• Somsook, E., Hinsin, D., Buakhrong, P., Teanchai, R., Mophan, N., Pohmakotor, M., and Showatana, J., 2005, “Interactions between iron (III) and sucrose, dextran, or starch in complexes.” Carbohydrate Polymers, 61 (3). pp. 281–287.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somsook, E., Hinsin, D., Buakhrong, P., Teanchai, R., Mophan, N., Pohmakotor, M., and Somasundaran, P., 1969, “Adsorption of starch and oleate and interaction between them on calcite in aqueous solutions.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 31 (4). pp. 557–565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svoboda, J., 1987, Magnetic methods for the treatment of minerals, In Developments in Mineral Processing, Vol. 8, (D. W. Fuerstenau, Ed.), Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, pp. 712.
   Google Scholar
• Svoboda, J., 2001, “A realistic description of the process of high gradient magnetic separation.” Minerals Engineering, 14 (11). pp. 1493–1503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theander, K., and Pugh, R. J., 2001, “The influence of pH and temperature on the equilibrium and dynamic surface tension of aqueous solutions of sodium oleate.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 239. pp. 209–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thella, J. S., Mukherjee, A. K., and Srikakulapu, N. G., 2012, “Processing of high alumina iron ore slimes using classification and flotation.” Powder Technology, 217. pp. 418–426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turrer, H. D. G., 2003. “Study on the utilisation of synthetic flocculants in the reverse cationic flotation of an iron ore”. M.Sc. thesis project, CPGEM-UFMG, p. 44 (in Portuguese).
   Google Scholar
• Turrer, H. D. G., Araujo, A. C., Papini, R. M., and Peres, A. E. C., 2007, “Iron ore flotation in the presence of polyacrylamides.” Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 116 (2). pp. 81–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turrer, H. D. G., and Peres, A. E. C., 2010, “Investigation on alternative depressants for iron ore flotation.” Minerals Engineering, 23. pp. 1066–1069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upadhyay, R. K., Venkatesh, A. S., and Roy, S., 2010, “Mineralogical characteristics of iron ores in Joda and Khondbond areas in eastern India with implications on beneficiation.” Resource Geology, 60. pp. 203–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usui, S., 1972, Heterocoagulation, In Progress in Surface and Membrane Science, Vol. 5, (J. F. Danielli, M. D. Rosenberg, and D. A. Cadenhead, Eds.), New York: Academic Press, pp. 223–266.
   Google Scholar
• Uwadiale, G. G. O. O., 1992, “Flotation of iron oxides and quartz; A review.” Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review., 11. pp. 129.
   Google Scholar
• US Geological Survey, 2014 Minerals Yearbook, Iron and Steel, US Department of the Interior, November 2016, https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_&_steel/ myb1-2014-feste.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Viana, P. R. M., and Souza, H. S., 1988, The use of corn grits as a depressant for the flotation of quartz in hematite ore, In Proceedings of the 2nd Latin-American Congress on Froth Flotation, 1985, (S. H. F. Castro and J. M. Alvarez, Eds.), Developments in Mineral Processing, Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, Vol. 9, pp. 233–244.
   Google Scholar
• Vidyadhar, A., Hanumantha Rao, K., Chernyshova, I. V., Pradip, and Forssberg, K. S. E., 2002, “Mechanisms of amine-quartz interaction in the absence and presence of alcohols studied by spectroscopic methods.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 256. pp. 59–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidyadhar, A., Kumari, N., and Bhagat, R. P., 2012, “Adsorption mechanism of mixed collector systems on hematite flotation.” Minerals Engineering, 26. pp. 102–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieira, A. M., and Peres, A. E. C., 2007, “The effect of amine type, pH, and size range in the flotation of quartz.” Minerals Engineering, 20. pp. 1008–1013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vijaya Kumar, T. V., and Gopalkrishna, S. J., 2013, “Selection of cationic collector for reduction of alumina and silica in iron ore slimes of an operating plant by flotation.” International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, 2 (11). pp. 3295–3302.
   Google Scholar
• Voigt, S., Szargan, R., and Suoninen, E., 1994, “Interaction of copper (II) ions with pyrite and its influence on ethyl xanthate adsorption.” Surface and Interface Analysis, 21 (8). pp. 526–536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H., 2003, “Improvement in flotation and filterability of fine coal slime by selective flocculation.” Journal of Mining Science, 39 (4). pp. 410–414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Han, B., Dai, M., Yan, H., Li, Z., and Thomas, R. K., 1999, “Effects of chain length and structure of cationic surfactants on the adsorption onto Na–Kaolinite.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 213. pp. 596–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. H., and Ren, J. W., 2005, “The flotation of quartz from iron minerals with a combined quaternary ammonium salt.” International Journal of Mineral Processing, 77. pp. 116–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, J., Huang, G. H., Yu, H., and An, C. J., 2011, “Efficiency of single and mixed Gemini/conventional micelles on solubilization of phenanthrene.” Chemical Engineering Journal, 168. pp. 201–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissenborn, P. K., Warren, L. J., and Dunn, J. G., 1995, “Selective flocculation of ultrafine iron ore. 1. Mechanism of adsorption of starch onto hematite.” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 99. pp. 11–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weng, X. Q., Mei, G. J., Zhao, T. T., and Zhu, Y., 2013, “Utilization of novel ester-containing quaternary ammonium surfactant as cationic collector for iron ore flotation.” Separation and Purification Technology., 103. pp. 187–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woods, R., 1988, Flotation of sulfide minerals, In Reagents in Mineral Technology, (P. Somasundaran and B. Moudgil, Editors), New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, pp. 39–77.
   Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, T., 1980, Mechanism of depression of pyrite and sphalerite by sulphite, In Complex Sulphide Ores, (M. J. Jones, Ed.), London: Inst. Miner. Metall., pp. 71–78.
   Google Scholar
• Yap, S. N., Mishra, R. K., Raghavan, S., and Fuerstenau, D. W., 1981, The adsorption of oleate from aqueous solution on to hematite, In In Adsorption from Aqueous Solution, (R. M. Tewari, ed.), New York: Plenum Press, pp. 119–142.
   Google Scholar
• Yellishetty, M., Ranjith, P. G., and Tharumarajah, A., 2010, “Iron ore and steel production trends and material flows in the world: is this really sustainable?” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 54. pp. 1084–1094.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousfi, M., Livi, S., and Duchet-Rumeau, J., 2014, “Ionic liquids: a new way for the compatibilization of thermoplastic blends.” Chemical Engineering Journal, 255. pp. 513–524.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zana, R., 2002, “Alkanediyl- alpha, omega-bis (dimethylalkylammonium bromide) surfactants: II. Krafft temperature and melting temperature.” Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 252. pp. 259–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng, W., and Dahe, X., 2003, “The latest application of SLon vertical ring and pulsating highgradient magnetic separator.” Minerals Engineering, 16. pp. 563–565.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, G., Li, W., and Bai, X., 2006, “A study of the practice at Diaojuntai mineral processing plant.” Metal Mine, 357. pp. 37–41. (In Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Q., Xu, Z., and Finch, J. A., 1997, “Pyrite flotation in the presence of metal ions and sphalerite.” International Journal of Mineral Processing, 52. pp. 187–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Q., Zhao, X., Lu, H., Ni, T., and Li, Y., 2017, “Waste energy recovery and energy efficiency improvement in China’s iron and steel industry.” Applied Energy, 191. pp. 502–520.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, C., Yahui, Z., and Yongdan, C., 2012, “Reverse flotation of quartz from magnetite ore with modified sodium oleate.” Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 34 (5). pp. 320–330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhaohui, L., and Gallus, L., 2007, “Adsorption of dodecyl trimethylammonium and hexadecyl trimethylammonium onto kaolinite – competitive adsorption and chain length effect.” Applied Clay Science, 35. pp. 250–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar