2,231
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The Role of Political Identity and Media Selection on Perceptions of Hostile Media Bias During the 2012 Presidential Campaign

References

  • Abramowitz, A., I., & Saunders, K. L. (1998). Ideological realignment in the U.S. electorate. The Journal of Politics, 60, 634–652. doi:10.2307/2647642
  • Arceneaux, K., Johnson, M., & Murphy, C. (2012). Polarized political communication, oppositional media hostility, and selective exposure. The Journal of Politics, 74, 174–186. doi:10.1017/S002238161100123X
  • Arpan, L. M., & Raney, A. A. (2003). An experimental investigation of news source and the hostile media effect. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 89, 265–281. doi:10.1177/107769900308000203
  • Barker, D. (1998). Rush to action: Political talk radio and health care (un)reform. Political Communication, 15, 83–97. doi:10.1080/105846098199145
  • Blumler, J. G. (1985). The social character of media gratifications. In K. E. Rosengren, L. A. Wenner, & P. Palmgreen (Eds.), Media gratifications research (pp. 41–60). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Camia, C. (2013, December 12). More voters choose indie label, buck Democrats and GOP. USA Today. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/12/11/independent-voters-registration-third-way/3988351/
  • Cappella, J. N., Turow, J., & Jamieson, K. H. (1996). Call-in political talk radio: Background, content, audiences, portrayal in mainstream media. A report of the Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
  • Coe, K., Tewksbury, D., Bond, B., Drogos, K. L., Porter, R. W., Yahn, A., & Zhang, Y. (2008). Hostile news: Partisan use and perceptions of cable news programming. Journal of Communication, 58, 201–219. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00381.x
  • Dalton, R. J., Beck, P. A., & Huckfeldt, R. (1998). Partisan cues and the media: Information flows in the 1992 presidential election. American Political Science Review, 92, 111–126. doi:10.2307/2585932
  • Dancey, L. (2012). The consequences of political cynicism: How cynicism shapes citizens’ reactions to political scandals. Political Behavior, 34, 411–423. doi:10.1007/s11109-011-9163z
  • Duck, J. M., Terry, D. J., & Hogg, M. A. (1998). Perceptions of a media campaign: The role of social identity and the changing intergroup context. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 3–16. doi:10.1177/0146167298241001
  • Ellemers, N., & Barreto, M. (2003). The impact of relative group status: Affective, perceptual and behavioral consequences. In R. Brown & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes (pp. 324–343). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
  • Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2006). Media bias and reputation. Journal of Political Economy, 114, 280–316. doi:10.3386/w11664
  • Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2010). What drives media slant? Evidence from U.S. daily newspapers. Econometrica, 78, 35–71. doi:10.3982/ECTA7195
  • Giles, H., Ryan, E. B., & Anas, A. P. (2008). Perceptions of intergenerational communication by young, middle-aged, and older Canadians. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 40, 21–30. doi:10.1037/0008-400x.40.1.21
  • Goldman, S. K., & Mutz, D. C. (2011). The friendly media phenomenon: A cross-national analysis of cross-cutting exposure. Political Communication, 28, 42–66. doi:10.1080/10584609.2010.544280
  • Greenwald, A., McGhee, D., & Schwartz, J. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
  • Hall, A., & Cappella, J. N. (2006). The impact of political talk radio exposure on attributions about the outcome of the 1996 U.S. Presidential election. Journal of Communication, 52, 332–350. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2002.tb02548.x
  • Hanson, G., Haridakis, P., Cunningham, A., Sharma, R., & Ponder, J. D. (2010). The 2008 Presidential campaign: Political cynicism in the age of Facebook, Myspace, and YouTube. Mass Communication and Society, 13, 584–607. doi:10.1080/15205436.2010.513470
  • Haridakis, P., & Hanson, G. (2011). Campaign 2008: Comparing YouTube, social networking and other media use among younger voters and older voters. In J. A. Hendricks & L. L. Kaid (Eds.), Techno-politics and presidential campaigning: New technologies, new voices, and new voters. New York: Routledge.
  • Haridakis, P., Hanson, G., Lin, M.-C., & McCullough, L. J. (2015). Fitting social media into the media landscape during a 2012 Republican Primary. In J. A. Hendricks & D. Schill (Eds.), Presidential campaigning and social media (pp. 106–121). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Haridakis, P. M. (2013). Uses and gratifications: A social and psychological perspective of media use and effects. In E. Scharrer (Ed.), Media Effects/Media Psychology. Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.
  • Haridakis, P. M., & Hanson, G. (2009). Social interaction and co-viewing with YouTube: Blending mass communication reception and social connection. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 53, 317–335. doi:10.1080/08838150902908270
  • Hartmann, T., & Tanis, M. (2013). Examining the hostile media effect as an intergroup phenomenon: The role of ingroup identification and status. Journal of Communication, 63, 535–555. doi:10.1111/jcom.12031
  • Harwood, J. (1999). Age identification, social identity, gratifications and television viewing. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 43, 123–136. doi:10.1080/08838159909364479
  • Ho, S. S., Binder, A. R., Becker, A. B., Moy, P., Scheufele, D. A., Brossard, D., & Gunther, A. C. (2011). The role of perceptions of media bias in general and issue-specific political participation. Mass Communication & Society, 14, 343–374. doi:10.1080/15205436.2010.491933
  • Hoffner, C., & Rehkoff, R. A. (2011). Young voters’ responses to the 2004 U.S. Presidential election: Social identity, perceived media influence, and behavioral outcomes. Journal of Communication, 61, 732–757. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01565.x
  • Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., O’Brien, L. T., Greewald, A. G., & Mellot, D. S. (2002). Using the implicit association test to measure age differences in implicit social cognitions. Psychology and Aging, 17, 482–495. doi:10.1037//0882-7974.17.3.482
  • Hwang, H., Pan, Z., & Sun, Y. (2008). Influence of hostile media perception on willingness to engage in discursive activities: An examination of mediating role of media indignation. Media Psychology, 11, 76–97. doi:10.1080/15213260701813454
  • Iyengar, S., & Hahn, K. S. (2009). Red media, blue media: Evidence of ideological selectivity in media use. Journal of Communication, 59, 19–39. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.x
  • Jacoby, W. G. (2010). Policy attitudes, ideology and voting behavior in the 2008 election. Electoral Studies, 29, 557–568. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2010.04.003
  • Kaid, L. L. (2003). Effects of political information in the 2000 presidential campaign: Comparing traditional television and Internet exposure. American Behavioral Scientist, 46, 677–691. doi:10.1177/0002764202238492
  • Katz, E., Gurevitch, M., & Haas, H. (1973). On the use of the mass media for important things. American Sociological Review, 38, 164–181.
  • Kaye, B. K., & Johnson, T. J. (2002). Online and in the know: Uses and gratifications of the web for political information. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 46, 54–71. doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4601_4
  • Kaye, B. K., & Johnson, T. J. (2004). A web for all reasons: Uses and gratifications of Internet components for political information. Telematics & Informatics, 21, 197–223. doi:10.1016/S0736-5853(03)00037-6
  • Kenski, K., & Stroud, N. J. (2006). Connections between Internet use and political efficacy, knowledge, and participation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 50, 173–192. doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem5002_1
  • Lazarsfeld, P. F., Berelson, B., & Gaudet, H. (1944). The people’s choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign. New York, NY: Duell, Sloan, & Pearce.
  • Lee, T.-T. (2005). The liberal media myth revisited: An examination of factors influencing perceptions of media bias. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 49, 43–64. doi:10.1207/s15506878jobem4901_4
  • Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. (1992). A collective self-esteem scale: Self-evaluation of one’s social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 302–318. doi:10.1177/0146167292183006
  • Matheson, K., & Dursun, S. (2001). Social identity precursors to the hostile media phenomenon: Partisan perceptions of coverage of the Bosnian conflict. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 4, 116–125. doi:10.1177/1368430201004002003
  • Mehrabian, A. (1996). Relations among political attitudes, personality, and psychopathology assessed with new measures of libertarianism and conservatism. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 18, 469–491. doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1804_7
  • Mummendey, A. Simon, B., Dietze, C., Grünert, M. Haeger, G., Kessler, S., … Schaferhoff, S. (1992). Categorization is not enough: Intergroup discrimination in negative outcome allocation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 28, 125–144. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(92)90035-I
  • Ota, H., Giles, H., & Somera, L. P. (2007). Beliefs about intra- and intergenerational communication in Japan, the Philippines, and the United States: Implication for older adults’ subjective well-being. Communication Studies, 58, 173–188. doi:10.1080/10510970701341139
  • Pew Research Center (2012). Winning the media campaign 2012: Both candidates received more negative than positive coverage in mainstream news, but social media was even harsher. Retrieved from http://www.journalism.org/2012/11/02/winning-media-campaign-2012.
  • Pinkleton, B. E., & Austin, E. W. (2001). Individual motivations, perceived media importance, and political disaffection. Political Communication, 18, 321–334. doi:10.1080/10584600152400365
  • Poniewozik, J., & Sachs, A. (2004, November 15). Bush vs. Kerry vs. the media. Time, 164(20), 87. Retrieved from http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,995631,00.html
  • Prior, M. (2013). Media and political polarization. Annual Review of Political Science, 16, 101–127. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-100711-135242
  • Sloan, W. D., & Andrews, M. (2013). Political bias. In J. D. Greer & W. D. Sloan (Eds.), Media issues: Point/Counterpoint (pp. 139–158). Northport, AL Vision Press.
  • Stroud, N. J. (2011). Niche news: The politics of news choice. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Sweetser, K. D., & Kaid, L. L. (2008). Stealth soapboxes: Political information efficacy, cynicism and uses of celebrity weblogs among readers. New Media & Society, 10, 67–91. doi:10.1177/1461444807085322
  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7–24). Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall Publishers.
  • Turner, R., & Crisp, R. J. (2010). Explaining the relationship between ingroup identification and intergroup bias following recategorization: A self-regulation theory analysis. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 13, 251–261. doi:10.1177/1368430209351702
  • Vallone, R. P., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1985). The hostile media phenomenon: Biased perception and perceptions of media bias in coverage of the Beirut massacre. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 577–585. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.577
  • Watts, D., Domke, D., Shah, D. V., & Fan, D. P. (1999). Elite cues and media bias in presidential campaign: Explaining public perceptions of a liberal press. Communication Research, 26, 144–175. doi:10.1177/009365099026002003

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.