Broadly neutralizing antibodies: An approach to control HIV-1 infection

References

• Alqudah MAY, Yaseen MMM, Yaseen MSM. HIV-1 strategies to overcome the immune system by evading and invading innate immune system. HIV & AIDS Rev 2016;15:1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. 2014 Global statistics - fact sheet, 2014. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/20150714_FS_MDG6_Report_en.pdf. Ac-cessed 10 June 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Coffin J, Swanstrom R. HIV pathogenesis: dynamics and genetics of viral populations and infected cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013;3:a012526.
   Google Scholar
• Barbaro G, Iacobellis G. Metabolic syndrome associated with HIV and highly active antiretroviral therapy. Curr Diab Rep 2009;9:37–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittal A, Achappa B, Madi D. The development of metabolic risk factors after the initiation of the second line anti-retroviral therapy. J Clin Diagn Res 2013;7:265–268
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gresele P, Falcinelli E, Momi S, et al. Highly active antiretroviral therapy-related mechanisms of endothelial and platelet function alterations. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2014;1:S9–S20
   Google Scholar
• Maddali MV, Dowdy DW, Gupta A, Shah M. Economic and epidemiological impact of early antiretroviral therapy initiation in India. J Int AIDS Soc 2015;18:20217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobin A, Sheth N. Level of adherence required for virological suppression among newer antiretroviral medication. Ann Pharmacol 2011;45:372–379.
   Google Scholar
• Herrera-Carrillo E, Berkhout B. Bone marrow gene therapy for HIV/AIDS. Viruses 2015;7:3910–3936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petz LD, Burnett JC, Li H. Progress toward curing HIV infection with hematopoietic cell transplantation. Stem Cells Cloning 2015;8:109–116
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahlenstiel CL, Suzuki K, Marks K, et al. Controlling HIV-1: non-coding RNA gene therapy approaches to a functional cure. Front Immunol 2015;6:474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibman RS, Riley JL. Engineering T cells to functionally cure HIV-1 infection. Mol Ther 2015;23:1149–1159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton DR, Mascola JR. Antibody responses to envelope glycoproteins in HIV-1 infection. Nat Immunol. 2015;16:571–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boesch AW, Brown EP, Ackerman ME. The role of FC receptors in HIV prevention and therapy. Immunol Rev 2015;268:296–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimmerjahn F, Ravetch JV. Translating basic mechanisms of IgG effector activity into next generation cancer therapies. Cancer Immun 2012;12:13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Irani V, Guy AJ, Andrew D. Molecular properties of human IgG subclasses and their implications for designing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies against infectious diseases. Mol Immunol 2015;67:171–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suresh T, LeeL X, Joshi J, Barta SK. New antibody approaches to lymphoma therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2014;7:58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glassman PM, Balthasar JP. Mechanistic considerations for the use of monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy. Cancer Biol Med 2014;11:20–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Humphreys DP, Wilcox MH. Antibodies for treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2014;21:913–923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein F, Mouquet H, Dosenovic P. Antibodies in HIV-1 vaccine development and therapy. Science 2013;341:1199–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moir S, et al. HIV-1 induces phenotypic and functional perturbations of B cells in chronically infected individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:10362–10367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong Y, Ikematsu H, Kikuchi K. Selective CD27 memory B cell reduction and characteristic B cell alteration in drug-naive and HAART-treated HIV type 1-infected patients. AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 2004;20:219–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'OrsognaL J, Krueger RG, McKinnon EJ, French MA. Circulating memory B-cell subpopulations are affected differently by HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2007;21:1747–1752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titanji K, et al. Primary HIV-1 infection sets the stage for important B lymphocyte dysfunctions. AIDS 2005;19:1947–1955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moir S, Ho J, Malaspina A. Evidence for HIV-associated B cell exhaustion in a dysfunctional memory B cell compartment in HIV-infected viremic individuals. J Exp Med 2008;205:1797–1805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroon FP, van Dissel JT, de Jong JC, et al. Antibody response after influenza vaccination in HIV-infected individuals: a consecutive 3-year study. Vaccine 2000;18:3040–3049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart M, Steel A, Clark SA. Loss of discrete memory B cell subsets is associated with impaired immunization responses in HIV-1 infection and may be a risk factor for invasive pneumococcal disease. J Immunol 2007;178:8212–8220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abelian A, Burling K, Easterbrook P, Winter G. Hyper immunoglobulinemia and rate of HIV type 1 infection progression. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004;20:127–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Milito A, Nilsson A, Titanji K. Mechanisms of hyper gammaglobulinemia and impaired antigen-specific humoral immunity in HIV-1 infection. Blood 2004;103:2180–2186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckner CM, et al. Characterization of plasmablasts in the blood of HIV-infected viremic individuals: evidence for nonspecific immune activation. J Virol 2013;87:5800–5811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomaras GD, Moir S, Ho J. Initial B cell responses to transmitted HIV-1: virion-binding IgM and IgG antibodies followed by plasma anti-gp41 antibodies with ineffective control of initial viremia. J Virol 2008;82:12449–12463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomaras GD, Haynes BF. HIV-1-specific antibody responses during acute and chronic HIV-1 infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2009;4:373–379.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li B, Decker JM, Johnson RW, Evidence for potent autologous neutralizing antibody titers and compact envelopes in early infection with subtype C human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Virol 2006;80:5211–5218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore PL, Gray ES, Choge IA, The c3–v4 region is a major target of autologous neutralizing antibodies in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C infection. J Virol 2008;82:1860–1869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton DR, Poignard P, Stanfield RL, Wilson IA. Broadly neutralizing antibodies present new prospects to counter highly antigenically diverse viruses. Science 2012;337:183–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu X, Yang ZY, Li Y, Rational design of envelope identifies broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies to HIV-1. Science 2010;329:856–861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou T, Georgiev I, Wu X, Structural basis for broad and potent neutralization of HIV-1 by antibody VRC01. Science 2010;329:811–817.
   Google Scholar
• Scheid JF, Mouquet H, Feldhahn N, Broad diversity of neutralizing antibodies isolated from memory B cells in HIV-infected individuals. Nature 2009;458:636–640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheid JF, Mouquet H, Ueberheide B, Sequence and structural convergence of broad and potent HIV antibodies that mimic CD4 binding. Science 2011;333:1633–1637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diskin R, Scheid JF, Marcovecchio PM, Increasing the potency and breadth of an HIV antibody by using structure-based rational design. Science 2011;334:1289–1293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker LM, Phogat SK, Chan-Hui PY, Broad and potent neutralizing antibodies from an African donor reveal a new HIV-1 vaccine target. Science 2009;326:285–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan JS, et al. Structure of HIV-1 gp120 V1/V2 domain with broadly neutralizing antibody PG9. Nature 2011;480:336–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker LM, et al. Broad neutralization coverage of HIV by multiple highly potent antibodies. Nature 2011;477:466–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julien JP, et al. Broadly neutralizing antibody PGT121 allosterically modulates CD4 binding via recognition of the HIV-1 gp120 V3 base and multiple surrounding glycans. PLoS Pathog 2013;9:e1003342.
   Google Scholar
• Mouquet H, et al. Complex-type N-glycan recognition by potent broadly neutralizing HIV antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012;109:E3268–E3277.
   Google Scholar
• Kong L, et al. Supersite of immune vulnerability on the glycosylated face of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2013;20:796–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simek MD, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 elite neutralizers: individuals with broad and potent neutralizing activity identified by using a high-throughput neutralization assay together with an analytical selection algorithm. J Virol 2009;83:7337–7348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okulicz JF, et al. Clinical outcomes of elite controllers, viremic controllers, and long-term nonprogressors in the US Department of Defense HIV natural history study. J Infect Dis 2009;200:1714–1723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson AD, et al. An evaluation of HIV elite controller definitions within a large seroconverter cohort collaboration. PLoS One 2014;9:e86719.
   Google Scholar
• Bunnik EM, et al. Changing sensitivity to broadly neutralizing antibodies b12, 2G12, 2F5, and 4E10 of primary subtype B human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants in the natural course of infection.Virology 2009;390:348–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doria-Rose NA, et al. Developmental pathway for potent V1V2-directed HIV-neutralizing antibodies. Nature 2014;509:55–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes BF, Kelsoe G, Harrison SC, Kepler TB. B-cell-lineage immunogen design in vaccine development with HIV-1 as a case study. Nat Biotechnol 2012;30:423–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verkoczy L, et al. Autoreactivity in an HIV-1 broadly reactive neutralizing antibody variable region heavy chain induces immunologic tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107:181–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton DR, et al. A blueprint for HIV vaccine discovery. Cell Host Microbe 2012;12:396–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCoy LE, Weiss RA. Neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 induced by immunization. J Exp Med 2013;210:209–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellors JW, et al. Prognosis in HIV-1 infection predicted by the quantity of virus in plasma. Science 1996;272:1167–1170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavreys L, et al. Higher set point plasma viral load and more-severe acute HIV type 1 (HIV-1) illness predict mortality among high-risk HIV-1-infected African women. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:1333–1339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz AM, et al. Depletion of CD4(+) T cells abrogates post-peak decline of viremia in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. J Clin Invest 2011;121:4433–4445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang X, et al. Precise determination of time to reach viral load set point after acute HIV-1 infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012;61:448–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micci L, et al. CD4 depletion in SIV-infected macaques results in macrophage and microglia infection with rapid turnover of infected cells. PLoS Pathog 2014;10:e1004467.
   Google Scholar
• Bonhoeffer S, Fraser C, Leventhal GE. High heritability is compatible with the broad distribution of set point viral load in HIV carriers. PLoS Pathog 2015;11:e1004634.
   Google Scholar
• Mackelprang RD, et al. Host genetic and viral determinants of HIV-1 RNA set point among HIV-1 seroconverters from Sub-Saharan Africa. J Virol 2015;89:2104–2111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen MS, Shaw GM, McMichael AJ, Haynes BF. Acute HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1943–1954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang KH, et al. B-cell depletion reveals a role for antibodies in the control of chronic HIV-1 infection. Nat Commun 2010;1:102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piantadosi A, et al. Breadth of neutralizing antibody response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is affected by factors early in infection but does not influence disease progression. J Virol 2009;83:10269–10274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sather DN, et al. Factors associated with the development of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Virol 2009;83:757–769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doria-Rose NA, et al. Breadth of human immunodeficiency virus-specific neutralizing activity in sera: clustering analysis and association with clinical variables. J Virol 2010;84:1631–1636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gils MJ, Euler Z, Schweighardt B, et al. Prevalence of cross-reactive HIV-1-neutralizing activity in HIV-1-infected patients with rapid or slow disease progression. AIDS 2009;23:2405–2414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gils MJ, et al. Rapid escape from preserved cross-reactive neutralizing humoral immunity without loss of viral fitness in HIV-1-infected progressors and long-term nonprogressors. J Virol 2010;84:3576–3585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahalanabis M, et al. Continuous viral escape and selection by autologous neutralizing antibodies in drug-naive human immunodeficiency virus controllers. J Virol 2009;83:662–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereyra F, et al. Genetic and immunologic heterogeneity among persons who control HIV infection in the absence of therapy. J Infect Dis 2008;197:563–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doria-Rose NA, et al. Frequency and phenotype of human immunodeficiency virus envelope-specific B cells from patients with broadly cross-neutralizing antibodies. J Virol 2009;83:188–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambotte O, et al. Heterogeneous neutralizing antibody and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity responses in HIV-1 elite controllers. AIDS 2009;23:897–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu X, et al. Profiles of neutralizing antibody response in chronically human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clade B'-infected former plasma donors from China naive to antiretroviral therapy. J Gen Virol 2012;93:2267–2278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Euler Z, et al. Cross-reactive neutralizing humoral immunity does not protect from HIV type 1 disease progression. J Infect Dis 2010;201:1045–1053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Euler Z, et al. Longitudinal analysis of early HIV-1 specific neutralizing activity in an elite neutralizer and in five patients who developed cross-reactive neutralizing activity. J Virol 2012;86:2045–2055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poignard P, et al. Neutralizing antibodies have limited effects on the control of established HIV-1 infection in vivo. Immunity 1999;10:431–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stiegler G, et al. Antiviral activity of the neutralizing antibodies 2F5 and 2G12 in asymptomatic HIV-1-infected humans: a phase I evaluation. AIDS 2002;16:2019–2025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trkola A, et al. Delay of HIV-1 rebound after cessation of antiretroviral therapy through passive transfer of human neutralizing antibodies. Nat Med 2005;11:615–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehandru S, et al. Adjunctive passive immunotherapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals treated with antiviral therapy during acute and early infection. J Virol 2007;81:11016–11031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein F, et al. HIV therapy by a combination of broadly neutralizing antibodies in humanized mice. Nature 2012;492:118–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barouch DH, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of potent neutralizing HIV-1-specific monoclonal antibodies in SHIV-infected rhesus monkeys. Nature 2013;503:224–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shingai M, et al. Antibody-mediated immunotherapy of macaques chronically infected with SHIV suppresses viraemia. Nature 2013;503:277–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caskey M, et al. Viraemia suppressed in HIV-1-infected humans by broadly neutralizing antibody 3BNC117. Nature 2015;522:487–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buzon MJ, et al. HIV-1 persistence in CD4+ T cells with stem cell-like properties. Nat Med 2014;20:139–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara LA, Collins K. Hematopoietic stem/precursor cells as HIV reservoirs. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2011;6:43–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Abbas W, Herbein G. HIV-1 latency in monocytes/macrophages. Viruses 2014;6:1837–1860.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churchill M, Nath A. Where does HIV hide? A focus on the central nervous system. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2013;8:165–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keele BF, et al. Characterization of the follicular dendritic cell reservoir of HIV-1. J Virol 2008;82:5548–5561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halper-Stromberg A, et al. Broadly neutralizing antibodies and viral inducers decrease rebound from HIV-1 latent reservoirs in humanized mice. Cell 2014;158:989–999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun TW, et al. Broadly neutralizing antibodies suppress HIV in the persistent viral reservoir. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014;111:13151–13156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudnicka D, et al. Simultaneous cell-to-cell transmission of human immunodeficiency virus to multiple targets through polysynapses. J Virol 2009;83:6234–6246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durham ND, et al. Neutralization resistance of virological synapse-mediated HIV-1 infection is regulated by the gp41 cytoplasmic tail. J Virol 2012;86:7484–7495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen P, Hübner W, Spinelli MA, Chen BK. Predominant mode of human immunodeficiency virus transfer between T cells is mediated by sustained ENV-dependent neutralization-resistant virological synapses. J Virol 2007;81:12582–12595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitrov DS, et al. Quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection kinetics. J Virol 1993;67:2182–2190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixit NM, Perelson AS. Multiplicity of human immunodeficiency virus infections in lymphoid tissue. J Virol 2004;78:8942–8945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galloway NL, et al. Cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 is required to trigger pyroptotic death of lymphoid-tissue-derived CD4 T cells. Cell Rep 2015;12:1555–1563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doitsh G, et al. Cell death by pyroptosis drives CD4 T-cell depletion in HIV-1 infection. Nature 2014;505:509–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malbec M, et al. Broadly neutralizing antibodies that inhibit HIV-1 cell to cell transmission. J Exp Med 2013;210:2813–2821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnus C, Reh L, Trkola A. HIV-1 resistance to neutralizing antibodies: determination of antibody concentrations leading to escape mutant evolution. Virus Res 2015;S0168–S1702:30088–30095.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson PR, et al. Vector-mediated gene transfer engenders long-lived neutralizing activity and protection against SIV infection in monkeys. Nat Med 2009;15:901–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balazs AB, et al. Antibody-based protection against HIV infection by vectored immunoprophylaxis. Nature 2012;481:81–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinn E, Vandenberghe LH. Adeno-associated virus: fit to serve. Curr Opin Virol 2014;8:90–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo J, et al. Adeno-associated virus-mediated cancer gene therapy: current status. Cancer Lett 2015;356:347–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Motal UM, et al. Anti-gp120 minibody gene transfer to female genital epithelial cells protects against HIV-1 virus challenge in vitro. PLoS One 2011;6:e26473.
   Google Scholar
• Abdel-Motal UM, et al. Prolonged expression of an anti-HIV-1 gp120 minibody to the female rhesus macaque lower genital tract by AAV gene transfer. Gene Ther 2014;21:802–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deal CE, Balazs AB. Vectored antibody gene delivery for the prevention or treatment of HIV infection. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2015;10:190–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Q, et al. Neutralizing antibodies against AAV2, AAV5 and AAV8 in healthy and HIV-1-infected subjects in China: implications for gene therapy using AAV vectors. Gene Ther 2014;21:732–738.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs SP, Martinez-Navio JM, Piatak Jr M, et al. AAV-delivered antibody mediates significant protective effects against SIVmac239 challenge in the absence of neutralizing activity. PLoS Pathog 2015;11:e1005090.
   Google Scholar
• Bournazos S, et al. Broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies require FC effector functions for in vivo activity. Cell 2014;158:1243–1253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nimmerjahn F, Ravetch JV. Antibody-mediated modulation of immune responses. Immunol Rev 2010;236:265–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng CT, et al. Passive neutralizing antibody controls SHIV viremia and enhances B cell responses in infant macaques. Nat Med 2010;16:1117–1119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nischang M, et al. Humanized mice recapitulate key features of HIV-1 infection: a novel concept using long-acting anti-retroviral drugs for treating HIV-1. PLoS One 2012;7:e38853.
   Google Scholar
• Stoddart CA, et al. Efficacy of broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody PG16 in HIV-infected humanized mice. Virology 2014;462–463:115–125.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwitz JA, et al. HIV-1 suppression and durable control by combining single broadly neutralizing antibodies and antiretroviral drugs in humanized mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013;110:16538–16543.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar