Analyzing the uses and gratifications concept of audience activity with a qualitative approach: Media encounters during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake disaster

References

• Baran , S. J. and Davis , D. K. 1995 . Mass communication theory: Foundations, ferment and future. , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Blumer , H. 1969 . Symbolic interactionism. , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Blumler , J. G. 1979 . The role of theory in uses and gratifications studies. . Communication Research , 6 (1) : 9 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumler , J. C. , Curevitch , M. and Katz , E. 1985 . “ Reaching out: A future for gratifications research. ” . In Media gratifications research: Current perspectives , Edited by: Rosengren , K. E. , Wenner , L. A. and Palmgreen , P. 255 – 270 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Bogart , L. 1965 . “ The mass media and the blue‐collar worker. ” . In The blue collar world. , Edited by: Bennett , A. and Gomberg , W. Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice‐Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Carey , J. 1989 . Communication as culture: Essays on media and society. , Winchester, MA : Unwin Hyman .
   Google Scholar
• Denzin , N. 1970 . The research act. , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Deutscher , I. 1966 . Words and deeds: Social science and social policy. . Social Problems , 13 : 235 – 254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot , P. 1974 . “ Uses and gratification research: A critique and a sociological alternative. ” . In The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research , Edited by: Blumler , J. G. and Katz , E. 249 – 268 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Jensen , K. B. and Rosengren , K. 1990 . Five traditions in search of the audience. . European Journal of Communication , 5 (2–3) : 207 – 238 .
   Google Scholar
• Katz , E. 1980 . On conceptualising media effects. . Studies in Mass Communication , 1 : 119 – 141 .
   Google Scholar
• Levy , M. R. and Windahl , S. 1984 . Audience activity and gratifications: A conceptual clarification and exploration. . Communication Research , 11 (1) : 51 – 78 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levy , M. R. and Windahl , S. 1985 . “ The concept of audience activity. ” . In Media gratifications research: Current perspectives , Edited by: Rosengren , K. E. , Wenner , L. A. and Palmgreen , P. 109 – 122 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Lindlof , T. R. and Meyer , T. P. 1987 . “ Mediated communication as ways of seeing, acting and constructing culture: The tools and foundations of qualitative research. ” . In Natural audiences , Edited by: Lindlof , T. R. 1 – 30 . Norwood, NJ : Ablex .
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone , S. M. 1993 . The rise and fall of audience research: An old story with a new ending. . Journal of Communication , 43 (4) : 5 – 12 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin‐Barbero , J. 1988 . Communication from culture. . Media, Culture, and Society , 70 (4) : 447 – 465 .
   Google Scholar
• McLeod , J. M. , Bybee , C. R. and Durall , J. A. 1982 . Evaluating media performance by gratifications sought and received. . Journalism Quarterly , 59 : 3 – 12 . 59
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuail , D. 1987 . Mass communication theory: An introduction. , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Messaris , P. 1977 . Biases of self‐reported “functions” and “gratifications” of mass media use . Etcetera , 34 September : 316 – 329 .
   Google Scholar
• Morley , D. 1993 . Active audience theory: Pendulums and pitfalls . Journal of Communication , 43 (4) : 13 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcomb , H. and Hirsch , P. 1987 . “ Television as a cultural forum. ” . In Television: The critical view , (4th ed. , Edited by: Newcomb , H. 455 – 471 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Palmgreen , P. 1984 . “ Uses and gratifications: A theoretical perspective. ” . In Communication Yearbook 8 , Edited by: Bostrom , R. N. 20 – 55 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Palmgreen , P. and Raybum , J. D. 1985 . A comparison of gratification models of media satisfaction. . Communication Monographs , 52 : 334 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmgreen , P. , Wenner , L. A. and Rosengren , K. E. 1980 . Relations between gratifications sought and obtained. . Communication Research , 7 (2) : 161 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayburn , J. D. , Palmgreen , P. and Acker , T. 1984 . Media gratifications and choosing a morning news program. . Journalism Quarterly , 67 : 149 – 156 .
   Google Scholar
• Rubin , A. M. and Perse , E. M. 1987a . Audience activity and soap opera involvement: A uses and effects investigation. . Human Communication Research , 14 : 246 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin , A. M. and Perse , E. M. 1987b . Audience activity and television news gratifications. . Communication Research , 14 (1) : 58 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swanson , D. L. 1977 . The uses and misuses of uses and gratifications. . Human Communication , 3 : 214 – 221 .
   Google Scholar
• Swanson , D. L. 1979 . Political communication research and the uses and gratifications model. . Communication Research , 6 (1) : 37 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , R. 1985 . Applied qualitative research. , Brookfield, VT : Cower Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , W. 1976 . Public Opinion Quarterly , 40 (1) : 132 – 133 . Review of J. C. Blumler & E. Katz, (Eds.) The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research]
   Google Scholar