The Influence of Student Perceived Professors’ “Hotness” on Expertise, Motivation, Learning Outcomes, and Course Satisfaction

REFERENCES

• Ackerman , D. and Hu , J. Effect of active learning on learning motivation and outcomes among marketing students with different learning styles . Paper presented at the Marketing Education Association 2009 Conference, Newport Beach, CA ,
   Google Scholar
• Adams , G. R. 1978 . Racial membership and physical attractiveness effects on preschool teachers’ expectations . Child Study Journal , 8 : 29 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Adams , G. R. and Cohen , A. S. 1974 . Children's physical and interpersonal characteristics that effect student-teacher interactions . The Journal of Experimental Education , 43 : 1 – 5 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams , G. R. and Crane , P. 1980 . An assessment of parents’ and teachers’ expectations of preschool children's social preference for attractive or unattractive children and adults . Child Development , 5 : 224 – 231 .
   Google Scholar
• Algozzine , B. 1977 . Perceived attractiveness and classroom interactions . The Journal of Experimental Education , 46 : 63 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamber , D. and Castka , P. 2006 . Personality, organizational orientations and self-reported learning outcomes . Journal of Workplace Learning , 18 : 73 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Bonds-Raacke , J. and Raacke , J. D. 2007 . The relationship between physical attractiveness of professors and students’ ratings of professor quality . Journal of Psychiatry, Psychology and Mental Health , 1 ( 2 ) : 1 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Christophel , D. M. 1990 . The relationships among teacher immediacy behaviors, student motivation, and learning . Communication Education , 37 : 323 – 340 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifford , M. M. and Walster , E. 1973 . The effect of physical attractiveness on teacher expectations . Sociology of Education , 46 : 248 – 258 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comstock , J. , Rowell , D. and Bowers , J. W. 1995 . Food for thought: Teacher nonverbal immediacy, student learning and curvilinearity . Communication Education , 44 : 251 – 266 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dipboye , R. L. , Arvey , R. D. and Terpstra , D. E. 1977 . Effects of student's race physical attractiveness, and dialect on teacher evaluations . Contemporary Educational Psychology , 3 : 77 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felton , J. , Koper , P. T. , Mitchell , J. and Stinson , M. 2008 . Attractiveness, easiness and other issues: student evaluations of professors on Ratemyprofessors . Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education com , 33 : 45 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felton , J. , Mitchell , J. and Stinson , M. 2004 . Web-based student evaluation of professors: The relations between perceived quality, easiness and sexiness . Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education , 29 : 91 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Gouldner , A. W. 1960 . A norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement . American Sociological Review , 26 : 161 – 178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamermesh , D. S. and Parker , A. M. 2005 . Beauty in the classroom: Instructors’ pulchritude and putative pedagogical productivity . Economics of Education Review , 24 : 369 – 376 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , M. E. 2002 . Skin color and the perception of attractiveness among African Americans: Does gender make a difference? . Social Psychology Quarterly , 65 : 77 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hohr , H. 2002 . Does beauty matter in education? Friedrich Schiller's neo-humanistic approach . Journal of Curriculum Studies , 34 : 59 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hossain , T. M. 2010 . Hot or not: An analysis of online professor-shopping behavior of business students . Journal of Education for Business , 85 : 165 – 167 .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , L. A. 1992 . Physical appearance and gender: Sociobiological and sociocultural perspectives , Albany , NY : SUNY Press .
   Google Scholar
• Joseph , W. B. 1982 . The credibility of physically attractive communicators: A review . Journal of Advertising , 11 ( 3 ) : 15 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Langlois , J. H. , Kalakanis , L. , Rubenstein , A. J. , Larson , A. , Hallamm , M. and Smoot , M. 2000 . Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review . Psychological Bulletin , 126 : 390 – 423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. and Richmond , V. P. 1992 . “ Increasing teacher influence through immediacy ” . In Power in the classroom: Communication, control, and concern , Edited by: Richamond , V. P. and McCroskey , J. C. 101 – 119 . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , Richmond , V. P. , Sallinen , A. , Fayer , J. M. and Barraclough , R. A. 1995 . A cross-cultural and multi-behavioral analysis of the relationship between nonverbal immediacy and teacher evaluation . Communication Quarterly , 44 : 281 – 291 .
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey , J. C. , Sallinen , A. , Fayer , J. M. , Richamond , V. P. and Barraclough , R. A. 1996 . Nonverbal immediacy and cognitive learning: A cross-cultural investigation . Communication Education , 45 : 200 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehrabian , A. 1971 . Silent messages , Vol. viii , Oxford , , UK : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , L. E. and Smith , K. L. 1983 . Handling nonresponse issues . Journal of Extension , 21 ( 5 ) Retrieved from http://www.joe.org/joe/1983september/83–5-a7.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ohanian , R. 1990 . Construction and validation of a scale to measure celebrity endorsers’ perceived expertise, trustworthiness, and attractiveness . Journal of Advertising , 19 ( 3 ) : 39 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver , R. L. 1980 . A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions . Journal of Marketing Research , 17 : 460 – 469 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond , V. P. , Gorham , J. S. and McCroskey , J. C. 1987 . “ The relationship between selected immediacy behaviors and cognitive learning ” . In Communication yearbook 10 , Edited by: McLaughlin , M. A. 574 – 590 . Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Riniolo , T. C. , Johnson , K. C. , Sherman , T. R. and Misso , J. A. 2006 . Hot or not: Do professors perceived as physically attractive receive higher student evaluations? . The Journal of General Psychology , 133 : 19 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritts , V. , Patterson , M. L. and Tubbs , M. E. 1992 . Expectations, impressions, and judgments of physically attractive students: A review . Review of Educational Research , 62 : 413 – 426 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocca , K. A. and McCroskey , J. C. 1999 . The interrelationship of student ratings of instructors’ immediacy, verbal aggressiveness, homophily, and interpersonal attraction . Communication Education , 48 : 308 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roger , E. and Bhowmik , D. 1971 . Homophily-heterophily: Relational concepts for communication research . Public Opinion Quarterly , 34 : 523 – 538 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , M. and Salvia , J. 1975 . Attractiveness as a biasing factor in teacher judgments . American Journal of Mental Deficiency , 80 : 96 – 98 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Serva , M. A. and Fuller , M. A. 2004 . Aligning what we do and what we measure in business schools: Incorporating active learning and effective media use in the assessment of instruction . Journal of Management Education , 28 : 19 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Silva , K. M. , Silva , F. J. , Quinn , M. A. , Draper , J. N. , Cover , K. R. and Munoff , A. 2008 . Rate my professor: Online evaluations of psychology instructors . Teaching of Psychology , 35 : 71 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan , C. W. and Langlois , J. H. 1984 . Baby beautiful: Adult attributions of infant competence as a function of infant attractiveness . Child Development , 55 : 576 – 585 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sypeck , M. F. , Gray , J. J. , Etu , S. F. , Ahrens , A. H. , Mosimann , J. E. and Wiseman , C. V. 2006 . Cultural representations of thinness in women, redux: Playboy magazine's depiction of beauty from 1979 to 1999 . Body Image , 3 : 229 – 235 .
   Google Scholar