From Plasmids to Protection: A Review of DNA Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases

REFERENCES

• P.S. Walker, T. Scharton-Kersten, E.D. Rowton, U. Hengge, A. Bouloc, M.C. Udey, and J.C. Vogel, Genetic immunization with glycoprotein 63 cDNA results in a helper T cell type 1 immune response and protection in a murine model of leishmaniasis, Hum. Gene. Ther., 9: 1899–1907, 1998. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C.J. Luke, K. Carner, X. Liang, and A.G. Barbour, An OspA-based DNA vaccine protects mice against infection with Borrelia burgdorferi, J. Infect. Dis., 175: 91–97, 1997. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Huygen, J. Content, O. Denis, D.L. Montgomery, A.M. Yawman, R.R. Deck, C.M. DeWitt, I.M. Orme, S. Baldwin, C. D'Souza, A. Drowart, E. Lozes, P. Vandenbussche, J.P. Van Vooren, M.A. Liu, and J.B. Ulmer, Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a tuberculosis DNA vaccine, Nat. Med., 2: 893–898, 1996. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.C. Gonzalez Armas, C.S. Morello, L.D. Cranmer, and D.H. Spector, DNA immunization confers protection against murine cytomegalovirus infection, J. Virol., 70: 7921–7928, 1996. [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• R.J. Drape, M.D. Macklin, L.J. Barr, S. Jones, J.R. Haynes, and H.J. Dean, Epidermal DNA vaccine for influenza is immunogenic in humans, Vaccine, article in press, 2005. [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• M.A. Liu, W. McClements, J.B. Ulmer, J. Shiver, and J. Donnelly, Immunization of non-human primates with DNA vaccines, Vaccine, 15: 909–912, 1997. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R.R. MacGregor, J.D. Boyer, K.E. Ugen, K.E. Lacy, S.J. Gluckman, M.L. Bagarazzi, M.A. Chattergoon, Y. Baine, T.J. Higgins, R.B. Ciccarelli, L.R. Coney, R.S. Ginsberg, and D.B. Weiner, First human trial of a DNA-based vaccine for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: safety and host response, J. Infect. Dis., 178: 92–100, 1998. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H.M. Foy, I. Allan, J.M. Blumhagen, M.K. Cooney, C. Hall, and J.P. Fox, A/USSR and B/Hong Kong vaccine. Field experiences during an A/Brazil and an influenza B epidemic, Jama., 245: 1736–1740, 1981. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.B. Whitney and R.M. Ruprecht, Live attenuated HIV vaccines: pitfalls and prospects, Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., 17: 17–26, 2004. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M.E. Watanabe, Skeptical scientists skewer VaxGen statistics, Nature Medicine, 9: 376, 2003. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.D. Boyer, B. Wang, K.E. Ugen, M. Agadjanyan, A. Javadian, P. Frost, K. Dang, R.A. Carrano, R. Ciccarelli, L. Coney, W.V. Williams, and D.B. Weiner, In vivo protective anti-HIV immune responses in non-human primates through DNA immunization, J. Med. Primatol., 25: 242–250, 1996. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.W. Shiver, H.C. Perry, M.E. Davies, D.C. Freed, and M.A. Liu, Cytotoxic T lymphocyte and helper T cell responses following HIV polynucleotide vaccination, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 772: 198–208, 1995. [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• K. Okuda, H. Bukawa, K. Hamajima, S. Kawamoto, K. Sekigawa, Y. Yamada, S. Tanaka, N. Ishi, I. Aoki, and M. Nakamura, Induction of potent humoral and cell-mediated immune responses following direct injection of DNA encoding the HIV type 1 env and rev gene products, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 11: 933–943, 1995. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Lu, J.C. Santoro, D.H. Fuller, J.R. Haynes, and H.L. Robinson, Use of DNAs expressing HIV-1 Env and noninfectious HIV-1 particles to raise antibody responses in mice, Virology, 209: 147–154, 1995. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S.A. Calarota and D.B. Weiner, Approaches for the design and evaluation of HIV-1 DNA vaccines, Expert Rev. Vaccines, 3: S135–S149, 2004. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• H. Grosjean and W. Fiers, Preferential codon usage in prokaryotic genes: the optimal codon-anticodon interaction energy and the selective codon usage in efficiently expressed genes, Gene., 18: 199–209, 1982. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Uchijima, A. Yoshida, T. Nagata, and Y. Koide, Optimization of codon usage of plasmid DNA vaccine is required for the effective MHC class I-restricted T cell responses against intracellular bacterium, J. Immunol., 161: 5594–5599, 1998. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Deml, A. Bojak, S. Steck, M. Graf, J. Wild, R. Schirmbeck, H. Wolf, and R. Wagner, Multiple effects of codon usage optimization on expression and immunogenicity of DNA candidate vaccines encoding the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag protein, J. Virol., 75: 10991–11001, 2001. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Nagata, M. Uchijima, A. Yoshida, M. Kawashima, and Y. Koide, Codon optimization effect on translational efficiency of DNA vaccine in mammalian cells: analysis of plasmid DNA encoding a CTL epitope derived from microorganisms, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 261: 445–451, 1999. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Muthumani, S. Kudchodkar, D. Zhang, M.L. Bagarazzi, J.J. Kim, J.D. Boyer, V. Ayyavoo, G.N. Pavlakis, and D.B. Weiner, Issues for improving multiplasmid DNA vaccines for HIV-1, Vaccine, 20: 1999–2003, 2002. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.T. Qiu, R. Song, M. Dettenhofer, C. Tian, T. August, B.K. Felber, G.N. Pavlakis, and X.F. Yu, Evaluation of novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag DNA vaccines for protein expression in mammalian cells and induction of immune responses, J. Virol., 73: 9145–9152, 1999. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Indraccolo, F. Feroli, S. Minuzzo, M. Mion, A. Rosato, R. Zamarchi, F. Titti, P. Verani, A. Amadori, and L. Chieco-Bianchi, DNA immunization of mice against SIVmac239 Gag and Env using Rev-independent expression plasmids, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses, 14: 83–90, 1998. [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• K. Muthumani, D. Zhang, N.S. Dayes, D.S. Hwang, S.A. Calarota, A.Y. Choo, J.D. Boyer, and D.B. Weiner, Novel engineered HIV-1 East African Clade-A gp160 plasmid construct induces strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in vivo, Virology, 314: 134–146, 2003. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• M.A. Kutzler, T.M. Robinson, M.A. Chattergoon, D.K. Choo, A.Y. Choo, P.Y. Choe, M.P. Ramanathan, R. Parkinson, S. Kudchodkar, Y. Tamura, M. Sidhu, V. Roopchand, J.J. Kim, G.N. Pavlakis, B.K. Felber, T.A. Waldmann, J.D. Boyer, and D.B. Weiner, Coimmunization with an optimized IL-15 plasmid results in enhanced function and longevity of CD8 T cells that are partially independent of CD4 T cell help, J. Immunol., 175: 112–123, 2005. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Weintraub, P.F. Cheng, and K. Conrad, Expression of transfected DNA depends on DNA topology, Cell, 46: 115–122, 1986. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Cupillard, V. Juillard, S. Latour, G. Colombet, N. Cachet, S. Richard, S. Blanchard, and L. Fischer, Impact of plasmid supercoiling on the efficacy of a rabies DNA vaccine to protect cats, Vaccine, 23: 1910–1916, 2005. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Hemmi, O. Takeuchi, T. Kawai, T. Kaisho, S. Sato, H. Sanjo, M. Matsumoto, K. Hoshino, H. Wagner, K. Takeda, and S. Akira, A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA, Nature, 408: 740–745, 2000. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Tudor, C. Dubuquoy, V. Gaboriau, F. Lefevre, B. Charley, and S. Riffault, TLR9 pathway is involved in adjuvant effects of plasmid DNA-based vaccines, Vaccine, 23: 1258–1264, 2005. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H.L. Davis, Suparto, II, R.R. Weeratna, Jumintarto, D.D. Iskandriati, S.S. Chamzah, A.A. Ma'ruf, C.C. Nente, D.D. Pawitri, A.M. Krieg, Heriyanto, W. Smits, and D.D. Sajuthi, CpG DNA overcomes hyporesponsiveness to hepatitis B vaccine in orangutans, Vaccine, 18: 1920–1924, 2000. [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P.J. Payette, X. Ma, R.D. Weeratna, M.J. McCluskie, M. Shapiro, R.E. Engle, H.L. Davis, and R.H. Purcell, Testing of CpG-optimized protein and DNA vaccines against the hepatitis B virus in chimpanzees for immunogenicity and protection from challenge, Intervirology, 49: 144–151, 2006. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• A.H. Lee, Y.S. Suh, J.H. Sung, S.H. Yang, and Y.C. Sung, Comparison of various expression plasmids for the induction of immune response by DNA immunization, Mol. Cells, 7: 495–501, 1997. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T.A. Galvin, J. Muller, and A.S. Khan, Effect of different promoters on immune responses elicited by HIV-1 gag/env multigenic DNA vaccine in Macaca mulatta and Macaca nemestrina, Vaccine, 18: 2566–2583, 2000. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. Ross, S. Sudowe, J. Beisner, X.L. Ross, I. Ludwig-Portugall, J. Steitz, T. Tuting, J. Knop, and A.B. Reske-Kunz, Transcriptional targeting of dendritic cells for gene therapy using the promoter of the cytoskeletal protein fascin, Gene. Ther., 10: 1035–1040, 2003. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• A. Bojak, D. Hammer, H. Wolf, and R. Wagner, Muscle specific versus ubiquitous expression of Gag based HIV-1 DNA vaccines: a comparative analysis, Vaccine, 20: 1975–1979, 2002. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M.T. Lin, F. Wang, J. Uitto, and K. Yoon, Differential expression of tissue-specific promoters by gene gun, Br. J. Dermatol., 144: 34–39, 2001. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• L. Qin, Y. Ding, D.R. Pahud, E. Chang, M.J. Imperiale, and J.S. Bromberg, Promoter attenuation in gene therapy: interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibit transgene expression, Hum. Gene. Ther., 8: 2019–2029, 1997. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Vanniasinkam, S.T. Reddy, and H.C. Ertl, DNA immunization using a non-viral promoter, Virology, 344, 412–420, 2006. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Garg, A.E. Oran, H. Hon, and J. Jacob, The hybrid cytomegalovirus enhancer/chicken beta-actin promoter along with woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element enhances the protective efficacy of DNA vaccines, J. Immunol., 173: 550–558, 2004. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.E. Darnell, L. Phillipson, R. Wall, and M. Adesnik, Polyadenylic acid sequences: role in conversion of nuclear RNA into messenger RNA, Science, 174: 507–510, 1971. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.W. Zinckgraf and L.K. Silbart, Modulating gene expression using DNA vaccines with different 3′-UTRs influences antibody titer, seroconversion and cytokine profiles, Vaccine, 21: 1640–1649, 2003. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C.J. Pachuk, R.B. Ciccarelli, M. Samuel, M.E. Bayer, R.D. Troutman, D.V. Zurawski, J.I. Schauer, T.J. Higgins, D.B. Weiner, D.M. Sosnoski, V.R. Zurawski, and C. Satishchandran, Characterization of a new class of DNA delivery complexes formed by the local anesthetic bupivacaine, Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1468: 20–30, 2000. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   Google Scholar
• J. Lisziewicz, J. Trocio, L. Whitman, G. Varga, J. Xu, N. Bakare, P. Erbacher, C. Fox, R. Woodward, P. Markham, S. Arya, J.P. Behr, and F. Lori, DermaVir: a novel topical vaccine for HIV/AIDS, J. Invest. Dermatol., 124: 160–169, 2005. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O. Boussif, F. Lezoualc'h, M.A. Zanta, M.D. Mergny, D. Scherman, B. Demeneix, and J.P. Behr, A versatile vector for gene and oligonucleotide transfer into cells in culture and in vivo: polyethylenimine, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 92: 7297–7301, 1995. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M.C. Filion and N.C. Phillips, Toxicity and immunomodulatory activity of liposomal vectors formulated with cationic lipids toward immune effector cells, Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1329: 345–356, 1997. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Lappalainen, I. Jaaskelainen, K. Syrjanen, A. Urtti, and S. Syrjanen, Comparison of cell proliferation and toxicity assays using two cationic liposomes, Pharm. Res., 11: 1127–1131, 1994. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M.L. Hedley, J. Curley, and R. Urban, Microspheres containing plasmid-encoded antigens elicit cytotoxic T-cell responses, Nat. Med., 4: 365–368, 1998. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D.H. Jones, J.C. Clegg, and G.H. Farrar, Oral delivery of micro-encapsulated DNA vaccines, Dev. Biol. Stand., 92: 149–155, 1998. [CSA]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• D.H. Jones, S. Corris, S. McDonald, J.C. Clegg, and G.H. Farrar, Poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide)-encapsulated plasmid DNA elicits systemic and mucosal antibody responses to encoded protein after oral administration, Vaccine, 15: 814–817, 1997. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U. McKeever, S. Barman, T. Hao, P. Chambers, S. Song, L. Lunsford, Y.Y. Hsu, K. Roy, and M.L. Hedley, Protective immune responses elicited in mice by immunization with formulations of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles, Vaccine, 20: 1524–1531, 2002. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• C.R. Kensil and R. Kammer, QS-21: a water-soluble triterpene glycoside adjuvant, Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 7: 1475–1482, 1998. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• J.Y. Wu, B.H. Gardner, C.I. Murphy, J.R. Seals, C.R. Kensil, J. Recchia, G.A. Beltz, G.W. Newman, and M.J. Newman, Saponin adjuvant enhancement of antigen-specific immune responses to an experimental HIV-1 vaccine, J. Immunol., 148: 1519–1525, 1992. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A.D. Bangham, R.W. Horne, A.M. Glauert, J.T. Dingle, and J.A. Lucy, Action of saponin on biological cell membranes, Nature, 196: 952–955, 1962. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Sasaki, K. Sumino, K. Hamajima, J. Fukushima, N. Ishii, S. Kawamoto, H. Mohri, C.R. Kensil, and K. Okuda, Induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by a DNA vaccine formulated with QS-21 saponin adjuvant via intramuscular and intranasal routes, J. Virol., 72: 4931–4939, 1998. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. Xiang and H.C. Ertl, Manipulation of the immune response to a plasmid-encoded viral antigen by coinoculation with plasmids expressing cytokines, Immunity, 2: 129–135, 1995. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Kumar, F. Villinger, M. Oakley, J.C. Aguiar, T.R. Jones, R.C. Hedstrom, K. Gowda, J. Chute, A. Stowers, D.C. Kaslow, E.K. Thomas, J. Tine, D. Klinman, S.L. Hoffman, and W.W. Weiss, A DNA vaccine encoding the 42 kDa C-terminus of merozoite surface protein 1 of Plasmodium falciparum induces antibody, interferon-gamma and cytotoxic T cell responses in rhesus monkeys: immuno-stimulatory effects of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, Immunol. Lett., 81: 13–24, 2002. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K.A. Smith, T-cell growth factor, Immunol. Rev., 51: 337–357, 1980. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Trinchieri, M. Matsumoto-Kobayashi, S.C. Clark, J. Seehra, L. London, and B. Perussia, Response of resting human peripheral blood natural killer cells to interleukin 2, J. Exp. Med., 160: 1147–1169, 1984. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y.H. Chow, W.L. Huang, W.K. Chi, Y.D. Chu, and M.H. Tao, Improvement of hepatitis B virus DNA vaccines by plasmids coexpressing hepatitis B surface antigen and interleukin-2, J. Virol., 71: 169–178, 1997. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.J. Kim, J.S. Yang, T.C. VanCott, D.J. Lee, K.H. Manson, M.S. Wyand, J.D. Boyer, K.E. Ugen, and D.B. Weiner, Modulation of antigen-specific humoral responses in rhesus macaques by using cytokine cDNAs as DNA vaccine adjuvants, J. Virol., 74: 3427–3429, 2000. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.J. Kim, J.S. Yang, K.H. Manson, and D.B. Weiner, Modulation of antigen-specific cellular immune responses to DNA vaccination in rhesus macaques through the use of IL-2, IFN-gamma, or IL-4 gene adjuvants, Vaccine, 19: 2496–2505, 2001. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N.F. Landolfi, A chimeric IL-2/Ig molecule possesses the functional activity of both proteins, J. Immunol., 146: 915–919, 1991. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D.H. Barouch, A. Craiu, M.J. Kuroda, J.E. Schmitz, X.X. Zheng, S. Santra, J.D. Frost, G.R. Krivulka, M.A. Lifton, C.L. Crabbs, G. Heidecker, H.C. Perry, M.E. Davies, H. Xie, C.E. Nickerson, T.D. Steenbeke, C.I. Lord, D.C. Montefiori, T.B. Strom, J.W. Shiver, M.G. Lewis, and N.L. Letvin, Augmentation of immune responses to HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccines by IL-2/Ig plasmid administration in rhesus monkeys, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 97: 4192–4197, 2000. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Geissler, A. Gesien, K. Tokushige, and J.R. Wands, Enhancement of cellular and humoral immune responses to hepatitis C virus core protein using DNA-based vaccines augmented with cytokine-expressing plasmids, J. Immunol., 158: 1231–1237, 1997. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.J. Kim, V. Ayyavoo, M.L. Bagarazzi, M.A. Chattergoon, K. Dang, B. Wang, J.D. Boyer, and D.B. Weiner, In vivo engineering of a cellular immune response by coadministration of IL-12 expression vector with a DNA immunogen, J. Immunol., 158: 816–826, 1997. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.J. Kim, H.C. Maguire, Jr., L.K. Nottingham, L.D. Morrison, A. Tsai, J.I. Sin, A.A. Chalian, and D.B. Weiner, Coadministration of IL-12 or IL-10 expression cassettes drives immune responses toward a Th1 phenotype, J. Interferon Cytokine Res., 18: 537–547, 1998. [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• J.J. Kim, N.N. Trivedi, L.K. Nottingham, L. Morrison, A. Tsai, Y. Hu, S. Mahalingam, K. Dang, L. Ahn, N.K. Doyle, D.M. Wilson, M.A. Chattergoon, A.A. Chalian, J.D. Boyer, M.G. Agadjanyan, and D.B. Weiner, Modulation of amplitude and direction of in vivo immune responses by co-administration of cytokine gene expression cassettes with DNA immunogens, Eur. J. Immunol., 28: 1089–1103, 1998. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A.C. Moore, W.P. Kong, B.K. Chakrabarti, and G.J. Nabel, Effects of antigen and genetic adjuvants on immune responses to human immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccines in mice, J. Virol., 76: 243–250, 2002. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Tsuji, K. Hamajima, J. Fukushima, K.Q. Xin, N. Ishii, I. Aoki, Y. Ishigatsubo, K. Tani, S. Kawamoto, Y. Nitta, J. Miyazaki, W.C. Koff, T. Okubo, and K. Okuda, Enhancement of cell-mediated immunity against HIV-1 induced by coinnoculation of plasmid-encoded HIV-1 antigen with plasmid expressing IL-12, J. Immunol., 158: 4008–4013, 1997. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K.Q. Xin, K. Hamajima, S. Sasaki, T. Tsuji, S. Watabe, E. Okada, and K. Okuda, IL-15 expression plasmid enhances cell-mediated immunity induced by an HIV-1 DNA vaccine, Vaccine, 17: 858–866, 1999. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.D. Boyer, Manuscript in prep., , [CSA]
   Google Scholar
• J.J. Kim, M.L. Bagarazzi, N. Trivedi, Y. Hu, K. Kazahaya, D.M. Wilson, R. Ciccarelli, M.A. Chattergoon, K. Dang, S. Mahalingam, A.A. Chalian, M.G. Agadjanyan, J.D. Boyer, B. Wang, and D.B. Weiner, Engineering of in vivo immune responses to DNA immunization via codelivery of costimulatory molecule genes, Nat. Biotechnol., 15: 641–646, 1997. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.J. Kim, L.K. Nottingham, D.M. Wilson, M.L. Bagarazzi, A. Tsai, L.D. Morrison, A. Javadian, A.A. Chalian, M.G. Agadjanyan, and D.B. Weiner, Engineering DNA vaccines via co-delivery of co-stimulatory molecule genes, Vaccine, 16: 1828–1835, 1998. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R.B. Mendoza, M.J. Cantwell, and T.J. Kipps, Immunostimulatory effects of a plasmid expressing CD40 ligand (CD154) on gene immunization, J. Immunol., 159: 5777–5781, 1997. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G.W. Stone, S. Barzee, V. Snarsky, K. Kee, C.A. Spina, X.F. Yu, and R.S. Kornbluth, Multimeric soluble CD40 ligand and GITR ligand as adjuvants for human immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccines, J. Virol., 80: 1762–1772, 2006. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M.A. Chattergoon, J.J. Kim, J.S. Yang, T.M. Robinson, D.J. Lee, T. Dentchev, D.M. Wilson, V. Ayyavoo, and D.B. Weiner, Targeted antigen delivery to antigen-presenting cells including dendritic cells by engineered Fas-mediated apoptosis, Nat. Biotechnol., 18: 974–979, 2000. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M.A. Chattergoon, T.M. Robinson, J.D. Boyer, and D.B. Weiner, Specific immune induction following DNA-based immunization through in vivo transfection and activation of macrophages/antigen-presenting cells, J. Immunol., 160: 5707–5718, 1998. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Corr, D.J. Lee, D.A. Carson, and H. Tighe, Gene vaccination with naked plasmid DNA: mechanism of CTL priming, J. Exp. Med., 184: 1555–1560, 1996. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. Doe, M. Selby, S. Barnett, J. Baenziger, and C.M. Walker, Induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by intramuscular immunization with plasmid DNA is facilitated by bone marrow-derived cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 93: 8578–8583, 1996. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T.M. Fu, J.B. Ulmer, M.J. Caulfield, R.R. Deck, A. Friedman, S. Wang, X. Liu, J.J. Donnelly, and M.A. Liu, Priming of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by DNA vaccines: requirement for professional antigen presenting cells and evidence for antigen transfer from myocytes, Mol. Med., 3: 362–371, 1997. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.B. Ulmer, R.R. Deck, C.M. Dewitt, J.I. Donnhly, and M.A. Liu, Generation of MHC class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes by expression of a viral protein in muscle cells: antigen presentation by non-muscle cells, Immunology, 89: 59–67, 1996. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Raz, D.A. Carson, S.E. Parker, T.B. Parr, A.M. Abai, G. Aichinger, S.H. Gromkowski, M. Singh, D. Lew, M.A. Yankauckas, S.M. Baird, and G.H. Rhodes, Intradermal gene immunization: The possible role of DNA uptake in the induction of cellular immunity to viruses, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 91: 9519–9523, 1994. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Degano, D.F. Sarphie, and C.R. Bangham, Intradermal DNA immunization of mice against influenza A virus using the novel PowderJect system, Vaccine, 16: 394–398, 1998. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Aihara and J. Miyazaki, Gene transfer into muscle by electroporation in vivo, Nat. Biotechnol., 16: 867–870, 1998. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Babiuk, M.E. Baca-Estrada, M. Foldvari, M. Storms, D. Rabussay, G. Widera, and L.A. Babiuk, Electroporation improves the efficacy of DNA vaccines in large animals, Vaccine, 20: 3399–3408, 2002. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. Chen, S. Kadowaki, Y. Hagiwara, T. Yoshikawa, T. Sata, T. Kurata, and S. Tamura, Protection against influenza B virus infection by immunization with DNA vaccines, Vaccine, 19: 1446–1455, 2001. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Kadowaki, Z. Chen, H. Asanuma, C. Aizawa, T. Kurata, and S. Tamura, Protection against influenza virus infection in mice immunized by administration of hemagglutinin-expressing DNAs with electroporation, Vaccine, 18: 2779–2788, 2000. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Otten, M. Schaefer, B. Doe, H. Liu, I. Srivastava, J. zur Megede, D. O'Hagan, J. Donnelly, G. Widera, D. Rabussay, M.G. Lewis, S. Barnett, and J.B. Ulmer, Enhancement of DNA vaccine potency in rhesus macaques by electroporation, Vaccine, 22: 2489–2493, 2004. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• G. Widera, M. Austin, D. Rabussay, C. Goldbeck, S.W. Barnett, M. Chen, L. Leung, G.R. Otten, K. Thudium, M.J. Selby, and J.B. Ulmer, Increased DNA vaccine delivery and immunogenicity by electroporation in vivo, J. Immunol., 164: 4635–4640, 2000. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. Zucchelli, S. Capone, E. Fattori, A. Folgori, A. Di Marco, D. Casimiro, A.J. Simon, R. Laufer, N. La Monica, R. Cortese, and A. Nicosia, Enhancing B- and T-cell immune response to a hepatitis C virus E2 DNA vaccine by intramuscular electrical gene transfer, J. Virol., 74: 11598–11607, 2000. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S.E. Parker, F. Borellini, M.L. Wenk, P. Hobart, S.L. Hoffman, R. Hedstrom, T. Le, and J.A. Norman, Plasmid DNA malaria vaccine: tissue distribution and safety studies in mice and rabbits, Human Gene. Therapy, 10: 741–758, 1999. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Bot, A.C. Stan, K. Inaba, R. Steinman, and C. Bona, Dendritic cells at a DNA vaccination site express the encoded influenza nucleoprotein and prime MHC class I-restricted cytolytic lymphocytes upon adoptive transfer, Int. Immunol., 12: 825–832, 2000. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• A. Porgador, K.R. Irvine, A. Iwasaki, B.H. Barber, N.P. Restifo, and R.N. Germain, Predominant role for directly transfected dendritic cells in antigen presentation to CD8+ T cells after gene gun immunization, J. Exp. Med., 188: 1075–1082, 1998. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Condon, S.C. Watkins, C.M. Celluzzi, K. Thompson, and L.D. Falo, Jr., DNA-based immunization by in vivo transfection of dendritic cells, Nat. Med., 2: 1122–1128, 1996. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Corr, A.V. Damm, D.J. Lee, and H. Tighe, In vivo priming by DNA injection occurs predominantly by antigen transfer, J. Immunol., 163: 4721–4727, 1999. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C.A.T. Torres, A. Iwasaki, B.H. Barber, and H.L. Robinson, Differential dependence on target site tissue for gene gun and intramuscular DNA immunizations, J. Immunol., 158: 4529–4532, 1997. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.A. Wolff, R.W. Malone, P. Williams, W. Chong, G. Acsadi, A. Jani, and P.L. Felgner, Direct gene transfer into mouse muscle in vivo, Science, 247: 1465–1468, 1990. [CSA]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A.A.M. Coelho-Castelo, R.R.S. Junior, V.L.D. Bonato, M.C. Jamur, C. Oliver, and C.L. Silva, B-lymphocytes in bone marrow or lymph node can take up plasmid DNA after intramuscular delivery, Human Gene. Therapy, 14: 1279–1285, 2003. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C.M. Boyle and H.L. Robinson, Basic mechanisms of DNA-raised antibody responses to intramuscular and gene gun immunizations, DNA and Cell Biology, 19: 157–165, 2000. [CSA], [CROSSREF]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar