The Role of Solids Characterisation Techniques in the Evaluation of Ammonia Leaching Behaviour of Complex Sulphides

References

• Petruk , W. and Mainwaring , P. R. ( 1985 ). Recent developments in process mineralogy of complex sulphide ores . CANMET Report 85-12F , Mineral Science Laboratories , Ottawa , Canada , K1A OG1 .
   Google Scholar
• Rao Sarveswara , K. , Das , R. P. and Ray , H. S. ( 1991 ). Study of leaching of multimetal sulphides through interdisciplinary approach . Min. Pro. Ext. Met. Rev. , 7 , 209 – 233 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , M. C. , Arbiter , N. and Kling , H. ( 1974 ). CIM Bulletin , pp. 62 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Duyvesteyn , W. P. C. and Sabacky , B. J. ( 1995 ). Ammonia leaching process for Escondida copper concentrates . Trans. IMM , 104 , C125–CI40 .
   Google Scholar
• Rao Sarveswara , K. , Anand , S. , Srinivasa Rao , K. , Das , S. C. , Subbaiah , T. and Das , R. P. ( 1984 ). Process development for extraction of zinc, copper and lead from complex sulphide ore/concentrates of Ambamata-Part I An overview of the process . Trans. Indian Insl. Met. , 37 ( 1 ), 49 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das , R. P. ( 1995 ). Hydrometallurgy and electrowinning at the Regional Research Laboratory . Bhubaneswar Hydrometallurgy , 38 , 215 – 217 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majima Hiroshi ( 1995 ). Importance of fundamental study in hydrometallurgy . Metal. Mater. Trans. , 26B , 1109 – 1122 .
   Google Scholar
• Meng , X. , Sun , X. and Han , K. N. ( 1995 ). A dissolution kinetic model for metals in solutions . Min. Met. Pro. , pp. 97 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Pritzker , M. D. ( 1995 ). The role of migration in shrinking-core leaching reactions controlled by pore transport . Metal. Mater. Trans. , 26B , 901 – 910 .
   Google Scholar
• Crundwell , F. K. ( 1995 ). Progress in the mathematical modeling of leaching reactors . Hydrometallurgy , 39 , 321 – 325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray , H. S. ( 1990 ). Some factors that lead to uncertainties in kinetic studies in metallurgy . J. Thermal Analysis , 36 , 743 – 764 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prosser , P. A. ( 1996 ). Review of uncertainty in the collection and interpretation of leaching data . Hydrometallurgy , 41 , 119 – 153 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand , S. , Sarveswara Rao , K. , Acharya , S. and Das , R. P. ( 1985 ). Ammoniacal leaching of complex sulphide of copper, lead and zinc . Proceedings of XI Conference on Treatment of Minerals , Part II Hydrometallurgy , Natal , Brazil , pp. 234 – 245 .
   Google Scholar
• Stcger , H. F. ( 1977 ). Oxidation of sulphide minerals-I . Talanta , 24 , 251 – 54 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steger , H. F. ( 1977 ). Oxidation of sulphide minerals-II . Talanta , 24 , 268 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steger , H. F. and Desjardins , L. E. ( 1977 ). Oxidation of sulphide minerals-Ill . Talanta , 24 , 675 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke , P. , Fornasiero , D. , Ralston , J. and Smart , R. St. C. ( 1995 ). A study of the removal of oxidation products from sulphide mineral surfaces . Minerals Engineering , 8 ( 11 ), 1347 – 1357 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvin , J. F. and Gardiner , F. R. ( 1986 ). Analyst , 111 , 897 – 899 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhury , V. N. , Mukherjee , B. C. and Mukundan Nair ( 1978 ). Rapid complexometric analysis of zinc in Cu-Pb-Zn ores . In Proc. Instn. Chemists (India)
   Google Scholar
• Japanese Industrial Standard ( 1965 ). JISM 8124 .
   Google Scholar
• Beckstead , L. W. and Miller , J. D. ( 1977 ). Metal. Trans. , 8B , 19 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly , I. G. and Scott , D. S. ( 1977 ). Can. J. Chem. Engg. , 55 , 527 – 533 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guy , S. , Broadbent , C. P. , Jackson , D. J. D. and Lawson , G. L. ( 1982 ). Hydrometallurgy , 8 , 251 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vizsolyi , A. , Veltman , H. and Forward , F. A. ( 1963 ). Aqueous oxidation of galena under pressure in ammonia solutions . Unit processes in Hydrometallurgy, Eds. Milton.E. Wadsworth and Franklin T. Davis , Gordon and Breach Science Publishers , New York , pp. 326 – 344 .
   Google Scholar
• Crundwell , F. K. ( 1988 ). The influence of the electronic structure of solids on the anodic dissolution and leaching of semiconducting sulphide minerals . Hydro-metallurgy , 21 , 155 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paramguru , R. K. and Ray , H. S. ( 1996 ). Use of polarization data for the study of initial dissolution behaviour of semiconducting minerals . Min. Pro. Ext. Met. Rev. , 16 , 63 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Rao Sarveswara , K. , Paramguru , R. K. , Das , R. P. and Ray , H. S. ( 1992 ). The role of galvanic interaction during ammonia leaching of multimetal sulphides . Min. Pro. Ext. Met. Rev. , 11 , 21 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Tozawa , K. , Umetsu , Y. and Sato , K. ( 1976 ). Extractive Metallurgy of Copper , Vol. II , Yannopoulos, J. C. and Agarwal, J. C. (Editors) , Met. Soc. AIME , pp. 706 – 721 .
   Google Scholar
• Peters , E. ( 1977 ). Application of hydrometallurgy to treatment of sulphide minerals . Int. Symp. on Chloride Metallurgy , Brussels , Benelux Metallurgie , p. 1 .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , E. , Boe , G. H. , Danielssen , T. and Finne , P. M. ( 1980 ). Complex sulphide ores . In Proc. Conference Organised by the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy and Consiglio Nazionale delle Recerche , Inslituto per il Trattamento dei Minerali , Rome , Italy , 5–8 October, Ed. Jones, M. J. , pp. 186 – 192 .
   Google Scholar
• Warren , G. W. and Wadsworth , M. E. ( 1984 ). Metal. Trans. , 15B , 289 – 297 .
   Google Scholar
• Reilly , I. G. and Scott , D. S. ( 1984 ). Metal Trans. , 15B , 726 – 729 .
   Google Scholar
• Wadsworth , M. E. ( 1986 ). J. Metals , p. 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Ray , H. S. ( 1993 ). In Kinetics of Metallurgical Reactions , Ed. Ray, H. S. , Oxford and 1BH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd. , New Delhi , pp. 21 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• KeenanKeyes Thermodynamic properties of steam . John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , New York . A cross reference from Manual No. 155 Instructions for Parr stirred reactors, Parr Instruments Company, Illinois, USA .
   Google Scholar
• Rao Sarveswara , K. ( 1996 ). Manual for safe operation and maintenance of laboratory autoclaves . Internal Report No. T/HM/177/Nov./96 , Regional Research Laboratory , Bhubaneswar .
   Google Scholar
• Rao Sarveswara , K. , Anand , S. , Das , R. P. and Ray , H. S. ( 1992 ). Kinetics of ammonia leaching of multimetal sulphides . Min. Pro. Ext. Met. Rev. , 10 , 11 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Rao Sarveswara , K. , Das , R. P. , Mukunda , P. G. and Ray , H. S. ( 1993 ). Use of X-ray diffraction in a study of ammonia leaching of multimetal sulphides . Metal. Trans. , 24B , 937 – 945 .
   Google Scholar
• Rao Sarveswara , K. and Ray , H. S. ( 1997 ). Selection of experimental conditions for leaching studies A case study on oxidative ammonia leaching of multimetal sulphides . J. Metallurgy and Material Sciences, Instn. of Engineers (India) , Calcutta , 78 , 70 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Rao Sarveswara , K. , Anand , S. , Acharya , S. , Sarma , P. V. R. B. , Nath Sarma , K. C. , Das , G. K. and Das , R. P. ( 1994 ). Preliminary assessment of oxidative ammonia leaching process [RRL(B)/EIL] , Project report prepared for GMDC. , Ahmedabad , Gujarat , India . Technical Report No.T/HM/66/Jan./1994, Regional Research Laboratory, Bhubaneswar .
   Google Scholar
• Acharya , B. C. and Sahoo , R. K. ( 1987 ). Ind. Min. and Engg. J. , pp. 3 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Rao Sarveswara , K. and Ray , H. S. ( 1998 ). A new look at characterisation and oxidative ammonia leaching behaviour of multimetal sulphides . Minerals Engineering , 11 ( 11 ), 1011 – 1024 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rorick , S. J. ( 1985 ). Mineralogy/microscopy as a practical tool in mineral processing . Cross from Reimers, J.H. ‘Complex sulphides- processing of ores, concentrates and by-products’. Eds. Zunkel, A. D., Boorman, R. S., Morris, A. E. and Wesley, R. J. , Proc. Symp. Sponsored by TMS of AIM E and the CIMM , San Diego , California , p. 805 .
   Google Scholar
• Roach , G. I. D. and Prosser , A. P. ( 1978 ). Prediction of Tales of chemical processes for treatment of low-grade materials theory and tests for mass-transfer controlled reactions . Instn. of Mining and Metallurgy , C129–C138 .
   Google Scholar
• Gasparrini, Claudia ( 1981 ). The significance of mineralogy applied to metal extraction . In Hausen, D. M. and Park, W. C. (Editors), Process mineralogy, extractive metallurgy, mineral exploration, energy resources , Proc. Symp. TMS-AIME Process Mineralogy Committee, 110th AIME Annual Meeting , Chicago , Illinois . The Metallurgical Society of AIME .
   Google Scholar
• Rao Sarveswara , K. and Ray , H. S. ( 1997 ). Effect of roasting and ammonia leaching on the mineralogy of multimetal sulphides . J. Metals Materials and Processes , 9 ( 1 ), 33 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao Sarveswara , K. , Muralidhar , J. and Ray , H. S. ( 1997 ). Characterisation of oxidative ammonia leaching behaviour of galena by chemical phase analysis . J. Metals, Materials and Processes , 9 ( 1 ), 25 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao Sarveswara , K. and Ray , H. S. ( 1997 ). Thermal analysis studies on multimetal sulphides characterisation, roasting and leaching . Trans. Indian Inst. Met. , Communicated .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delaney , I. J. T. ( 1985 ). In Proc. Int. Symp. Extract. Metall. Zinc, Zinc'85 , Ed. Tozawa, K. , Mining and Metallurgical Institute of Japan , Tokyo .
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira , R. C. H. and Burkin , A. R. ( 1975 ). In Leaching and Reduction in Hydromctallurgy , Ed. Burkin, A. R. , The Inst, of Min. and Metall. , London , p. 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Ugarte , F. J. and Burkin , A. R. ( 1975 ). In Leaching and Reduction in Hydrometallurgy , Ed. Burkin, A. R. , The Inst, of Min. and Metall. , London , p. 46 .
   Google Scholar
• King , J. A. , Burkin , A. R. and Ferreira , R. C. H. ( 1975 ). In Leaching and Reduction in Hydrometallurgy , Ed. Burkin, A. R. , The Inst, of Min. and Metall. , London , p. 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Kloss , Smykatz- W. ( 1982 ). Application of differential thermal analysis in mineralogy . J. Thermal Analysis , 23 , 15 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Pearse , M. J. ( 1980 ). Chemical study of oxidation of sulphide concentrates . Trans. IMM , 89 , C26–C36 .
   Google Scholar
• Corriou , J. P. , Gely , R. and Viers , P. ( 1988 ). Thermodynamic and kinetic study of the pressure leaching of zinc sulphide in aqueous sulphuric acid . Hydrometallurgy , 21 , 85 – 102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolodziej , B. and Adamski , Z. ( 1990 ). Dissolution of sphalerite in aqueous hydrochloric acid solutions under reduction conditions . Hydrometallurgy , 24 , 393 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloss , Smykatz- W. ( 1974 ). In Kloss, Smykatz- W. (Editor) , Differential thermal analysis, applications and results in mineralogy. Springer-Verlag , Berlin , Heidelberg , Germany .
   Google Scholar
• Rustembekov , K. T. , Oskembekova, Zh. S., Abishev , D. N. , Beckturganov , N. S. , Skhodin , V. G. , Antonov , V. A. and Buketov , Es. A. ( 1985 ). Autoclave DTA application in technological researches . Thermochimica Acta , 92 , 453 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao Sarveswara , K. and Ray , H. S. ( 1997 ). Use of thermal analysis for study of characterisation of multimetal sulphides and their oxidation behaviour . Min. Pro. Ext. Met. Rev. , 16 , 261 – 278 .
   Google Scholar
• Rao Sarveswara , K. , Sarangi , B. , Das , R. P. and Ray , H. S. ( 1994 ). Some studies on chemical oxidation of chalcopyrite . International Series on Chemical Engineering-Utilisation of Natural Resources-Chemical Engineering Approach , Eds. Ray, H. S. and Mitra, A. K. , Publication and Information Directorate (CSIR) and Wiley Eastern Ltd. , New Delhi , pp. 52 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Wadsworth , M. E. ( 1958 ). Rate of thermal dehydration of muscovite . J. Am. Cer. Soc , 41 ( 7 ), 242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghavan , S. and Gajam , S. Y. ( 1986 ). Application of enlarging pore model for the ammoniacal leaching of chrysocolla , Hydrometallurgy , 16 , 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakesh Kumar ( 1988 ). Characterisation and leaching studies on deep sea manganese nodules and synthetic analogs . Ph.D. Thesis , Indian Institute of Technology , Kanpur .
   Google Scholar
• Ray , H. S. ( 1984 ). Trans. Indian Ceram. Soc , 43 ( 6 ), 162 .
   Google Scholar
• Rao Sarveswara , K. and Ray , H. S. ( 1993 ). Leaching kinetics of Cu-Zn-Pb bulk concentrate - surface area measurements . Proc. Ninth National Convention of Chemical Engineering Division of Institution of Engineers (India) and International Symposium on Importance of Biotechnology in the Coming Decades , June 5–7 , Visakhapatnam, Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co. Ltd. , New Delhi , pp. 218 – 222 .
   Google Scholar
• Wadsworth , M. E. ( 1979 ). Hydrometallurgical processes . In Sohn, H. Y. and Wadsworth, M. E. (Editors) , Rate Processes of Extractive Metallurgy. Plenum Press , New York , pp. 163 – 186 .
   Google Scholar
• Woods , R. ( 1983 ). In Principles of Mineral Flotation , Jones, M. J. and Woodcock, J. T. (Eds.) , The Work Symposium and Aust. IMM , pp. 53 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Chander , S. ( 1985 ). Minerals Metal. Process. , 2 ( 2 ), 26 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Rao , S. R. and Finch , J. A. ( 1988 ). Can. Metall. Q. , 27 ( 4 ), 253 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes , P. R. and Crundwell , F. K. ( 1995 ). Kinetic aspects of galvanic interactions between minerals during dissolution . Hydrometallurgy , 39 , 353 – 375 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burkin , A. R. ( 1966 ). Reactions of lead sulphide in water . In The Chemistry of Hydrometallurgical Processes , Ed. Burkin , A. R. and E. & F. N. Spon Ltd. , London , pp. 30 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Forward , F. A. , Samis , C. S. and Kudryk , V. ( 1948 ). Trans. Canad. Inst. Min. Met. , 51 , 350 .
   Google Scholar
• Forward , F. A. ( 1951 ). U.S. Patent 2,576,314 .
   Google Scholar
• Majima , H. and Peters , E. ( 1966 ). Trans. Metall. Soc. AIME , 236 , 1409 – 1413 .
   Google Scholar
• Osseo-Asare , K. and Fuerstenau , D. W. ( 1978 ). Application of activity-activity diagrams to ammonia hydrometallurgy . The copper-, nickel-, and cobalt-ammonia-water systems at 25°C. In Fundamental Aspects of Hydrometallurgical Processes , Eds., Chapman, T. W., Tavlarides, L. L., Hubred, G. L. and Wellek, R. M., AIChE Symp. Ser. , 173 ( 74 ), 1 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhong , S. and Hepworth , M. T. ( 1995 ). A calculation method for determining equilibria in metal-ammonia-water systems . Hydrometallurgy , 38 , 15 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hubbard , K. L. , Darling , G. D. and Finch , J. A. ( 1977 ). Screening ligands for metallurgical applications by the determination of pH of complexation with metals . Minerals Engineering , 10 ( 1 ), 41 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapidus , G. and De Lourdes Mosqueira , M. ( 1988 ). The effect of product solubility on the leaching kinetics of non-porous minerals . Hydrometallurgy , 20 ( 1 ), 49 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray , H. S. ( 1993 ). Non-ideal conditions and complex reactions . In Kinetics of Metallurgical Reactions , Ed. Ray, H. S. , Oxford and IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd. , New Delhi , pp. 164 – 207 .
   Google Scholar
• Anand , S. , Sarveswara Rao , K. and Das , R. P. ( 1986 ). Process development for extraction of zinc, copper and lead from complex sulphide ore/concentrates of Ambamata, Part V Kinetics of copper dissolution . Indian Inst. Mel. , 39 ( 1 ), 51 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao Sarveswara , K. ( 1989 ). Characterisation and ammonia leaching studies on multimetal sulphides . Ph.D. Thesis , Indian Institute of Technology , Kharagpur , India .
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh , M. K. , Anand , S. and Das , R. P. ( 1989 ). Effect of dissolved impurities during ammonia leaching of pure zinc sulphide . Hydrometallurgy , 21 , 207 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh , M. K. , Anand , S. and Das , R. P. ( 1990 ). Oxidative ammonia leaching of pure zinc sulphide in the presence of lead compounds . Metal. Trans. , 21B , 402 – 404 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anand , S. , Sarveswara Rao , K. -and Das , R. P. ( 1985 ). Process development for extraction of zinc, copper and lead from complex sulphide ore/concentrates of Ambamata, Part III Lead recovery from leach residue . Trans. Indian Inst. Met. , 38 ( 2 ), 54 – 58 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar