The Effect of Television Viewing on Adolescents' Civic Participation: Political Efficacy as a Mediating Mechanism

References

• Abramson , P. R. and Aldrich , J. H. 1982 . The decline of electoral participation in America. . American Political Science Review , 76 : 502 – 521 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnett , J. J. 1995 . Adolescents' uses of media for self-socialization. . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 24 : 519 – 533 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin , E. W. and Pinkleton , B. E. 2001 . The role of parental mediation in the political socialization process. . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 45 ( 2 ) : 221 – 240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber , B. R. 1984 . Strong democracy. , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barron , R. M. and Kenny , D. A. 1986 . The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum , M. A. 2003 . Soft news and political knowledge: Evidence of absence or absence of evidence? . Political Communication , 20 : 173 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumgartner , J. and Morris , J. S. 2006 . The Daily Show effect: Candidate evaluations, efficacy, and American youth. . American Politics Research , 34 ( 3 ) : 341 – 367 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker , L. B. , McCombs , M. E. and McLeod , J. M. 1975 . “ The development of political cognitions. ” . In Political communication: Issues and strategies for research. , Edited by: Chaffee , S. H. Beverly Hills : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Becker , L. B. , Sobawale , I. A. and Casey , W. E. Jr. 1979 . Newspaper and television dependencies: Effects on evaluations of public officials. . Journal of Broadcasting , 23 : 465 – 475 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett , W. L. 2007 . News: The politics of illusion , New York : Pearson Longman, 7th edition. .
   Google Scholar
• Bureau of Labor Statistics (2005, December). Volunteering in the United States, 2005. Retrieved October 17, 2006, from. http://www.bls.gov/news.release/volun.nr0.htm
   Google Scholar
• Cappella , J. N. and Jamieson , K. H. 1996 . News frames, political cynicism, and media cynicism. . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 546 : 71 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaffee , S. H. , Jackson-Beeck , M. , Durall , J. and Wilson , D. 1977 . “ Mass communication in political socialization. ” . In Handbook of political socialization: Theory and research , Edited by: Renshon , S. A. 223 – 258 . New York : The Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chaffee , S. H. and Kanihan , S. F. 1997 . Learning about politics from the mass media. . Political Communication , 14 : 421 – 430 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaffee , S. H. and Yang , S. 1990 . “ Communication and political socialization. ” . In Political socialization, citizenship education, and democracy. , Edited by: Ichilov , O. New York : Teachers College Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chen , M. , Grube , J. W. , Bersamin , M. , Waiters , E. and Keefe , D. B. 2005 . Alcohol advertising: What makes it attractive to youth? . Journal of Health Communication , 10 : 553 – 565 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Columbus Public Schools (2005). Student and Building Data. Retrieved October 29, 2007, from http://cpsweb.columbus.k12.oh.us/website.nsf/A5C8E6E824C08D9085257346004B54D1/$File/2007-08%20CPS%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf?OpenElement
   Google Scholar
• Corporation for National & Community Service (2006, March). Educating for active citizenship: Service-learning, school-based service, and civic engagement. Retrieved October 17, 2006, from. http://www.nationalservice.gov/pdf/06_0323_SL_briefing_factsheet.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Craig , S. C. , Niemi , R. G. and Silver , G. E. 1990 . Political efficacy and trust: A report on the NES pilot study items. . Political Behavior , 12 : 289 – 314 .
   Google Scholar
• Damico , A. J. , Conway , M. M. and Damico , S. B. 2000 . Patterns of political trust and mistrust: Three moments in the lives of democratic citizens. . Polity , 32 ( 3 ) : 377 – 400 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delli Carpini , M. X. 2004 . “ Mediating democratic engagement: The impact of communications on citizens' involvement in political and civic life. ” . In Handbook of political communication research , Edited by: Kaid , L. L. 395 – 429 . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Fox , J. , Koloen , G. and Sahin , V. 2007 . No joke: A comparison of substance in The Daily Show with Jon Stewart and broadcast network television coverage of the 2004 presidential election campaign. . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 51 : 213 – 227 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frisco , M. L. , Muller , C. and Dodson , K. 2004 . Participation in voluntary youth-serving organizations and early adult voting behavior. . Social Science Quarterly , 85 : 660 – 676 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershtenson , J. 2002 . Partisanship and participation in political campaign activities. . Political Research Quarterly , 55 : 687 – 714 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glanville , J. 1999 . Political socialization or selection? Adolescent extracurricular participation and political activity in early adulthood. . Social Science Quarterly , 80 : 279 – 90 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabe , M. E. , Lang , A. and Zhao , X. 2003 . News content and form: Implications for memory and audience evaluations. . Communication Research , 30 : 387 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabe , M. E. , Zhou , S. and Barnett , B. 2001 . Explicating sensationalism in television news: Content and the bells and whistles of form. . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 45 : 635 – 656 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graber , D. A. 2001 . Processing politics: Learning from television in the Internet age. , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hollander , B. A. 1995 . The new news and the 1992 presidential campaign: Perceived versus actual political knowledge. . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 72 : 786 – 798 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollander , B. A. 2005 . Late-night learning: Do entertainment programs increase political campaign knowledge for young viewers? . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 49 : 402 – 415 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , K. and Donohew , L. 1999 . Media and primary socialization theory. . Substance Use & Misuse , 34 : 1033 – 1045 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenski , K. and Stroud , N. J. 2006 . Connections between internet use and political efficacy, knowledge, and participation. . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 50 : 173 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang , A. , Newhagen , J. and Reeves , B. 1996 . Negative video as structure: Emotion, attention, capacity, and memory. . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 40 : 460 – 477 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , T. 2005 . Media effects on political disengagement revisited: A multiple-media approach. . Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly , 82 : 416 – 433 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez, M. H. (2004, February). Volunteering among young people. Retrieved October 17, 2006, from. http://www.civicyouth.org/PopUps/FactSheets/FS_Volunteering2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• McDevitt , M. 2006 . The partisan child: Developmental provocation as a model of political socialization. . International Journal of Public Opinion Research , 18 : 67 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDevitt , M. and Chaffee , S. H. 2002 . From top-down to trickle-up influence: Revisiting assumptions about the family in political socialization. . Political Communication , 19 : 281 – 301 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFarland , D. A. and Thomas , R. J. 2006 . Bowling young: How youth voluntary associations influence adult political participation. . American Sociological Review , 71 : 401 – 425 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod , J. M. 2000 . Media and civic socialization of youth. . Journal of Adolescent Health , 27S : 45 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod , J. M. , Guo , Z. , Daily , K. , Steele , C. A. , Horowitz , E. and Chen , H. 1996 . The impact of traditional and nontraditional media forms in the 1992 presidential election. . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 73 : 401 – 416 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLeod , J. M. and Reeves , B. 1980 . “ On the nature of mass media effects. ” . In Television and social behavior , Edited by: Withey , S. B. and Abeles , R. P. 17 – 53 . Hillsdale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• McLeod , J. M. , Scheufele , D. A. and Moy , P. 1999 . Community, communication, and participation: The role of mass media and interpersonal discussion in local political participation. . Political Communication , 16 : 315 – 336 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishler , W. and Rose , R. 2001 . What are the origins of political trust? Testing institutional and cultural theories in post-Communist societies. . Comparative Political Studies , 34 : 30 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moy, P. McCluskey, M. R., McCoy, K. and Spratt , M. A. 2004 . Political correlates of local news media use. . Journal of Communication , 54 : 532 – 546 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabi , R. L. , Moyer-Guse , E. and Byrne , S. 2007 . All joking aside: A serious investigation into the persuasive effect of funny social issue messages. . Communication Monographs , 74 : 29 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niemi , R. G. , Craig , S. C. and Mattei , F. 1991 . Measuring internal political efficacy in the 1998 national election study. . American Political Science Review , 85 : 1407 – 1413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostroff , D. H. and Sandell , K. L. 1989 . Campaign coverage by local TV news in Columbus, Ohio, 1978–1986. . Journalism Quarterly , 66 : 114 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker , W. C. 1996 . “ Introduction: Schools as laboratories of democracy. ” . In Educating the Democratic Mind , Edited by: Parker , W. C. 1 – 22 . New York : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pasek , J. , Kenski , K. , Romer , D. and Jamieson , K. H. 2006 . America's youth and community engagement: How use of mass media is related to civic activity and political awareness in 14- to 22-year-olds. . Communication Research , 33 : 115 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center for the People and the Press (2007, April). Public knowledge of current affairs little changed by news and information revolutions. Retrieved October 30, 2007, from http://people-press.org/reports/pdf/319.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Preacher , K. J. and Hayes , A. F. 2008 . “ Contemporary approach to assessing mediation in communication research. ” . In The Sage sourcebook of advanced data analysis methods for communication research , Edited by: Hayes , A. F. , Slater , M. D. and Snyder , L. B. 13 – 54 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , R. D. 2000 . Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community. , New York : Touchstone .
   Google Scholar
• Rahn , W. M. and Transue , J. E. 1998 . Social trust and value change: The decline of social capital in American youth, 1976–1995. . Political Psychology , 19 ( 3 ) : 545 – 565 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers , D. 1985 . Adolescents and youth, , 5th edition , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall, Inc. .
   Google Scholar
• Shah , D. V. , Cho , J. , Eveland , W. P. Jr. and Kwak , N. 2005 . Information and expression in a digital age: Modeling Internet effects on civic participation. . Communication Research , 32 : 531 – 565 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherrod , L. R. , Flanagan , C. and Youniss , J. 2002 . Dimensions of citizenship and opportunities for youth development: The what, why, when, where, and who of citizenship development. . Applied Developmental Science , 6 : 264 – 272 .
   Google Scholar
• Sigel , R. S. 1965 . Political socialization: Its role in the political process. . Annals of the American Academy of Political Science , 361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , E. S. 1999 . The effects of investments in the social capital of youth on political and civic behavior in young adulthood: A longitudinal analysis. . Political Psychology , 20 : 553 – 580 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , C. , Denton , M. L. , Faris , R. and Regnerus , M. 2002 . Mapping American adolescent religious participation. . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 41 : 597 – 612 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• St. Peters , M. , Fitch , M. , Huston , A. C. , Wright , J. C. and Eakins , D. J. 1991 . Television and families: What do young children watch with their parents? . Child Development , 62 : 1409 – 1423 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira , R. A. 1987 . Why Americans don't vote: Turnout decline in the United States, 1960–1984. , New York : Greenwood Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , T. L. 1984 . A comparison of methods of increasing parental consent rates in social research. . Public Opinion Quarterly , 48 : 779 – 787 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tourangeau , R. , Rips , L. J. and Rasinski , K. 2000 . The psychology of survey response. , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Waiters , E. D. , Treno , A. J. and Grube , J. W. 2001 . Alcohol advertising and youth: A focus-group analysis of what young people find appealing in alcohol advertising. . Contemporary Drug Problem , 28 : 695 – 718 .
   Google Scholar
• Young , D. G. 2004 . Late-night comedy in election 2000: Its influence on candidate trait ratings and the moderating effects of political knowledge and partisanship. . Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media , 48 : 1 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , D. G. and Tisinger , R. A. 2006 . Dispelling late-night myths: News consumption among late-night comedy viewers and the predictors of exposure to various late-night shows. . Harvard International Journal of Press-Politics , 11 : 113 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Youniss , J. and Yates , M. 1999 . “ Introduction: International perspectives on the roots of civic identity. ” . In Roots of Civic Identity , Edited by: Youniss , J. and Yates , M. 1 – 15 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman , M. A. 1989 . The relationship between political efficacy and citizen participation: Construct validation studies. . Journal of Personality Assessment , 53 : 554 – 566 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar