Better Informed or Stay Naïve? Revisiting Different Types of Selective Exposure and the Impact on Political Learning

References

• Amsalem, E., & Nir, L. (2021). Does interpersonal discussion increase political knowledge? A meta-analysis. Communication Research, 48(5), 619–641. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650219866357
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amsalem, E., & Zoizner, A. (2023). Do people learn about politics on social media? A meta-analysis of 76 studies. Journal of Communication, 73(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqac034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beam, M. A., Hutchens, M. J., & Hmielowski, J. D. (2016). Clicking vs. sharing: The relationship between online news behaviors and political knowledge. Computers in Human Behavior, 59, 215–220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beam, M. A., Hutchens, M. J. & Hmielowski, J. D.,(2020). Facebook news and (de) polarization: Reinforcing spirals in the 2016 US election. In Digital media, political polarization and challenges to democracy (pp. 26–44). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, W. L., & Iyengar, S. (2008). A new era of minimal effects? The changing foundations of political communication. Journal of Communication, 58(4), 707–731. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00410.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brauer, M., Judd, C. M., & Gliner, M. D. (1995). The effects of repeated expressions on attitude polarization during group discussions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(6), 1014–1029. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.68.6.1014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, H.-T.(2018). Personal issue importance and motivated-reasoning goals for pro- and counterattitudinal exposure: A moderated mediation model of motivations and information selectivity on elaborative reasoning. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 30(4), 607–630. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edx016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, H.-T., Guo, L., & Su, C.(2020). Network agenda setting, partisan selective exposure, and opinion repertoire: The effects of pro- and counter-attitudinal media in Hong Kong. Journal of Communication, 70(1), 35–59. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqz042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, J., Shah, D. V., McLeod, J. M., McLeod, D. M., Scholl, R. M., & Gotlieb, M. R. (2009). Campaigns, reflection, and deliberation: Advancing an OSROR model of communication effects. Communication Theory, 19(1), 66–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2008.01333.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlberg, L. (2001). The Internet and democratic discourse: Exploring the prospects of online deliberative forums extending the public sphere. Information, Communication & Society, 4(4), 615–633. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180110097030
   Google Scholar
• Eagly, A. H., Kulesa, P., Brannon, L. A., Shaw, K., & Hutson-Comeaux, S. (2000). Why counterattitudinal messages are as memorable as proattitudinal messages: The importance of active defense against attack. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(11), 1392–1408. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167200263007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eveland, W. P. (2001). The cognitive mediation model of learning from the news: Evidence from nonelection, off-year election, and presidential election contexts. Communication Research, 28(5), 571–601. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365001028005001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eveland, W. P., & Hively, M. H. (2009). Political discussion frequency, network size, and “heterogeneity” of discussion as predictors of political knowledge and participation. Journal of Communication, 59(2), 205–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2009.01412.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger, L. (1962). A theory of cognitive dissonance (Vol. 2). Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher, R., & Nielsen, R. K. (2018). Are people incidentally exposed to news on social media? A comparative analysis. New Media & Society, 20(7), 2450–2468. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817724170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher, R., & Nielsen, R. K. (2020). Are Netflix and Spotify subscribers more likely to pay for online news? Comparative analysis of data from six countries. International Journal of Communication, 14, 3439–3457. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/11402/3132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett, R. K. (2009). Echo chambers online? Politically motivated selective exposure among Internet news users. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 14(2), 265–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01440.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil de Zúñiga, H., Jung, N., & Valenzuela, S. (2012). Social media use for news and individuals’ social capital, civic engagement and political participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17(3), 319–336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01574.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodin, R. E. (2000). Democratic deliberation within. Philosophy & Public Affairs, 29(1), 81–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1088-4963.2000.00081.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habermas, J., T. McCarthy ( Trans.). (1984). The theory of communicative action. Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Habermas, J., & Press, P. ( Trans.). (1989). The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. Polity Press. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015701
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford publications.
   Google Scholar
• Hollander, B. A. (2005). Late-night learning: Do entertainment programs increase political campaign knowledge for young viewers? Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 49(4), 402–415. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem4904_3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu, L. C., Wang, K. Y., Chih, W. H., & Lin, K. Y. (2015). Investigating the ripple effect in virtual communities: An example of Facebook Fan Pages. Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 483–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iyengar, S., & Hahn, K. S. (2009). Red media, blue media: Evidence of ideological selectivity in media use. Journal of Communication, 59(1), 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, T. J., Bichard, S. L., & Zhang, W. (2009). Communication communities or “cyberghettos?” a path analysis model examining factors that explain selective exposure to blogs. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 15(1), 60–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2009.01492.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung, N., Kim, Y., & Gil De Zúniga, H. G. (2011). The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation. Mass Communication and Society, 14(4), 407–430. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2010.496135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz, E., & Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1995). Personal influence: The part played by people in the flow of mass communication. The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, D. H., & Desai, M. (2021). Are social media worth it for news media? Explaining news engagement on Tumblr and digital traffic of news websites. The International Journal on Media Management, 23(1–2), 2–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/14241277.2021.1958820
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J. W., & Kim, E. (2021). Temporal selective exposure: How partisans choose when to follow politics. Political Behavior, 43(4), 1663–1683. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-021-09690-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y., Chen, H.-T., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2013). Stumbling upon news on the Internet: Effects of incidental news exposure and relative entertainment use on political engagement. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2607-2614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.06.005
   Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. M., & Vishak, J. (2008). Just laugh! You don’t need to remember: The effects of entertainment media on political information acquisition and information processing in political judgment. Journal of Communication, 58(2), 338–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00388.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinberg, M. S. (2023). Black issue publics online: Securing political knowledge through selective exposure. Journal of Communication, 74(1), 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqad027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2014). Choice and preference in media use: Advances in selective exposure theory and research. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Knobloch-Westerwick, S., & Meng, J. (2011). Reinforcement of the political self through selective exposure to political messages. Journal of Communication, 61(2), 349–368. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01543.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S., & Jones-Jang, S. M. (2022). Cynical nonpartisans: The role of misinformation in political cynicism during the 2020 U.S. presidential election. New Media & Society, 146144482211160. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221116036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H., Kwak, N., & Campbell, S. W. (2015). Hearing the other side revisited: The joint workings of cross-cutting discussion and strong tie homogeneity in facilitating deliberative and participatory democracy. Communication Research, 42(4), 569–596. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650213483824
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S., & Xenos, M. (2019). Social distraction? Social media use and political knowledge in two US Presidential elections. Computers in Human Behavior, 90, 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.08.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lelkes, Y. (2020). A bigger pie: The effects of high-speed internet on political behavior. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 25(3), 199–216. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcmc/zmaa002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, Y.-I., & Eveland, W. P. (2005). Education, need for cognition, and campaign interest as moderators of news effects on political knowledge: An analysis of the knowledge gap. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 82(4), 910–929. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900508200410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luong, K. T., & Knobloch-Westerwick, S. (2021). Selection of entertainment media. In P. Vorderer & C. Klimmt (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of entertainment theory (pp. 159–180). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moon, S. J. (2013). Attention, attitude, and behavior: Second-level agenda-setting effects as a mediator of media use and political participation. Communication Research, 40(5), 698–719. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650211423021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mothes, C., & Ohme, J. (2019). Partisan selective exposure in times of political and technological upheaval: A social media field experiment. Media and Communication, 7(3), 42–53. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v7i3.2183
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutz, D. C. (2006). Hearing the other side: Deliberative versus participatory democracy. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nabity-Grover, T., Cheung, C. M., & Thatcher, J. B. (2020). Inside out and outside in: How the COVID-19 pandemic affects self-disclosure on social media. International Journal of Information Management, 55, Article 102188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oeldorf-Hirsch, A. (2018). The role of engagement in learning from active and incidental news exposure on social media. Mass Communication and Society, 21(2), 225–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2017.1384022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohme, J., & Mothes, C. (2020). What affects first- and second-level selective exposure to journalistic news? A social media online experiment. Journalism Studies, 21(9), 1220–1242. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2020.1735490
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohme, J., & Mothes, C. (2023). News snacking and political learning: Changing opportunity structures of digital platform news use and political knowledge. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2023.2193579
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papacharissi, Z. (2004). Democracy online: Civility, politeness, and the democratic potential of online political discussion groups. New Media & Society, 6(2), 259–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444804041444
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, C. S. (2017). Do social media facilitate political learning? Social media use for news, reasoning and political knowledge. Journal of Social Media in Society, 6(2), 206–238.
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. (2021, April 7). Social Media Fact Sheet. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/social-media/
   Google Scholar
• Postman, N. (2005). Amusing ourselves to death: Public discourse in the age of show business. Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Prior, M. (2005). News vs. entertainment: How increasing media choice widens gaps in political knowledge and turnout. American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 577–592. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00143.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prior, M. (2007). Post-broadcast democracy: How media choice increases inequality in political involvement and polarizes elections. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Quandt, T. (2018). Dark participation. Media and Communication, 6(4), 36–48. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v6i4.1519
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E. (2020). The social media party: Fear of missing out (FoMO), social media intensity, connection, and well-being. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 36(4), 386–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2019.1646517
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shehata, A., & Strömbäck, J. (2021). Learning political news from social media: Network media logic and current affairs news learning in a high-choice media environment. Communication Research, 48(1), 125–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650217749354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroud, N. J. (2008). Media use and political predispositions: Revisiting the concept of selective exposure. Political Behavior, 30(3), 341–366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-007-9050-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroud, N. J. (2010). Polarization and partisan selective exposure. Journal of Communication, 60(3), 556–576. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01497.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroud, N. J. (2018). Selective exposure theories. In K. Kenski & K. H. Jamieson (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of political communication (pp. 531–538). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199793471.013.009_update_001.
   Google Scholar
• Sunstein, C. R. (2001). Republic. com. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sunstein, C. R. (2018). #republic: Divided democracy in the age of social media. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006). Motivated skepticism in political information processing. American Journal of Political Science, 50(3), 755–769. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenzuela, S., Kim, Y., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2012). Social networks that matter: Exploring the role of political discussion for online political participation. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 24(2), 163–184. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edr037
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villi, M., Aharoni, T., Tenenboim-Weinblatt, K., Boczkowski, P. J., Hayashi, K., Mitchelstein, E., Tanaka, A., & Kligler-Vilenchik, N. (2022). Taking a break from news: A five-nation study of news avoidance in the digital era. Digital Journalism, 10(1), 148–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2021.1904266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walther, J. B. (2017). The merger of mass and interpersonal communication via new media: Integrating metaconstructs. Human Communication Research, 43(4), 559–572. https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, M., & Nah, S. (2018). Mobile information seeking and political participation: A differential gains approach with offline and online discussion attributes. New Media & Society, 20(5), 2070–2090. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817712722
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar