“You too, Second Screeners?” Second Screeners’ Echo Chambers During the 2016 U.S. Elections Primaries

References

• Adamic, L. A., & Glance, N. (2005). The political blogosphere and the 2004 U.S. election: Divided they blog. 2004 In Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Link Discovery (pp. 36–43). Chicago, IL: ACM. doi:10.1145/1134271.1134277
   Google Scholar
• Aday, S., Livingston, S., & Hebert, M. (2005). Embedding the truth: A cross-cultural analysis of objectivity and television coverage of the Iraq war. Harvard Journal of Press/Politics, 10, 3–21. doi:10.1177/1081180x05275727
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asch, S. E. (1951). Effects of group pressure upon the modification and distortion of judgments. In H. Guetzkow (Eds.), Groups, leadership, and men (pp. 177–190). Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie.
   Google Scholar
• Asch, S. E. (1955). Opinions and social pressure. Scientific American, 193, 31–35. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1155–31
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348, 1130–1132. doi:10.1126/science.aaa1160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barberá, P., Jost, J. T., Nagler, J., Tucker, J. A., & Bonneau, R. (2015). Tweeting from left to right is online political communication more than an echo chamber? Psychological Science, 26, 531–1542. doi:10.1177/0956797615594620
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauder, D. (2012, December 3). Study shows growth in second screen users. Yahoo News. http://news.yahoo.com/study-shows-growth-second-screen 164540229.html
   Google Scholar
• Boutyline, A., & Willer, R. (2011). The social structure of political echo chambers: Ideology leads to asymmetries in online political communication networks. Working Paper, Political Networks Paper Archive. Retrieved from https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~andrei/downloads/echo.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bruns, A., & Stieglitz, S. (2013). Towards more systematic Twitter analysis: Metrics for tweeting activities. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 16, 91–108. doi:10.1080/13645579.2012.756095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron, J., & Geidner, N. (2014). Something old, something new, something borrowed from something blue: Experiments on dual viewing TV and Twitter. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 58, 400–419. doi:10.1080/08838151.2014.935852
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carley, K., Pfeffer, J., Reminga, J., Storrick, J., & Columbus, D. (2012). ORA user’s guide 2012. Pittsburgh, PA: CASOS. Retrieved from http://reports-archive.adm.cs.cmu.edu/anon/isr2013/CMU-ISR-13-108.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Colleoni, E., Rozza, A., & Arvidsson, A. (2014), Echo chamber or public sphere? Predicting political orientation and measuring political homophily in Twitter using Big Data. Journal of Communication, 64, 317–332. doi:10.1111/jcom.12084
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, T., & Chandler, R. (2012). Online deliberation design. In T. Nabatchi, M. Weiksner, J. Gastil, & M. Leighninger (Eds.), Democracy in motion: Evaluation the practice and impact of deliberative civic engagement (pp. 103–131). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from http://web.stanford.edu/~davies/Davies-Chandler-2011-08-31.pdf
   Google Scholar
• del Vicario, M. Bessi, A., Zollo Petroni, F., A. Scala, G., Caldarelli, H. E.,… Quattrociocchi W., (2016). The spreading of misinformation online. PNAS, 113, 554–559. doi:10.1073/pnas.1517441113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Della Vigna, S., & Kaplan, E. (2007). The Fox News effect: Media bias and voting. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122, 1187–1234. doi:10.1162/qjec.122.3.1187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman, L., Maibach, E. W., Roser-Renouf, C., & Leiserowitz, A. (2012). Climate on cable: The nature and impact of global warming coverage on Fox News, CNN, and MSNBC. International Journal of Press/Politics, 17, 3–31. doi:10.1177/1940161211425410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger, L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Freedman, J. L., & Sears, D. O. (1965). Warning, distraction, and resistance to influence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 262–266. doi:10.1037/h0021872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey, D. (1986). Recent research on selective exposure to information. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 41–80. doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60212-9.
   Google Scholar
• Garrett, R. K. (2009a). Echo chambers online? Politically motivated selective exposure among Internet news users. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14, 265–285. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01440.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett, R. K. (2009b). Politically motivated reinforcement seeking: Reframing the selective exposure debate. Journal of Communication, 59, 676–699. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01452.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelman, A. (2009). Red state, blue state, rich state, poor state: Why Americans vote the way they do. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giglietto, F., & Selva, D. (2014). Second screen and participation: A content analysis on a full season dataset of Tweets. Journal of Communication, 64, 260–277. doi:10.1111/jcom.12085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, E., Bergstrom, T., & Karahalios, K. (2009). Blogs are echo chambers, blogs are echo chambers. Paper presented at the 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Waikoloa, Big Island, HI.
   Google Scholar
• Gil de Zúñiga, H., Garcia-Perdomo V., & McGregor, S. C. (2015). What is second screening? Exploring motivations of second screen use and its effect on online political participation. Journal of Communication, 65, 793–815. doi:10.1111/jcom.12174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, T., Broersma, M., Hazelhoff, K., & Haar, G. V. (2013). Between broadcasting political messages and interacting with voters. Information, Communication & Society, 16, 692–716. doi:10.1080/1369118x.2013.785581
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groseclose, T., & Milyo, J. (2005). A measure of media bias. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120, 1191–1237. doi:10.1162/003355305775097542}
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Guardian, (2102, October 29). Social TV and second-screen viewing: The stats in 2012. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/technology/appsblog/2012/oct/29/social-tv-second-screen-research
   Google Scholar
• Halberstam, Y., & Knight, B. (2014). Homophily, group size, and the diffusion of political information in social networks: Evidence from twitter. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper (No. w20681).
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, D., Shneiderman, B., & Smith, M. A. (2010). Analyzing social media networks with NodeXL: Insights from a connected world. Burlington, MA: Morgan Kaufmann.
   Google Scholar
• Hart, W., Albarracín, D., Eagly, A. H., Brechan, I., Lindberg, M. J., & Merrill, L. (2009). Feeling validated versus being correct: A meta-analysis of selective exposure to information. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 555–588. doi:10.1037/a0015701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayat, T., & Mo, G. Y. (2015). Advice giving and receiving within a research network. American Behavioral Scientist, 59, 582–598. doi:10.1177/0002764214556802
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayat, T., Samuel-Azran, T., & Galily, Y. (2016). Al-Jazeera Sport’s U.S. Twitter followers: Sport-politics nexus? Online Information Review, 40. doi:10.1108/oir-01-2016-0033
   Google Scholar
• Himelboim, I., McCreery, S., & Smith, M. (2013). Birds of a feather Tweet together: Integrating network and content analyses to examine cross-ideology exposure on Twitter. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 18, 40–60. doi:10.1111/jcc4.12001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamieson, K. H., & Cappella, J. N. (2008). Echo chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the conservative media establishment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Katz, E. (1968). On reopening the question of selectivity in exposure to mass communication. In R. P. Abelson, E. Aronson, W. McGuire, T. Newcomb, M. Rosenberg, & P. Tannenbaum (Eds.), Theories of cognitive consistency: A sourcebook (pp. 788–796). Chicago, IL: Rand-McNally.
   Google Scholar
• MTM. (2015). MTM Report: Majority of English TV viewers engage with second screen. Retrieved from https://www.mtm-otm.ca/Download.ashx?file=Files/News/English/Majority%20of%20English%20TV%20viewers%20engage%20with%20second%20screen.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mukherjee, P., & Jansen, B. J. (2014, April). Social TV and the social soundtrack: Significance of second screen interaction during television viewing. In W. G. Kennedy, A. Nitin, & S. J. Yand (Eds.), Proceedings of the 7^th International Conference on Social Computing, Behavioral-Cultural Modeling and Prediction (pp. 317–324). Basel: Springer International. doi:1007/978-3-319-05579-4_39
   Google Scholar
• Mutz, D. C., & Martin, P. S. (2001). Facilitating communication across lines of political difference: The role of mass media. American Political Science Review, 95, 97–114. Retrieved from http://repository.upenn.edu/asc_papers/125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pew Center for the People and the Press. (2010). Americans spending more time following the news. Ideological news sources: Who watches and why. Technical Report. Retrieved from http://www.people-press.org/2010/09/12/americans-spending-more-time-followingthe-news/
   Google Scholar
• Quattrociocchi, W., Scala, A., & Sunstein, C. R. (2016). Echo chambers on Facebook. Retrieved from SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2795110
   Google Scholar
• Rossi, L., & Giglietto, F. (2016). Twitter use during TV: A full-season analysis of #serviziopubblico hashtag. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 60, 331–346. doi:10.1080/08838151.2016.1164162
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sears, A. O., & Freedman, J. L. (1967). Selective exposure to information: A critical review. Public Opinion Quarterly, 31, 194–213. doi:10.1086/267513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroud, N. J. (2008). Media use and political predispositions: Revisiting the concept of selective exposure. Political Behavior 30, 341–366. doi:10.1007/s11109-007-9050-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, N., Rau, P. P.-L., & Ma, L. (2014). Understanding lurkers in online communities: A literature review. Computers in Human Behavior, 38, 110–117. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunstein, C. (2000). Echo chambers: Bush v. Gore, impeachment, and beyond. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tumasjan, A., Sprenger, T. O., Sandner, P. G., & Welpe, I. M. (2010). Predicting elections with Twitter: What 140 characters reveal about political sentiment. In Proceedings of the Fourth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (pp. 178–185). Retrieved from http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM10/paper/viewFile/1441/1852Predicting
   Google Scholar
• van Mierlo, T. (2014). The 1% rule in four digital health social networks. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16, e33. doi:10.2196/jmir.2966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergeer, M., Hermans, L., & Sams, S. (2013). Online social networks and micro-blogging in political campaigning: The exploration of a new campaign tool and a new campaign style. Party Politics, 19, 477–501. doi:10.1177/1354068811407580
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H., Can, D., Kazemzadeh, A., Bar, F., & Narayanan, S. (2012). A system for real-time Twitter sentiment analysis of 2012 U.S. presidential election cycle. In Proceedings of the 50^th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (pp. 115–120). Jeju,Korea: ACL.
   Google Scholar
• Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511815478
   Google Scholar
• Wolfsfeld, G., Yarchi, M., & Samuel-Azran, T. (2015). Political information repertoires and political participation. New Media and Society, 18, 2096–2115. doi:10.1177/1461444815580413
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar