Poisoned Chalice: Intelligence Use of Chemical and Biological Weapons

REFERENCES

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• Many of the KGB's clandestine weapons are illustrated in Keith Melton, The Ultimate Spy Book (London: Dorling Kindersley, 1996). Some can be seen on display at the International Spy Museum in Washington, D.C.
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• Ibid., p. 154 .
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• Ibid., p. 253 .
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• Ibid., p. 254 .
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• Soviet KGB defector Anatoly Golitsyn, who defected to the CIA in Helsinki, reported that Gaitskell's death was a KGB assassination. This version, however, was disputed by many intelligence experts. For the controversy over Gaitskell's death, see Peter Wright, Spycatcher: The Candid Autobiography of a Senior Intelligence Officer (London: Viking, 1987), pp. 362–363 .
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• In his The Ultimate Spy Book, p. 152, Keith Melton presents illustrations of a cane developed by the KGB to fire tiny poison pellets. A similar mechanism was probably used in the Markov umbrella .
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• Peter Wright , Spycatcher , p. 160 .
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• Ibid., p. 633 .
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• Ibid., p. 653 .
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• For an extensive account of the political and military aspects of Operation Musketeer see Keith Kyle, Suez: Britain's End of Empire in the Middle East (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991) .
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• The information came from a Jewish refugee who had previously worked at the plant. See Tom Mangold and Jeff Goldberg, Plague Wars: The Terrifying Reality of Biological Warfare (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999), p. 51 .
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• The Church Committee, referring to the various arcane devices developed to assassinate Fidel Castro. Senate Report No. 94-465, Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders (Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 20 November 1975), p. 71 .
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• Ibid., p. 72 .
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• Ibid .
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• CIA Station Officer in the Congo (“Victor S. Hedgeman”) on the equipment he received to assassinate former Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba, The Church Committee Report, p. 24. In 2007, former Congo Chief of Station Lawrence (Larry) Devlin revealed that he had testified before the Church Committee using the alias Victor Hedgeman. See Larry Devlin, Chief of Station, Congo: A Memoir of 1960–67 (New York: PublicAffairs, 2007), p. 262 .
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• The Church Committee reported at length on the debates and discussions within the administration and CIA over the need to dispose of Lumumba. See various relevant chapters of the Church Committee Report .
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• Robert Johnson , minute-taker at the August 1960 meeting, in a private interview with staff of the Senate intelligence committee in 1975. The transcript of the interview was sent to the U.S. National Archives in 2000 and made public. See Martin Kettle, “President ‘ordered murder’ of Congo leader,” Washington Guardian, 10 August 2000 .
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• In a rare breach of CIA routine, Dulles signed the cable himself, indicating the urgency and importance of his message. Dulles to “Hedgeman,” 25 August 1960, quoted in the Church Committee Report, p. 15 .
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• Ibid., p. 19 .
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• Ibid., p. 26 .
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• Jacques Foccart , former French Minister for African affairs and personal aide of de Gaulle at the time, confirmed shortly before his death in 1997 that he was consulted about the decision to kill Moumie. Ibid .
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• Kaye Whiteman , “The Man Who Ran Africa.”
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• Details of the assassination were provided by General Paul Grossin, head of the French SDECE at the time, to French journalists Roger Faligot and Pascal Krop in their research for their book La Piscine: The French Secret Service Since 1944 (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1989) .
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• For the various versions of the actual assassination see Dibussi Tande, “France's dirty war in Cameroon: The assassination of Felix-Roland Moumie,” www.dibussi.com/2006/10/frances_dirty_w.html .
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• Ibid .
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• Ibid .
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• Former Mossad Head Isser Harel, who at the time served as the Prime Minister's Advisor on Intelligence, believed that de Gaulle knew about Israel's role, while Amit maintained that de Gaulle did not know .
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• Yossi Melman , “Back To The Scene of The Crime,” Haaretz, 26 September 2007 .
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• For discussion on the type of chemical material used, see Dan Even, “Theater of the Absurd,” Maariv, 1 November 2002 .
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• The Caesarea unit's intelligence officer, in an interview with Israeli journalist Ronen Bergman, “I am the man who saved Haled Mashal,” Yediot Acharonot, 17 June 2005 .
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• Despite the failure, Mashal apparently remained on the Mossad's hit list. In October 2004, four Arabs were arrested by the Syrian secret police and accused of having been recruited by the Mossad to assassinate Mashal, who moved to Syria in 2000. See Itamar Inbari and Maruan Atamana, “Syria: Mossad helpers arrested,” Maariv, 11 October 2004 .
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• Ronen Shlein , “Soon Two More Will Be Executed,” Maariv, 15 January 2001 .
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• For analysis on South African assassinations policy see Kevin O'Brian, “The Use of Assassination as a Tool of State Policy: South Africa's Counter-revolutionary Strategy 1979–1922,” Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol. 10, No. 1, Spring 1998 .
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• There are numerous and conflicting reports on the South African chemical and biological weapons program. This section is based mainly on the investigations carried out by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), which commissioned a study on the chemical and biological weapons program carried out by the Netherlands Institute for Southern Africa (NIZA). See Klaas de Jonge, “Questions about the involvement of the South Africa apartheid regime and its secret services in external operations like hit squads, chemical and biological warfare,” NIZA Report, November 1997. The full TRC 1998 report is available at http://www.info.gov.za/otherdocs/2003/trc/ .
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• Tom Mangold and Jeff Goldberg, Plague Wars, p. 226.
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• Ibid., p. 218 .
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• The assassin, code-name “Taffy,” was interviewed by Tom Mangold and Jeff Goldberg. Ibid., pp. 224–227 .
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• Dr. Mike Odendaal , former head of the Department of Microbiology at Roodeplaat Research Laboratories, on materials produced by Project Coast, see Mike Odendaal, “My involvement in Project Coast,” Track Two (CCR Journal), Vol. 10, No. 3, December 2001 .
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• Evidence presented before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) by a senior staff member of Project Coast, see Tom Mangold and Jeff Goldberg, Plague Wars, p. 257 .
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• Chandre Gould , “Apartheid's chemical and biological weapons programme,” Track Two , Vol. 10 , No. 3 , December 2001 .
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• Ibid .
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• Memoirs of the former Rhodesian Head of Intelligence, Ken Flower, quoted in Klaas de Jonge, Section 33 .
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• Tom Mangold and Jeff Goldberg , Plague Wars, pp. 230–233 .
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• For example, testimony relating to the murders of Siphiwe Mtimkulu and Topsy Madaka, VW 1/12/89, quoted in Klaas de Jonge, Section 125 .
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• Ibid., Sections 131–132 .
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• Information made public during the trial served as a base for the most comprehensive book on Project Coast, Chandre Gould and Peter Folb, Project Coast: Apartheid's Chemical and Biological Warfare Programme (Geneva: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 2002) .
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• Patrick Cockburn , “Iraq Uses Poison on Political Opponents,” The Independent, 1 February 1995 .
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• Mark Henderson , “Slow-Acting Killer That Was Saddam's Favourite Instrument of Vengeance,” The Times (London), 20 November 2006 .
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• Ibid .
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• Ibid .
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• The name has been changed to protect the person. See Johanna McGeary, “Inside Saddam's World,” CNN, 6 May 2002 .
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