What's in a Word? “Class” and Its Evolution in the Eighteenth Century

References

• Real Academia de la Historia . 1786 . Informe dado al Consejo por la …en 10 de junio de 1783 sobre la disciplina eclesiástica atitigua y moderna relativa al lugar de sepulturas 97 – 98 . Madrid : Antonio de Sancha. . Hereafter RAH-Informe. The importance of the subject may be inferred from the fact that of the seven members of the Academy assigned to its preparation, three were Francisco Cerdá, the Conde de Campomanes and Jovellanos (Archivo de la Real Academia de la Historia, 11–1-5/8040, núm. 18: “Acuerdos de la Junta encargada de examinar la cuestión de entierros”)
   Google Scholar
• Consejo Real Supremo de Castilla . 1786 . Memorial ajustado del expediente seguido en el … en virtud de orden de S.M. de 24 de marzo de 1781: Sobre establecimiento general de cementerios Madrid : Pedro Marín [?]. . part 2, pp. 22–23. Biblioteca National de Madrid, 2/31521. Hereafter, MA
   Google Scholar
• Goldman , Peter B. 1979 . “Mitos liberales, mentalidades burguesas, e historia social en la España ilustrada: La lucha en pro de los cementerios muniripales,”. ” . In Homenaje a Noël Salomon Edited by: Novales , Alberto Gil . 81 – 93 . Barcelona : Universidad Autónoma. . José Luis Galán Cabilla, “Madrid y los cementerios en el siglo XVIII: El fracaso de una reforma,” in Equipo Madrid de Estudios Históricos, Carlos III, Madrid y la llustración. Contradicciones de un proyecto reformista (Madrid: Siglo XXI, 1988), pp. 255–95
   Google Scholar
• Briggs , Asa and Saville , John , eds. 1960 . “The Language of ‘Class’ in Early Nineteenth-Century England,”. ” . In Essays in Labour History. In Memory of G.D.H. Cole 43 – 73 . London : Macmillan. . passage cited: p. 44. See also Briggs's “Middle-Class Consciousness in English Politics, 1780–1846,” Past & Present 9 (April, 1956): 65–74
   Google Scholar
• The events narrated by the Bishop of Sigüenza were not isolated. The province of Madrid was the scene of many riots over the years. As late as 1814, for example, there were public disturbances in San Sebastián de los Reyes (January), and Talamanca (30 April) (Archivo de la Villa de Madrid, Secretaría [hereafter AVM], 2–401-78; Archivo Histórico National, Consejos Suprimidos, Sala de Alcaldes de Casa y Corte, Libro de Gobierno [hereafter AHN-LG], año de 1816–17, I, fols. 532–56; AVM 2–401-83)
   Google Scholar
• Williams , Raymond . 1956 . “Class and Classes,” . The Highway , Jan. : 84 – 86 . Keywords (Oxford University Press, 1976), pp. 51–59
   Google Scholar
• 1729 . Diccionario de Autoridades vol. II , 371 – 72 . Madrid : Francisco del Hierro. .
   Google Scholar
• 1780 . Diccionario de la lengua española, en un tomo 233 Madrid : The Academy. .
   Google Scholar
• British Library Manuscript Book, MS 1343, ADD 10257, fol. 307. The sonnet is not dated. I am grateful to Professor Nigel Glendinning for bringing this sonnet to my attention
   Google Scholar
• Ilie , Paul . 1984 . “Cultural Norms in the Spain of Soler (1729–1783),” . Modern Language Studies , 14 : 10 – 35 . All of the essays in the volume by the Equipo Madrid explore this paradox
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicente Palacio Atard . 1964 . “Estilo de vida aristocrático y mentalidad bur-guesa,”. ” . In Los españoles de la llustración 41 – 113 . Madrid : Guadarrama. . Monroe Z. Hafter, “Ambigiiedad de la palabra ‘público’ en el siglo XVIII,” Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica 24 (1975), 46–63, and “Secularization in Eighteenth-Century Spain,” Modern Language Studies 14 (1984): 36–52; the articles of José Escobar and Nigel Glendinning, respectively, “Más sobre los orígenes de civilizary civilización en la España del siglo XVIII,” and “Cambios en el concepto de la opinión pública a fines del siglo XVIII,” both in Nueva Revista de Filología Hispánica 33 (1984): 88–114 and 157–64
   Google Scholar
• de Isla , José Francisco . 1969 . Fray Gerundio de Campazas Edited by: Sebold , Russell P. 3 Madrid : Clásicos Castellanos. . 1758
   Google Scholar
• On burial practices . 1788 . “ RAH-Informe and MA; on sumptuary laws Juan Sempere Guarinos. ” . In Historia del luxo, y de las leyes suntuarias de España Madrid : Imprenta Real. . 2 vols., and Spain, Laws and Statutes, Charles IV, Novísima recopilación de las leyes de España (Madrid: Imprenta Real, 1805–08), 6 vols., esp. book 6, “De los vasallos: Su distinción de estados y fueros; obligaciones, cargas y contribuciones,” titles xiii-xvi: “De los trages y vestidos; y uso de muebles y alhajas,” “Del uso de sillas de manos, coches y literas,” “Del uso de mulas y caballos,” “De los criados.”
   Google Scholar
• Antonio Domínguez Ortiz . 1976 . Sociedad y estado en el siglo XVIII espahol 299 – 320 . Barcelona : Ariel. . Carlos E. Corona Baratech, “Carlos III,” in Historia de España y America. X-2: La Espana de las reformas (Madrid: Rialp, 1984), pp. 394–455. Both synthesize the earlier work of Constancio Eguia Ruíz, Vicente Rodríguez Casado, José Navarro Latorre, Pierre Vilar, Gonzalo Anes, Laura Rodríguez and Teofanes Egido, among others. They also add important new insights of their own, from archival material that Corona Baratech often reproduces at length
   Google Scholar
• AHN . Consejos, Libro 1510, núm. 52. The batido is a broadside. The portion to which we refer was reprinted in the bando of 10 March 1766
   Google Scholar
• AVM 6–487-17; AHN-LG, 1766, II, fols. 1–3 and 6–8.
   Google Scholar
• 1780 . Diccionario … 232 sv “civil,” and 498–99, sv “gente.”
   Google Scholar
• “Segunda respuesta fiscal sobre embozos, capas largas y sombreros redondos. Madrid, 4 de marzo de 1766,” Fundacion Universitaria Española, Archivo del Conde de Campomanes (hereafter ACC), 27–5. It is worth a comparison to the same author's “Noticias extrajudiciales adquiridas por mí de el principio del tumulto de Madrid a pocos días de haberse sosegado, con mis apuntaciones, además de una relatión de los cuatro dias, 23, 24, 25 y 26, que remití a la Corte,” ACC 41–14, written after the riots were quelled. The “Segunda respuesta” was printed as “Dictamen de los fiscales. Sobre prohibitión de capas largas y sombreros redondos,” in Constancio Eguía Ruiz, Los]esuítas y el Mottn de Esquilache (Madrid: CSIC, 1947), pp. 349–59, see pp. 350–51. The phrase “como la practica acava de demostrarlo en la Corte en los primeros ensayos de esta providentia” appears to refer to the regulations posted just weeks earlier, on 17 and 22 January 1766 (v.n. 20 below)
   Google Scholar
• Minor misgivings arise from a fear of arbitrary arrests and punishment, the need for heavy outer garments to protect the citizenry from inclement weather, the precipitate publication of the bando and its implementation. His major concerns are distinct. The national economy may be hurt, because the long cape and broad-brimmed hat are of fabric woven on Spanish looms, cut and sewn by Spanish artisans and tradesmen, whereas the short cape and tricorn hat favor textiles and garments produced abroad. Not the least problematic for Campomanes is the pretension of clase; how clase is defined, who will enforce regulations based on its definition, and so on. He is especially preoccupied on this score.
   Google Scholar
• The matter is puzzling because the substance of the 1745 decree was reiterated yearly thereafter, and twice in 1766 prior to the 10 March decree: in a bando of 17 January and in a Real Orden approved earlier the same month, on the 11th, distributed on the 22nd. There is no adequate explanation for the need of the government to repeat itself yet again, and so soon, on 10 March, unless one delves into the considerably different wording of the new bando. Even to a casual eye it is noticeably longer, and more detailed in the identification of target populations. One must also look to the Real Orden of 11 July 1770, specifically directed against those who “visten habitos largos de Sotana y Manteo,” omitting mention of the long cape but prohibiting the broad-brimmed hat (AHN-LG, 1766,1, fols. 44–51, 570–74; AHN-LG, 1770, fols. 387–91). In such a context, the bando of 10 March 1766 would seem to make no sense, and this was the position of the fiscales of the Consejo (v. n. 18 above, and text to it).
   Google Scholar