Psoriasis and cardiovascular disease: the elusive link

References

• Gelfand JM, Neimann AL, Shin DB, Wang X, Margolis DJ, Troxel AB. Risk of myocardial infarction in patients with psoriasis. JAMA 2006;296(14):1735–1741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimball AB, Guerin A, Latremouille-Viau D. Coronary heart disease and stroke risk in patients with psoriasis: retrospective analysis. Am J Med. 2010;123(4):350–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehncke WH, Schon MP. Psoriasis. Lancet 2015;386(9997):983–994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong EJ, Harskamp CT, Armstrong AW. Psoriasis and major adverse cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2(2):e000062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samarasekera EJ, Neilson JM, Warren RB, Parnham J, Smith CH. Incidence of cardiovascular disease in individuals with psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133(10):2340–2346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogdie A, Yu Y, Haynes K. Risk of major cardiovascular events in patients with psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(2):326–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan C, Kirby B. Psoriasis is a systemic disease with multiple cardiovascular and metabolic comorbidities. Dermatol Clin. 2015;33(1):41–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coumbe AG, Pritzker MR, Duprez DA. Cardiovascular risk and psoriasis: beyond the traditional risk factors. Am J Med. 2014;127(1):12–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehncke WH, Boehncke S. Cardiovascular mortality in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: epidemiology, pathomechanisms, therapeutic implications, and perspectives. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2012;14(4):343–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaeta M, Castelvecchio S, Ricci C, Pigatto P, Pellissero G, Cappato R. Role of psoriasis as independent predictor of cardiovascular disease: a meta-regression analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168(3):2282–2288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta NN, Azfar RS, Shin DB, Neimann AL, Troxel AB, Gelfand JM. Patients with severe psoriasis are at increased risk of cardiovascular mortality: cohort study using the General Practice Research Database. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(8):1000–1006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta NN, Yu Y, Pinnelas R. Attributable risk estimate of severe psoriasis on major cardiovascular events. Am J Med. 2011;124(8):775.e771–776.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelfand JM, Dommasch ED, Shin DB. The risk of stroke in patients with psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129(10):2411–2418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prodanovich S, Kirsner RS, Kravetz JD, Ma F, Martinez L, Federman DG. Association of psoriasis with coronary artery, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular diseases and mortality. Arch Dermatol. 2009;145(6):700–703.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shlyankevich J, Mehta NN, Krueger JG. Accumulating evidence for the association and shared pathogenic mechanisms between psoriasis and cardiovascular-related comorbidities. Am J Med. 2014;127(12):1148–1153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington CL, Dey AK, Yunus R, Joshi AA, Mehta NN. Psoriasis as a human model of disease to study inflammatory atherogenesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2017;312(5):H867–h873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naldi L, Chatenoud L, Linder D. Cigarette smoking, body mass index, and stressful life events as risk factors for psoriasis: results from an Italian case-control study. J Invest Dermatol. 2005;125(1):61–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sommer DM, Jenisch S, Suchan M, Christophers E, Weichenthal M. Increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. Arch Dermatol Res. 2006;298(7):321–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gisondi P, Tessari G, Conti A, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with psoriasis: a hospital-based case-control study. Br J Dermatol. 2007;157(1):68–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu SC, Lan CE. Psoriasis and cardiovascular comorbidities: focusing on severe vascular events, cardiovascular risk factors and implications for treatment. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(10):1–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parisi R, Rutter MK, Lunt M, et al. Psoriasis and the risk of major cardiovascular events: cohort study using the clinical practice research datalink. J Invest Dermatol. 2015;135(9):2189–2197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maradit-Kremers H, Dierkhising RA, Crowson CS, Icen M, Ernste FC, McEvoy MT. Risk and predictors of cardiovascular disease in psoriasis: a population-based study. Int J Dermatol. 2013;52(1):32–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duarte GV, Faillace C, Freire de Carvalho J. Psoriatic arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2012;26(1):147–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchlin CT, Colbert RA, Gladman DD. Psoriatic arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(10):957–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gladman DD, Ang M, Su L, Tom BD, Schentag CT, Farewell VT. Cardiovascular morbidity in psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68(7):1131–1135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han C, Robinson DW, Jr., Hackett MV, Paramore LC, Fraeman KH, Bala MV. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and ankylosing spondylitis. J Rheumatol .2006;33(11):2167–2172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polachek A, Touma Z, Anderson M, Eder L. Risk of cardiovascular morbidity in patients with psoriatic arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Arthritis. Care Res. (Hoboken) 2017;69(1):67–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husted JA, Thavaneswaran A, Chandran V, et al. Cardiovascular and other comorbidities in patients with psoriatic arthritis: a comparison with patients with psoriasis. Arthritis Care Res. 2011;63(12):1729–1735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamnitski A, Symmons D, Peters MJL, Sattar N, MciInnes I, Nurmohamed MT. Cardiovascular comorbidities in patients with psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(2):211–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eder L, Jayakar J, Shanmugarajah S, et al. The burden of carotid artery plaques is higher in patients with psoriatic arthritis compared with those with psoriasis alone. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013;72(5):715–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greb JE, Goldminz AM, Elder JT, et al. Psoriasis. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016;2:16082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global report on psoriasis. 2016. www.who.int/iris/handle/10665/204417.
   Google Scholar
• Horreau C, Pouplard C, Brenaut E, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a systematic literature review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27 (Suppl 3):12–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levesque A, Lachaine J, Bissonnette R. Risk of myocardial infarction in Canadian patients with psoriasis: a retrospective cohort study. J Cutan Med Surg. 2013;17(6):398–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egeberg A, Thyssen JP, Jensen P, Gislason GH, Skov L. Risk of myocardial infarction in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a nationwide cohort study. Acta Derm Venerol. 2017;97(7):819–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramonda R, Lo Nigro A, Modesti V, et al. Atherosclerosis in psoriatic arthritis. Autoimmun Rev. 2011;10(12):773–778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raychaudhuri SP, Wilken R, Sukhov AC, Raychaudhuri SK, Maverakis E. Management of psoriatic arthritis: early diagnosis, monitoring of disease severity and cutting edge therapies. J Autoimmun. 2017;76:21–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menter A, Korman NJ, Elmets CA, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: section 4. Guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with traditional systemic agents. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;61(3):451–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baliwag J, Barnes DH, Johnston A. Cytokines in psoriasis. Cytokine 2015;73(2):342–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fathi R, Armstrong AW. The role of biologic therapies in dermatology. Med Clin North Am. 2015;99(6):1183–1194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorner T, Kay J. Biosimilars in rheumatology: current perspectives and lessons learnt. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015;11(12):713–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nast A, Gisondi P, Ormerod AD, et al. European S3-guidelines on the systemic treatment of psoriasis vulgaris–update 2015–short version–EDF in cooperation with EADV and IPC. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(12):2277–2294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gossec L, Smolen JS, Ramiro S, et al. European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis with pharmacological therapies: 2015 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(3):499–510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schemoul J, Poulain C, Claudepierre P. Treatment strategies for psoriatic arthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2018;85(5):537–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller IM, Skaaby T, Ellervik C, Jemec GB. Quantifying cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients with psoriasis: a meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2013;169(6):1180–1187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimball AB, Robinson D, Jr., Wu Y, et al. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors among psoriasis patients in two US healthcare databases, 2001-2002. Dermatology 2008;217(1):27–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlehoff O, Gislason GH, Charlot M, et al. Psoriasis is associated with clinically significant cardiovascular risk: a Danish nationwide cohort study. J Intern Med. 2011;270(2):147–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prey S, Paul C, Bronsard V, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in patients with plaque psoriasis: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2010;24 (Suppl 2):23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimball AB, Szapary P, Mrowietz U, et al. Underdiagnosis and undertreatment of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67(1):76–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009;120(16):1640–1645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Love TJ, Qureshi AA, Karlson EW, Gelfand JM, Choi HK. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in psoriasis: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2006. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147(4):419–424.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Langan SM, Seminara NM, Shin DB, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with psoriasis: a population-based study in the United Kingdom. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132(3 Pt 1):556–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Armenteros JM, Gomez-Arbones X, Buti-Soler M, et al. Psoriasis, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors. A population-based study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018. doi: 10.1111/jdv.15159. [Epub ahead of print].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro J, Cohen AD, David M, et al. The association between psoriasis, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis in Israel: a case-control study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007;56(4):629–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong AW, Harskamp CT, Armstrong EJ. Psoriasis and the risk of diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2013;149(1):84–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon DH, Massarotti E, Garg R, Liu J, Canning C, Schneeweiss S. Association between disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and diabetes risk in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. JAMA 2011;305(24):2525–2531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobin AM, Veale DJ, Fitzgerald O, et al. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2010;37(7):1386–1394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koch M, Baurecht H, Ried JS, et al. Psoriasis and cardiometabolic traits: modest association but distinct genetic architectures. J Invest Dermatol. 2015;135(5):1283–1293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig RJ, Herzog C, Rostock A, et al. Psoriasis: a possible risk factor for development of coronary artery calcification. Br J Dermatol. 2007;156(2):271–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staniak HL, Bittencourt MS, de Souza Santos I, et al. Association between psoriasis and coronary calcium score. Atherosclerosis 2014;237(2):847–852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bissonnette R, Cademartiti F, Maffei E, Tardif JC. Increase in coronary atherosclerosis severity and the prevalence of coronary artery mixed plaques in patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol. 2017;176(3):800–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaharyar S, Warraich H, McEvoy JW, et al. Subclinical cardiovascular disease in plaque psoriasis: association or causal link?. Atherosclerosis 2014;232(1):72–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong AW, Harskamp CT, Ledo L, Rogers JH, Armstrong EJ. Coronary artery disease in patients with psoriasis referred for coronary angiography. Am J Cardiol. 2012;109(7):976–980.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li WQ, Han JL, Manson JE, et al. Psoriasis and risk of nonfatal cardiovascular disease in U.S. women: a cohort study. Br J Dermatol. 2012;166(4):811–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leisner MZ, Lindorff Riis J, Gniadecki R, Iversen L, Olsen M. Psoriasis and risk of myocardial infarction before and during an era with biological therapy: a population-based follow-up study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018. doi: 10.1111/jdv.15021. [Epub ahead of print].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowlatshahi EA, Kavousi M, Nijsten T, et al. Psoriasis is not associated with atherosclerosis and incident cardiovascular events: the Rotterdam Study. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133(10):2347–2354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu T, Zhang YH. Association of psoriasis with stroke and myocardial infarction: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Dermatol. 2012;167(6):1345–1350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masson W, Rossi E, Galimberti ML, et al. Mortality in patients with psoriasis. A retrospective cohort study. Med Clin. (Barc) 2017;148(11):483–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijsten T, Wakkee M. Complexity of the association between psoriasis and comorbidities. J Invest Dermatol. 2009;129(7):1601–1603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang YW, Keller JJ, Lin HC. Medical comorbidity associated with psoriasis in adults: a population-based study. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(5):1037–1043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalid U, Ahlehoff O, Gislason GH, et al. Psoriasis and risk of heart failure: a nationwide cohort study. Eur J Heart Fail. 2014;16(7):743–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelfand JM, Troxel AB, Lewis JD, et al. The risk of mortality in patients with psoriasis: results from a population-based study. Arch Dermatol. 2007;143(12):1493–1499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abuabara K, Azfar RS, Shin DB, Neimann AL, Troxel AB, Gelfand JM. Cause-specific mortality in patients with severe psoriasis: a population-based cohort study in the U.K. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163(3):586–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salahadeen E, Torp-Pedersen C, Gislason G, Hansen PR, Ahlehoff O. Nationwide population-based study of cause-specific death rates in patients with psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(5):1002–1005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Springate DA, Parisi R, Kontopantelis E, Reeves D, Griffiths CE, Ashcroft DM. Incidence, prevalence and mortality of patients with psoriasis: a U.K. population-based cohort study. Br J Dermatol. 2017;176(3):650–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noe MH, Shin DB, Wan MT, Gelfand JM. Objective measures of psoriasis severity predict mortality: a prospective population-based cohort study . J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138(1):228–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skov L, Thomsen SF, Kristensen LE, Dodge R, Hedegaard MS, Kjellberg J. Cause-specific mortality in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Br J Dermatol. 2018. doi: 10.1111/bjd.16919. [Epub ahead of print].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern RS, Huibregtse A. Very severe psoriasis is associated with increased noncardiovascular mortality but not with increased cardiovascular risk. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131(5):1159–1166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juneblad K, Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S, Alenius GM. Disease activity and increased risk of cardiovascular death among patients with psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2016;43(12):2155–2161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egeberg A, Skov L, Joshi AA, et al. The relationship between duration of psoriasis, vascular inflammation, and cardiovascular events. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;77(4):650–656. e653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandran V, Tolusso DC, Cook RJ, Gladman DD. Risk factors for axial inflammatory arthritis in patients with psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2010;37(4):809–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose S, Dave J, Millo C, Naik HB, Siegel EL, Mehta NN. Psoriatic arthritis and sacroiliitis are associated with increased vascular inflammation by 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography computed tomography: baseline report from the Psoriasis Atherosclerosis and Cardiometabolic Disease Initiative. Arthritis Res Ther. 2014;16(4):R161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlehoff O, Gislason GH, Lindhardsen J, et al. Psoriasis carries an increased risk of venous thromboembolism: a Danish nationwide cohort study. PLoS One 2011;6(3):e18125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogdie A, Kay McGill N, Shin DB, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with psoriatic arthritis, psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis: a general population-based cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(39):3608–3614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungprasert P, Sanguankeo A, Upala S, Suksaranjit P. Psoriasis and risk of venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. QJM 2014;107(10):793–797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung WS, Lin CL. Increased risks of venous thromboembolism in patients with psoriasis. A Nationwide Cohort Study. Thromb Haemost. 2017;117(08):1637–1643.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahlehoff O, Gislason GH, Jorgensen CH, et al. Psoriasis and risk of atrial fibrillation and ischaemic stroke: a Danish Nationwide Cohort Study. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(16):2054–2064.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nickoloff BJ, Qin JZ, Nestle FO. Immunopathogenesis of psoriasis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2007;33(1-2):45–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong AW, Voyles SV, Armstrong EJ, Fuller EN, Rutledge JC. A tale of two plaques: convergent mechanisms of T-cell-mediated inflammation in psoriasis and atherosclerosis. Exp Dermatol. 2011;20(7):544–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Gao H, Loyd CM, et al. Chronic skin-specific inflammation promotes vascular inflammation and thrombosis. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132(8):2067–2075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta NN, Yu Y, Saboury B, et al. Systemic and vascular inflammation in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis as measured by [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT): a pilot study. Arch Dermatol. 2011;147(9):1031–1039.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sajja AP, Joshi AA, Teague HL, Dey AK, Mehta NN. Potential immunological links between psoriasis and cardiovascular disease. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowes MA, Suarez-Farinas M, Krueger JG. Immunology of psoriasis. Annu Rev Immunol. 2014;32:227–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansson GK, Hermansson A. The immune system in atherosclerosis. Nat Immunol. 2011;12(3):204–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidovici BB, Sattar N, Prinz J, et al. Psoriasis and systemic inflammatory diseases: potential mechanistic links between skin disease and co-morbid conditions. J Invest Dermatol. 2010;130(7):1785–1796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam LS, Tomlinson B, Chu TT, et al. Cardiovascular risk profile of patients with psoriatic arthritis compared to controls–the role of inflammation. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008;47(5):718–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suarez-Farinas M, Li K, Fuentes-Duculan J, Hayden K, Brodmerkel C, Krueger JG. Expanding the psoriasis disease profile: interrogation of the skin and serum of patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132(11):2552–2564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tellides G, Tereb DA, Kirkiles-Smith NC, et al. Interferon-gamma elicits arteriosclerosis in the absence of leukocytes. Nature 2000;403(6766):207–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frostegard J, Ulfgren AK, Nyberg P, et al. Cytokine expression in advanced human atherosclerotic plaques: dominance of pro-inflammatory (Th1) and macrophage-stimulating cytokines. Atherosclerosis 1999;145(1):33–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sikorski K, Chmielewski S, Olejnik A, et al. STAT1 as a central mediator of IFNgamma and TLR4 signal integration in vascular dysfunction. Jakstat 2012;1(4):241–249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mehta NN, Teague HL, Swindell WR, et al. IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha synergism may provide a link between psoriasis and inflammatory atherogenesis. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):13831.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ridker PM, Everett BM, Thuren T, et al. Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(12):1119–1131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocha-Pereira P, Santos-Silva A, Rebelo I, Figueiredo A, Quintanilha A, Teixeira F. Dislipidemia and oxidative stress in mild and in severe psoriasis as a risk for cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta 2001;303(1-2):33–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uyanik BS, Ari Z, Onur E, Gündüz K, Tanülkü S, Durkan K. Serum lipids and apolipoproteins in patients with psoriasis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2002;40(1):65–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piskin S, Gurkok F, Ekuklu G, Senol M. Serum lipid levels in psoriasis. Yonsei Med J. 2003;44(1):24–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentile M, Peluso R, Di Minno MND, et al. Association between small dense LDL and sub-clinical atherosclerosis in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2016;35(8):2023–2029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanizor Kural B, Orem A, Cimşit G, Uydu HA, Yandi YE, Alver A. Plasma homocysteine and its relationships with atherothrombotic markers in psoriatic patients. Clin Chim Acta 2003;332(1-2):23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karabudak O, Ulusoy RE, Erikci AA, Solmazgul E, Dogan B, Harmanyeri Y. Inflammation and hypercoagulable state in adult psoriatic men. Acta Derm Venereol. 2008;88(4):337–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald I, Connolly M, Tobin AM. A review of psoriasis, a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease and its impact on folate and homocysteine metabolism. J Nutr Metab. 2012;2012:965385
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chandrashekar L, Rajappa M, Revathy G, et al. Is enhanced platelet activation the missing link leading to increased cardiovascular risk in psoriasis? Clin Chim Acta 2015;446:181–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamagawa-Mineoka R, Katoh N, Kishimoto S. Platelet activation in patients with psoriasis: increased plasma levels of platelet-derived microparticles and soluble P-selectin. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62(4):621–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canpolat F, Akpinar H, Eskioğlu F. Mean platelet volume in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Clin Rheumatol. 2010;29(3):325–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamagawa-Mineoka R. Important roles of platelets as immune cells in the skin. J Dermatol Sci. 2015;77(2):93–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu SG, Becker RC, Berger PB, et al. Mean platelet volume as a predictor of cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2010;8(1):148–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pietrzak A, Bartosińska J, Chodorowska G, Szepietowski JC, Paluszkiewicz P, Schwartz RA. Cardiovascular aspects of psoriasis: an updated review. Int J Dermatol. 2013;52(2):153–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wakkee M, Thio HB, Prens EP, Sijbrands EJ, Neumann HA. Unfavorable cardiovascular risk profiles in untreated and treated psoriasis patients. Atherosclerosis 2007;190(1):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeshita J, Grewal S, Langan SM, et al. Psoriasis and comorbid diseases: implications for management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76(3):393–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur S, Kingo K, Zilmer M. Psoriasis and cardiovascular risk-do promising new biomarkers have clinical impact? Mediators Inflamm. 2017;2017:7279818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conic RZ, Xu R, Zheng C, McCormick TS, Cooper KD. Cardiovascular risk among psoriasis patients using red cell distribution width and mean platelet volume. J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138(5):S94. (
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basavaraj KH, Ashok NM, Rashmi R, Praveen TK. The role of drugs in the induction and/or exacerbation of psoriasis. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49(12):1351–1361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien M, Koo J. The mechanism of lithium and beta-blocking agents in inducing and exacerbating psoriasis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2006;5(5):426–432.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu S, Han J, Li WQ, Qureshi AA. Hypertension, antihypertensive medication use, and risk of psoriasis. JAMA Dermatol. 2014;150(9):957–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahajan VK, Khatri G, Prabha N, Abhinav C, Sharma V. Clopidogrel: a possible exacerbating factor for psoriasis. Indian J Pharmacol. 2014;46(1):123–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugh J, Van Voorhees AS, Nijhawan RI, et al. From the Medical Board of the National Psoriasis Foundation: the risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals with psoriasis and the potential impact of current therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70(1):168–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui L, Chen R, Subedi S, et al. Efficacy and safety of biologics targeting IL-17 and IL-23 in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int Immunopharmacol. 2018;62:46–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlehoff O, Skov L, Gislason G, et al. Cardiovascular disease event rates in patients with severe psoriasis treated with systemic anti-inflammatory drugs: a Danish real-world cohort study. J Intern Med. 2013;273(2):197–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu JJ, Poon KY. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitor therapy and myocardial infarction risk in patients with psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, or both. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014;13(8):932–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abuabara K, Lee H, Kimball AB. The effect of systemic psoriasis therapies on the incidence of myocardial infarction: a cohort study. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(5):1066–1073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan C, Leonardi CL, Krueger JG, et al. Association between biologic therapies for chronic plaque psoriasis and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2011;306(8):864–871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bissonnette R, Harel F, Krueger JG, et al. TNF-α antagonist and vascular inflammation in patients with psoriasis vulgaris: a randomized placebo-controlled study. J Invest Dermatol. 2017;137(8):1638–1645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papp K, Gottlieb AB, Naldi L, et al. Safety surveillance for ustekinumab and other psoriasis treatments from the Psoriasis Longitudinal Assessment and Registry (PSOLAR). J Drugs Dermatol. 2015;14(7):706–714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehncke S, Salgo R, Garbaraviciene J, et al. Effective continuous systemic therapy of severe plaque-type psoriasis is accompanied by amelioration of biomarkers of cardiovascular risk: results of a prospective longitudinal observational study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011;25(10):1187–1193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, Tomalin L, Lee J, et al. Reduction of inflammatory and cardiovascular proteins in the blood of patients with psoriasis: differential responses between tofacitinib and etanercept after 4 weeks of treatment. J Invest Dermatol. 2018;138(2):273–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sattar N, Crompton P, Cherry L, Kane D, Lowe G, McInnes IB. Effects of tumor necrosis factor blockade on cardiovascular risk factors in psoriatic arthritis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;56(3):831–839.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ahlehoff O, Skov L, Gislason G, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes and systemic anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with severe psoriasis: 5-year follow-up of a Danish nationwide cohort. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2015;29(6):1128–1134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu JJ, Poon KY, Channual JC, Shen AY. Association between tumor necrosis factor inhibitor therapy and myocardial infarction risk in patients with psoriasis. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148(11):1244–1250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzellos T, Kyrgidis A, Zouboulis CC. Re-evaluation of the risk for major adverse cardiovascular events in patients treated with anti-IL-12/23 biological agents for chronic plaque psoriasis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2013;27(5):622–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricceri F, Bardazzi F, Chiricozzi A, et al. Elderly psoriatic patients under biological therapies: an Italian experience. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018. doi: 10.1111/jdv.15139. [Epub ahead of print].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roubille C, Richer V, Starnino T, et al. The effects of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors, methotrexate, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids on cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(3):480–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu JJ, Sundaram M, Cloutier M, et al. The risk of cardiovascular events in psoriasis patients treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors versus phototherapy: an observational cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;79(1):60–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lis K, Kuzawińska O, Bałkowiec-Iskra E. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors – state of knowledge. Arch Med Sci. 2014;6 (6):1175–1185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang ZS, Lin NN, Li L, Li Y. The effect of TNF inhibitors on cardiovascular events in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: an updated meta-analysis. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2016;51(2):240–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu JJ, Guerin A, Sundaram M, Dea K, Cloutier M, Mulani P. Cardiovascular event risk assessment in psoriasis patients treated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors versus methotrexate. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76(1):81–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yazdani-Biuki B, Stelzl H, Brezinschek HP, et al. Improvement of insulin sensitivity in insulin resistant subjects during prolonged treatment with the anti-TNF-alpha antibody infliximab. Eur J Clin Invest. 2004;34(9):641–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta NN, Shin DB, Joshi AA, et al. Effect of 2 psoriasis treatments on vascular inflammation and novel inflammatory cardiovascular biomarkers: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2018;11(6):e007394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur S, Shafiq N, Dogra S, et al. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-based evaluation of systemic and vascular inflammation and assessment of the effect of systemic treatment on inflammation in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2018;84(6):660–666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goff DC, Jr., Lloyd-Jones DM, Bennett G, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines . J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(25 Pt B):2935–2959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, et al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice/Developed with the special contribution of the EACPR. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(29):2315–2381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semb AG, Kvien TK, DeMicco DA, et al. Effect of intensive lipid-lowering therapy on cardiovascular outcome in patients with and those without inflammatory joint disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(9):2836–2846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong AW, Siegel MP, Bagel J, et al. From the medical board of the national psoriasis foundation: treatment targets for plaque psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76(2):290–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith CH, Jabbar-Lopez ZK, Yiu ZZ, et al. British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for biologic therapy for psoriasis 2017. Br J Dermatol. 2017;177(3):628–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golbari NM, Porter ML, Kimball AB. Current guidelines for psoriasis treatment: a work in progress. Cutis 2018;101(3s):10–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agca R, Heslinga SC, Rollefstad S, et al. EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory joint disorders: 2015/2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(1):17–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimball AB, Gladman D, Gelfand JM, et al. National Psoriasis Foundation clinical consensus on psoriasis comorbidities and recommendations for screening. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58(6):1031–1042.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coates LC, Kavanaugh A, Mease PJ, et al. Group for research and assessment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis 2015 treatment recommendations for psoriatic arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(5):1060–1071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeshita J, Grewal S, Langan SM, et al. Psoriasis and comorbid diseases: epidemiology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76(3):377–390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manolis AS, Manolis TA, Melita H. Atherosclerosis: an athero-thrombo-inflammatory disease. Hosp Chronicles 2012;7(4):195–201.
   Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, Libby P, MacFadyen JG, et al. Modulation of the interleukin-6 signalling pathway and incidence rates of atherosclerotic events and all-cause mortality: analyses from the Canakinumab Anti-Inflammatory Thrombosis Outcomes Study (CANTOS). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(38):3499–3507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prodanovich S, Prodanowich S, Ma F, et al. Methotrexate reduces incidence of vascular diseases in veterans with psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005;52(2):262–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micha R, Imamura F, Wyler von Ballmoos M, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of methotrexate use and risk of cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108(9):1362–1370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caiazzo G, Fabbrocini G, Di Caprio R, et al. Psoriasis, cardiovascular events, and biologics: lights and shadows. Front Immunol. 2018;9:1668.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar