Identity Wars: Then and Now

REFERENCES

• At the time, I was head of a unique compartmentalized State Department office known as the Special Liaison Office (SLO), buried deep inside the Embassy in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Established in the wake of the Iran-Contra scandal, the SLO's mission was to keep an eye on both Contra and CIA covert support for them throughout Central America .
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• Israel Galeano Cornejo: Franklyn was his pseudonym. The FDN included thousands of volunteers from highlander clans, the Galeanos being the largest. About 50 percent of the Contras' combat leaders died or were killed within two years of the war's end, including Franklyn, who was killed in a suspicious one-car accident .
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• 4th Jorge Salazar Task Force message 310389, 31 January 1989, ACRN Archives .
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• The FDN fielded about 80 percent of the Contra forces. The four smaller Contra armies fielded the other 20 percent .
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• In fairness, a fortunate few were given aphrodisiacs .
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• Such as Ramiro Barrantes , Evolucion en el Tropico , San Jose , CR , UCR .
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• Spanish Roman Catholic Bishop Pedro Casaldaliga, in Pisani in Prophets in Combat: The Nicaraguan Journal of Bishop Pedro Casaldaliga ( Yorktown Heights , NY : Meyerstone Books , 1987 ), pp. 70 – 71 .
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• William Meara , Contra Cross: Insurgency and Tyranny in Central America 1979–1989 ( Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute Press , 2006 ) p. 146 . Meara, who was present, was one of my deputies at the time .
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• INR NX3719B, SECRET/SENSITIVE, declassified 6 August 2003, Case 199202045 .
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• Later renamed by us for political purposes the Ejercito de Resistencia Nicaraguense (ERN), a rebranding the Contras themselves studiously ignored .
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• Timothy C. Brown , The Real Contra War ( Norman , OK : The University of Oklahoma Press , 2000 ).
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• Demonstrated in a series of maps and tables in The Real Contra War, pp. 11, 12, 15, 34, 39, 121, 122–123 .
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• In this I include myself, despite my personal experiences with more than a half-dozen insurgencies from Thailand, Laos, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Vietnam to the Caribbean and South America .
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• At the time, CIA personnel in the Escambray were working primarily with the rebel's chief of logistics, Darilo Alarcon Ramirez, Comandante Benigno. Whether or not the invasion would have succeeded had it and the rebelling peasants linked will never be known. Darilo Ramirez Alarcon, Memorias de un soldado Cubano (Tusquet Editores, 1997), ghost written by Elizabeth Burgos Debray.
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• For a comparison of the Escambray and Contra uprisings , see Timothy C. Brown , The Real Contra War , pp. 189 – 192 .
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• William H. Durham , Coevolution: Genes, Culture, and Human Diversity ( Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press , 1991 ).
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• See, for example , Nancy Segars , “The Importance of Twin Studies for Individual Differences Research,” Journal of Counseling and Development , July/August , 1990 , pp. 612 – 620 .
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• To see how difficult this is even under nearly ideal circumstances, see Ofira Seliktar , “Socialization of National Ideology: The Case of Zionist Attitudes,” Political Psychology , Fall/Winter 1980 , pp. 66 – 94 .
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• Timothy C. Brown , The Real Contra War ; and Timothy C. Brown, The Causes of Continuing Conflict in Nicaragua ( Stanford , CA : Hoover , 1995 ); and Timothy C. Brown, “Nahuas, Gachupines, Patriarchs, and Piris,” Journal of American Popular Culture, Winter 1997 , pp. 97 – 111 .
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• Timothy C. Brown , The Real Contra War, chapters 9 and 10. Also discussed from their own perspectives by peasant and Indian leaders in chapters 7–10, in Timothy C. Brown , When the AK47s Fall Silent: Revolutionaries, Guerrillas, and the Dangers of Peace ( Stanford , CA : Hoover Institution Press , 2000 ).
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• Paul Hersey and Kenneth H. Blanchard , Management and Organizational Behavior: Utilizing Human Resources ( Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall , 1989 ), pp. 9 – 14 , 23 .
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• Martin Daly and Margo Wilson , Sex. Evolution and Behavior ( Boston : Willard Grant Press , 1992 ) and Homicide (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1988). See also William H. Durham, Coevolution and Barbara Oakley, Evil Genes: Why Rome Fell, Hitler Rose, Enron Failed, and My Sister Stole My Boyfriend (New York: Prometheus, 2007) .
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• Stephen Ryan , Ethnic Conflict and International Relations ( Sudbury , MA : Dartmouth Publishing , 1990 ), pp. 6 – 7 . Also Robert Jackson, “Ethnicity,” in Stephen Ryan, Ethnic Conflict and International Relations, pp. 205–233 .
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• Morton Deutsch and Shula Shichman , “Conflict: A Social Psychological Perspective,” in Margaret Hermann's Political Psychology ( San Francisco : Jossey-Bass , 1986 ), pp. 221 – 222 .
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• Luis Serra , EI Movimiento Campesino—EI movimiento Campesino y su participacion durante la Revolucion Sandinista ( Managua : Imprenta DCA , 1991 ), pp. 258 – 259 .
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• Teresa Raskowska-Harmstone , “Chickens Coming Home to Roost,” Journal of International Affairs , Winter 1992 , pp. 523 – 529 .
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• Jeffrey L. Gould , “Vana Ilusion! The Highlands Indians of Nicaragua and the Myth of Nicaraguan Mestiza,” Hispanic American Historical Review , August 1993 .
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