REFERENCES
- See for example: Loch K. Johnson “The CIA and the Media,” Intelligence and National Security, Vol 1, No. 2, 1986, pp. 143–69; Claudia Hillebrand, “The Role of News Media in Intelligence Oversight,” Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 27, No. 5, 2012, pp. 689–706; and Marina Caparini, ed., Media in Security and Governance (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgsellschaft, 2004).
- Charles Savage “U.S. Confirms Gathering of Web Data Overseas,” The New York Times, 7 June 2013, p. 1.
- Mark Mazzetti “Ex-Worker at CIA Says He Leaked Data on Surveillance.” The New York Times, 9 June 2013, p. 1.
- “President Obama's Dragnet,” The New York Times, 7 June 2013, p. 10.
- “A Real Debate on Surveillance,” The New York Times, 11 June 2013, p. 22.
- “A Weak Agenda on Spying Reform,” The New York Times, 10 August 2013, p. 18.
- “Surveillance Goes on Trial,” The New York Times, 23 November 2013, p. 22.
- “Turn Off the Data Vacuum,” The New York Times, 19, December 2013, p. 38.
- Loch K. Johnson “A Shock Theory of Congressional Accountability for Intelligence,” in Loch K. Johnson ed., Handbook of Intelligence Studies (Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2009), pp. 343–360.
- Amy Zegart and Julie Quinn “Congressional Intelligence Oversight: The Electoral Disconnection,” Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 25, No. 6, 2010, pp. 744–766.
- Walter Lippmann Liberty and the News (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and Howe, 1920), p. 64.
- Potter Stewart “Or of the Press,” Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 26, 1975, p. 631.
- Rahul Sagar Secrets and Leaks: The Dilemma of State Secrecy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013), p. 48.
- Richard Aldrich “Regulations by Revelation,” in Robert Dover and Michael Goodman eds., Spinning Intelligence (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009), pp. 13–35.
- Rahul Sagar Secrets and Leaks.
- Michael Hirsh “How Edward Snowden Turned Unwitting Journalists Into Activists,” The National Journal, 3 January 2014, Blog, at http://www.nationaljournal.com/technology/how-edward-snowden-turned-unwitting-journalists-into-activists-20140103. Accessed 5 January 2014.
- Potter Stewart “Or of the Press.”
- Loch K. Johnson “A Shock Theory of Congressional Accountability for Intelligence,” p. 345.
- E. E. Schattschneider The Semi-Sovereign People (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1960), p. 2.
- Bernard Cohen The Press and Foreign Policy (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1963).
- Genevieve Lester “Societal Acceptability of Domestic Intelligence,” in Challenges of Domestic Intelligence in a Free Society (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2009), pp. 79–104.
- Daniel Yankelovich ”Poll Positions: What Americans Really Think About U.S. Foreign Policy,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 84, No. 5, 2005, pp. 2–16.
- Pew Research Center, “Amid Criticism, Support for Media's ‘Watchdog Role’ Stands Out,” 8 August 2013.
- E. E. Schattschneider The Semi-Sovereign People, p. 66.
- Jonathan Weisman “Boehner Calls Snowden Traitor,” The New York Times, 11 June 2013, blog, at http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/06/11/boehner-calls-snowden-a-traitor/. Accessed 10 August 2013.
- Jeremy Peters “Feinstein's Support for N.S.A. Defies Liberal Critics and Repute,” The New York Times, 2 July 2013, p. 15.
- Mark Mazzetti and Michael Schmitt “Officials Say U.S. May Never Know Extent of Snowden's Leaks,” The New York Times, 15 December 2013, p. 1.
- Peter Baker “Moves to Curb Spying Help Drive the Clemency Argument for Snowden,” The New York Times, 5 January 2014, p. 16.
- Shane Harris “Congressmen Reveal Secret Report's Findings to Discredit Snowden,” Foreign Policy blog, 9 January 2014, at http://complex.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2014/01/09/congressmen_reveal_secret_report_s_findings_to_discredit_snowden. Accessed 10 January 2014.
- Government Accountability Project, GAP Statement on Edward Snowden and NSA Domestic Surveillance,” 3 January 2014, at http://www.whistleblower.org/press/press-release-archive/2013/3125-gap-statement-on-edward-snowden-and-nsa-domestic-surveillance. Accessed 4 January 2014.
- Mark Landler and Charlie Savage “Obama Outlines Calibrated Curbs on Phone Spying,” The New York Times, 18 January 2014, p. 1.
- Tim Shorrock “Put the Spies Back Under One Roof,” The New York Times, 18 June 2013, p. 25.
- Ibid.
- Cheryl Pellerin “NSA Director: Security Leaks Have Done Great Harm,” Armed Forces Press Service, 14 June 2013, at http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?.id=120296. Accessed 17 June 2013.
- David Sanger and Eric Schmitt “N.S.A. Imposes Rule to Protect Data Stored on Its Networks,” The New York Times, 19 July 2013, p. 16.
- Joe Davidson “NSA to Cut 90 Percent of Its System Administrators,” Washington Post blog, 13 August 2013, at http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/federal-eye/wp/2013/08/13/nsa-to-cut-90-percent-of-systems-administrators/. Accessed 12 September 2013.
- Stephen Castle and Eric Schmitt “Europeans Voice Anger Over Reports of Spying by U.S. on its Allies,” The New York Times, 1 July 2013, p. 9.
- Michael Schmidt “NSA Head Says European Data Collected by Allies,” The New York Times, 30 October 2013, at http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/30/us/politics/u-s-intelligence-officials-defend-surveillance-operations-on-capitol-hill.html. Accessed 10 November 2103.
- David Sanger and Mark Mazzetti “Allegations of U.S. Spying on Merkel Puts Obama at Crossroads,” The New York Times, 25 October 2013, p. 10.
- Gail Collins “Intelligence for Dummies,” The New York Times, 8 June 2013, p. 19.
- David Sanger and Eric Schmitt “N.S.A. Imposes Rule to Protect Data Stored on Its Networks.”
- Gail Collins “The Other Side of the Story,” The New York Times, 15 June 2013, p. 21.
- Emmarie Huetteman “Debating the N.S.A.'s Data Collection, and a Panel's Findings,” The New York Times, 22 December 2013, at http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/23/us/politics/debating-the-nsas-data-collection-and-a-panels-findings.html. Accessed 17 February 2014.
- Cheryl Pellerin “NSA Director: Security Leaks Have Done Great Harm.”
- Charlie Savage “Democratic Senators Issue Strong Warning About Use of the Patriot Act,” The New York Times, 16 March 2012, p. 12.
- Glenn Hastedt “Washington Politics, Intelligence and the Struggle against Global Terrorism,” in Loch K. Johnson ed., Strategic Intelligence (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2007), pp. 217–222.
- In fact, the momentum for reform from the 2005 revelations was short-lived. The Senate Intelligence Committee held hearings in February 2006, but a Democratic proposal for an investigation was defeated and the Republican leadership established a working group to explore ways to change the law to accommodate the NSA's program.
- Jonathan Weisman “As Criticism Grows, Curtailing Surveillance Program Seems Unlikely,” The New York Times, 8 June 2013, at www.lexisnexis.com/lnacui2api/frame.do?. Accessed 18 December 2013.
- Tim Shorrock “Put the Spies Back Under One Roof.”
- Brian Knowlton “Lawmaker Offers Strong Defense of U.S. Surveillance Efforts in Europe,” The New York Times, 28 October 2013, at http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/28/world/europe/lawmaker-offers-strong-defense-of-us-surveillance-efforts-in-europe.html. Accessed 15 January 2014.
- Mark Landler and David Sanger “Obama May Ban Spying on Heads of Allied States,” The New York Times, 29 October 2013, p. 1.
- Anne Flaherty “Voters Mad about NSA Spying Struggle to Generate Broader Populist Movement to Stop It,” AP: The Big Story, 13 August 2013, at http://bigstory.ap.org/article/voters-mad-about-nsa-spying-face-uphill-battle. Accessed 17 February 2014.
- Gallup, “American Disapprove of Government Surveillance Programs,” 12 June 2013, at www.gallup.com/poll/163043/americans-disapprove-government-surveillance.
- Pew Research Center, “Public Split Over Impact of NSA Leak,” 17 June 2013.
- Pew Research Center, “Few See Limits on NSA Surveillance Program,” 26 July 2013.
- Pew Research Center, “Views of Council of Foreign Relations Members,” 3 December 2013.
- Pew Research Center, “Obama's NSA Speech has Little Impact on Skeptical Public,” 20 January 2014.
- Pew Research Center, “2014 Political Polarization Survey,” Table 4.6: NSA Surveillance, 12 June 2014.
- Pew Research Center, “Growing Concern about Rise of Islamic Extremism at Home and Abroad,” 10 September 2014.
- Gallup, “Where do Americans Stand on the Wiretapping Issues?,” 24 February 2006.
- Daniel Yankelovich “ Poll Positions: What Americans Really Think About U.S. Foreign Policy,” p. 13.
- Pew Research Center, “Most Say Monitoring Allied Leaders Calls is Unacceptable,” 4 November 2013.
- Charlie Savage and Michael Shear “President Moves to Ease Worries on Surveillance,” The New York Times, 10 August 2013, p. 1.
- David Sanger “Obama Weighing Security and Privacy in Deciding on Spy Program Limits,” The New York Times, 20 December 2013, p. 20.
- “Transcript of President Obama's January 17 Speech on NSA Reforms,” 2013, The Washington Post, at http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/full-text-of-president-obamas-jan-17-speech-on-nsa-reforms/2014/01/17/fa33590a-7f8c-11e3-9556-4a4bf7bcbd84_story.html. Accessed 18 January 2014.
- Mark Landler and Charlie Savage “Obama Outlines Calibrated Curbs on Phone Spying.”
- Michael Hayden and Michael Mukasey “N.S.A. Reform that Only ISIS Could Love,” The Wall Street Journal, 18 November 2014, p. 19.
- Rahul Sagar Secrets and Leaks.