References
- American Press Institute. (2014). How Americans get their news. American Press Institute. Retrieved from: https://www.americanpressinstitute.org/publications/reports/survey-research/how-americans-get-news/
- Anstead, N., & O’Loughlin, B. (2011). The emerging viewertariat and BBC Question Time: Television debate and real-time commenting online. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 16, 440–462.
- Associated Press. (2016, March 30). Teen pepper sprayed as Trump protestors, supporters clash. The Washington Post. Retrieved from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/teen-pepper-sprayed-as-trump-protesters-supporters-clash/2016/03/30/7ed04194-f670-11e5-958d-d038dac6e718_story.html
- Avery, J. M. (2009). Videomalaise or virtuous circle? The influence of the news media on political trust. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 14, 410–433.
- Barbaro, M., Parker, A., & Gabriel, T. (2016, March 12). Trump’s heated words were destined to stir violence, opponents say. New York Times. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/13/us/politics/donald-trumps-heated-words-were-destined-to-stir-violence-opponents-say.html?mtrref=query.nytimes.com&_r=0
- Barnidge, M. (2015). The role of news in promoting political disagreement on social media. Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 211–218.
- Bode, L., Vraga, E. K., Borah, P., & Shah, D. V. (2014). A new space for political behavior: Political social networking and its democratic consequences. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 19, 414–429.
- Cappella, J. N., & Jamieson, K. H. (1997). Spiral of cynicism: The press and the public good (p. 22). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Chadwick, A. (2013). The hybrid media system: Politics and power. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
- Choi, J., & Lee, J. K. (2015). Investigating the effects of news sharing and political interest on social media network heterogeneity. Computer in Human Behavior, 44, 258–266.
- Confessore, N., & Yourish, K. (2016, March 15). Measuring Donald Trump’s mammoth advantage in free media. New York Times. Retrieved from: http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/16/upshot/measuring-donald-trumps-mammoth-advantage-in-free-media.html
- Eveland, W. P. (2001). The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news evidence from nonelection, off-year election, and presidential election contexts. Communication Research, 28, 571–601
- Eveland, W. P., Shah, D. V., & Kwak, N. (2003). Assessing causality in the Cognitive Mediation Model: A panel study of motivations, information processing and learning during campaign 2000. Communication Research, 30, 359–386.
- Freelon, D., & Karpf, D. (2015). Of big birds and bayonets: Hybrid Twitter interactivity in the 2012 Presidential debates. Information, Communication & Society, 18, 390–406.
- Gearhart, S., & Zhang, W. (2015). “Was it something I said?” “No, it was something you posted!” A study of the spiral of silence theory in social media contexts. Cyberpsychology, Behavior & Social Networking, 18, 208–213.
- Gil de Zúniga, H. G. (2009). Blogs, journalism, and political participation. Journalism and citizenship: New Agendas in Communication, 108.
- Gil de Zuniga, H. G., Bachmann, I., Hsu, S. H., & Brundidge, J. (2013). Expressive versus consumptive blog use: Implications for interpersonal discussion and political participation. International Journal of Communication, 7, 22.
- Gil de Zúñiga, H. G., Garcia‐Perdomo, V., & McGregor, S. C. (2015). What is second screening? Exploring motivations of second screen use and its effect on online political participation. Journal of Communication, 65, 793–815.
- Gil de Zúñiga, H. G., Jung, N., & Valenzuela, S. (2012). Social media use for news and individuals’ social capital, civic engagement and political participation. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 17, 319–336.
- Gil de Zúñiga, H., Molyneux, L., & Zheng, P. (2014). Social media, political expression, and political participation: Panel analysis of lagged and concurrent relationships. Journal of Communication, 64, 612–634.
- Gil de Zúñiga, H. G., & Valenzuela, S. (2011). The mediating path to a stronger citizenship: Online and offline networks, weak ties, and civic engagement. Communication Research, 38, 397–421.
- Goel, S., Mason, W., & Watts, D. J. (2010). Real and perceived attitude agreement in social networks. Journal of personality and social psychology, 99, 611.
- Gold, H. (2015, January 15). Trump dominates social media during GOP debate. Politico. Retrieved from: http://www.politico.com/blogs/live-from-charleston/2016/01/gop-debate-trump-social-media-217826
- Goodin, E. (2016, January 29). Trump dominates Google, Twitter during debate. Real Clear Politics. Retrieved from: http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2016/01/29/trump_dominates_google_twitter_during_debate_129489.html
- Gottfried, J. A., Hardy, B. W., Holbert, R. L., Winneg, K. M., & Hall Jamieson, K. (2016). The changing nature of political debate consumption: Social media, multitasking, and knowledge acquisition. Political Communication, 1–28.
- Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Himelboim, I., McCreery, S., & Smith, M. (2013). Birds of a feather tweet together: Integrating network and content analyses to examine cross‐ideology exposure on Twitter. Journal of Computer‐Mediated Communication, 18, 40–60.
- Hutchens, M., Hmielowski, J. D., & Beam, M. A. (2015). Rush, Rachel and Rx: Modeling partisan media’s influence on structural knowledge of healthcare policy. Mass Communication & Society 18, 123–143.
- Jung, N., Kim, Y., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2011). The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation. Mass Communication & Society, 14, 407–430.
- Jungherr, A. (2015). Analyzing political communication with digital trace data. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
- Kenny, D. A. (2005). Cross-lagged panel design. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley
- Kim, Y., & Chen, H. T. (2015). Discussion network heterogeneity matters: Examining a moderated mediation model of social media use and civic engagement. International Journal of Communication, 9, 22.
- Lee, J. K., Choi, J., Kim, C., & Kim, Y. (2014). Social media, network heterogeneity, and opinion polarization. Journal of Communication, 64, 702–722.
- Lu, Y., Heatherly, K. A., & Lee, J. K. (2016). Cross-cutting exposure on social networking sites: The effect of SNS discussion disagreement on political participation. Computers in Human Behavior 59, 74–81.
- McGregor, S. C., Mourao, R. R., Neto, I., Straubhaar, J., & Angeluci, A. (2017). Second screening as convergence in Brazil and the US. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 61, 163–181
- McLeod, J. M., Scheufele, D. A., & Moy, P. (1999). Understanding deliberation: The effects of discussion networks on participation in a public forum. Communication Research, 26, 743–774.
- Mutz, D. C. (2006). Hearing the other side: Deliberative versus participatory democracy. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Mutz, D. C., & Reeves, B. (2005) The new videomalaise: Effects of televised incivility on political trust. American Political Science Review. 99,1–15
- Noelle-Nuemann, E. (1974). The spiral of silence: A theory of public opinion. Journal of Communication 24, 43–51.
- Nugent, M., & Pierson, E. (2016, February 9). Here’s what people say when they Hillary Clinton on Twitter. MonkeyCage Blog. Retrieved from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/02/09/heres-what-people-say-when-they-attack-hillary-clinton-on-twitter/
- Park, N., Kee, K. F., & Valenzuela, S. (2009). Being immersed in social networking environment: Facebook groups, uses and gratifications, and social outcomes. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 12, 729–733.
- Pew. (2011). Internet gains on television as public’s main news source: More young people cite Internet than TV. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from: http://www.people-press.org/2011/01/04/internet-gains-on-television-as-publics-main-news-source/
- Pew. (2015). The evolving role of news on Twitter and Facebook. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from: http://www.journalism.org/2015/07/14/the-evolving-role-of-news-on-twitter-and-facebook/
- Pew. (2016). The 2016 presidential campaign—a news media event that’s hard to miss. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from: http://www.journalism.org/2016/02/04/the-2016-presidential-campaign-a-news-event-thats-hard-to-miss/
- Price, V., Cappella, J. N., & Nir, L. (2002). Does disagreement contribute to more deliberative opinion? Political Communication 19, 95–112.
- Rupar, A & Dewan, B. (2016, March 1). Timeline: How Trump took the low road to the top of the Republican Party. Think Progress. Retrieved from: http://thinkprogress.org/politics/2016/03/01/3755255/donald-trump-super-tuesday-timeline/
- Scheufele, D. A., Hardy, B., Brossard, D., Wasimel-Manor, I. S., & Nisbet, E. (2006). Democracy based on difference: Examining the links between structural heterogeneity, heterogeneity of discussion networks, and democratic citizenship. Journal of Communication 56, 728–753.
- Scheufle, D. A., & Moy, P. (2000). Twenty-five years of the spiral of silence: A conceptual review and empirical outlook. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 12, 3–28.
- Schultheis, E. (2016, March 4). Republican debate: Donald Trump dominates social media conversation. CBS News. Retrieved from: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/republican-debate-donald-trump-dominates-social-media-conversation/
- Shah, D. V., Cho, J., Nah, S., Gotlieb, M. R., Hwang, H., Lee, N. J., & McLeod, D. M. (2007). Campaign ads, online messaging, and participation: Extending the communication mediation model. Journal of Communication, 57, 676–703.
- Silver, N. (2016, March 30). How Trump hacked the media: Trump’s dominance on cable news isn’t the whole story. FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved from: http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-donald-trump-hacked-the-media/
- Song, H., & Eveland, W. P. (2015). The structure of communication networks matters: How network diversity, centrality, and context influence political ambivalence, participation, and knowledge. Political Communication 32, 83–108.
- Stelter, B. (2015, August 7). Fox’s GOP debate had record 24 million viewers. CNN. Retrieved from: http://money.cnn.com/2015/08/07/media/gop-debate-fox-news-ratings/
- Stephenson, E. (2015, August 7). Trump dominates social media amid Republican presidential debate. Reuters. Retrieved from: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-republicans-socialmedia-idUSKCN0QC0ES20150807
- Vaccari, C., Chadwick, A., & O’Loughlin, B. (2015). Dual Screening the political: Media events, social media, and citizen engagement. Journal of Communication, 65, 1041–1061.
- Van Cauwenberge, A., Schaap, G., & van Roy, R. (2014). TV no longer commands our full attention: Effects of second-screen viewing and task relevance on cognitive load and learning from news. Computers in Human Behavior, 38, 100–109.
- Valenzuela, S., Kim, Y., & Gil de Zuniga H., (2012). Social networks that matter: Exploring the role of political discussion for online political participation. International Journal of Public Opinion Research 24, 163–184.
- Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2013). The differential susceptibility to media effects model. Journal of Communication, 63, 221–243.