REFERENCES
- Justin R. Harber “Unconventional Spies: The Counterintelligence Threat From Non-State Actors,” International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, Vol. 22, No. 2, Summer 2009, pp. 221–236.
- Ibid., p. 223.
- Robert Tracinski “Al-Qaeda's Intelligence Service,” RealClearPolitics.com, 2 December 2010, available at www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2010/12/02/al-qaedas_intelligence_service_108123.html.
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- Edward W. Said Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1979).
- Hussein Fardust The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty: Memoirs of Former General Hussein Fardust (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1999).
- Ibid., p. 196.
- Ibid.
- William H. Sullivan “Savak,” in Mission to Iran (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981), pp. 94–99; Carl Anthony Wege, “Iranian Intelligence Organizations,” International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, Vol. 10, No. 3, Fall 1997, pp. 287–298.
- William H. Sullivan “Savak.”
- Ibid., p. 96.
- Hussein Fardust The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty: Memoirs of Former General Hussian Farhust, p. 146; Michael S. Goodman, “Learning to Walk: The Origins of the UK's Joint Intelligence Committee,” International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, Vol. 21, No. 1, Spring 2007, pp. 40–56.
- Hussein Fardust The Rise and Fall of the Pahlavi Dynasty: Memoirs of Former General Hussein Fardust, pp. 149–164.
- Ibid., pp. 162–164.
- Ibid., p. 161.
- Ibid., pp. 175–178.
- Michael Getler “Khomeini Is Reported to Have a SAVAK of His Own; Khomeini Reported to Have Own SAVAK-Style Agency,” The Washington Post, 7 June 1980; Carl Anthony Wege, “Iranian Intelligence Organizations.”
- Reuters, “Around the World; Iranian Says Secret Agency Isn't Like Savak Under Shah,” The New York Times, 1 June 1981.
- Michael Getler “Khomeini Is Reported to Have a SAVAK of His Own.”
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Carl Anthony Wege “Iranian Intelligence Organizations.”
- Carl Anthony Wege “Hizbollah Organization,” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, Vol. 17, 1994, pp. 151–164; Graham E. Fuller, “Iran, Lebanon, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict,” in The Center of the Universe: The Geopolitics of Iran (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1991), pp. 119–135.
- Carl Anthony Wege “Hizbollah Organization”; Sean Anderson and Stephen Sloan, Historical Dictionary of Terrorism, 3rd ed. (Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2009).
- Carl Anthony Wege “Hizbollah Organization,” p. 157.
- Carl Anthony Wege “Iranian Intelligence Organizations.”
- Ibid.
- Carl Anthony Wege “Hizbollah Organization.”
- Eben Kaplan “The Al-Qaeda-Hezbollah Relationship,” Council on Foreign Relations, 14 August 2006, available at http://www.cfr.org/terrorist-organizations-and-networks/al-qaeda-hezbollah-relationship/p11275.
- Ibid.
- Dina Temple-Raston, “The Closer,” in The Jihad Next Door: The Lackawanna Six and Rough Justice in an Age of Terror (New York: PublicAffairs, 2007), pp. 81–94; Eben Kaplan, “The Al-Qaeda-Hezbollah Relationship”; Ton Hays and Sharon Theimer, “Egyptian Agent Worked with Green Berets, Bin Laden,” Associated Press, 31 December 2001.
- Matthew Levitt and Michael Jacobson “The Iran-Al-Qaeda Conundrum,” Washingtoninstitute.org, 23 January 2009, available at http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/the-iran-al-qaeda-conundrum.
- Ibid.
- Bill Gertz “Russian Agents Teach Iranians How to Spy,” The Washington Times, 11 September 1995, available at http://search.proquest.com/docview/409352119?accountid=10346.
- Eben Kaplan “The Al-Qaeda-Hezbollah Relationship.”
- U. S. Department of Defense, “The Government's Guide to Assessing Prisoners,” The New York Times, 24 April 2011, p. 2, available at http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/04/24/world/guantanamo-guide-to-assessing-prisoners.html.
- Daveed Gartenstein-Ross, “Fixing Our Pakistan Problem,” The Journal of International Security Affairs, January 2009, pp. 1–12, available at http://www.securityaffairs.org/issues/2009/16/gartenstein-ross.php.
- B. Raman Intelligence: Past, Present and Future (New Delhi: Lancer Publishers, 2002); Daveed Gartenstein-Ross, “Fixing Our Pakistan Problem.”
- Ibid.
- B. Raman Intelligence: Past, Present and Future, p. 46.
- Virginia Van Dyke “The Khalistan Movement in Punjab, India, and the Post-Militancy Era: Structural Change and New Political Compulsions,” Asian Survey, Vol. 49, No. 6, November 2009, pp. 975–997.
- Daveed Gartenstein-Ross “Fixing Our Pakistan Problem.”
- B. Raman Intelligence: Past, Present and Future, p. 46.
- Ibid.
- Mark J. Roberts “Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: A State Within a State?,” Joint Force Quarterly, 16 March 2010, pp. 1–8, available at www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA517856; Pervez Musharraf, In the Line of Fire: A Memoir (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2006), p. 208.
- Mark J. Roberts “Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: A State Within a State?”
- Pervez Musharraf In the Line of Fire: A Memoir, p. 208.
- Ibid.
- Ibid., p. 212.
- Ibid.
- Mark J. Roberts “Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: A State Within a State?”
- Ibid., p. 106.
- Lawrence Wright The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11 (New York: Knopf, 2006), pp. 161–162.
- Mark J. Roberts “Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: A State Within a State?”; Daveed Gartenstein-Ross, “Fixing Our Pakistan Problem.”
- Mark J. Roberts “Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: A State Within a State?” p. 107.
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Lawrence Wright The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11, p. 303.
- Mark J. Roberts “Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate: A State Within a State?”
- Pervez Musharraf In the Line of Fire: A Memoir, p. 201.
- Daveed Gartenstein-Ross “Fixing Our Pakistan Problem.”
- Owen L. Sirrs A History of the Egyptian Intelligence Service: A History of the Mukhabarat, 1910–2009 (London: Routledge, 2010); Owen L. Sirrs, “Reforming Egyptian Intelligence: Precedents and Prospects,” Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 28, No. 2, April 2013, pp. 230–251.
- Benjamin B. Fischer Okhrana: The Paris Operations of the Russian Imperial Police, Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, DC, 19 March 2007, available at http://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/okhrana-the-paris-operations-of-the-russian-imperial-police/5474-1.html.
- Owen L. Sirrs “Reforming Egyptian Intelligence: Precedents and Prospects.”
- Owen L. Sirrs A History of the Egyptian Intelligence Service: A History of the Mukhabarat, 1910–2009.
- Ibid., p. 16; Owen L. Sirrs, “Reforming Egyptian Intelligence: Precedents and Prospects.”
- Douglas Little “Mission Impossible: the CIA and the Cult of Covert Action in the Middle East,” Diplomatic History, Vol. 28, No. 5, November 2004, pp. 663–701; Owen L Sirrs, A History of the Egyptian Intelligence Service: A History of the Mukhabarat, 1910–2009.
- Ibid., p. 29.
- Ibid., p. 34.
- Ibid., p. 24.
- Ibid., p. 36.
- Ibid.; Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11.
- Owen L. Sirrs A History of the Egyptian Intelligence Service: A History of the Mukhabarat, 1910–2009, pp. 42–43.
- Ibid., p. 44.
- Douglas Little “Mission Impossible: The CIA and the Cult of Covert Action in the Middle East,” p. 678.
- Ibid., p. 680.
- Owen L. Sirrs A History of the Egyptian Intelligence Service: A History of the Mukhabarat, 1910–2009, 51.
- Ibid., p. 65.
- Ibid., Douglas Little, “Mission Impossible: The CIA and the Cult of Covert Action in the Middle East.”
- Owen L. Sirrs A History of the Egyptian Intelligence Service: A History of the Mukhabarat, 1910–2009, p. 117.
- Ibid.
- Ibid., p. 142.
- Sean Anderson and Stephen Sloan Historical Dictionary of Terrorism, pp. 456–457.
- Owen L. Sirrs A History of the Egyptian Intelligence Service: A History of the Mukhabarat, 1910–2009; Douglas Little, “Mission Impossible: The CIA and the Cult of Covert Action in the Middle East”; Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11.
- Owen L. Sirrs A History of the Egyptian Intelligence Service: A History of the Mukhabarat, 1910–2009, p. 143.
- Ibid., Lawrence Wright, The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11.
- Ibid.
- Ibid., Sean Anderson and Stephen Sloan, Historical Dictionary of Terrorism.
- Lawrence Wright The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11, p. 129.
- U. S. Department of Justice, United States of America v. Usama Bin Laden Et Al. (New York, 18 October 2001).
- Lawrence Wright The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11, pp. 181–182.
- Abdul Hameed Bakier “Jihadis Adapt to Counter-Terror Measures and Create New Intelligence Manuals,” Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 4, No. 14, 13 July 2006, available at http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=837&tx_ttnews[backPid]=181&no_cache=1.
- Lawrence Wright The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11; Dina Temple-Raston, “The Closer.”
- Lawrence Wright The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11, pp. 302–303.
- Ibid., p. 297.
- Shlomo Shpiro “Intelligence Services and Political Transformation in the Middle East,” International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence, Vol. 17, No. 4, Winter 2004–2005, pp. 575–600; Jim Hoagland, “Friends of the CIA,” The Washington Post, 7 April 2002.
- Shlomo Shpiro “Intelligence Services and Political Transformation in the Middle East.”
- Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook—West Bank, 7 April 2014, p. 227, available at https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/we.html; Sean Anderson and Stephen Sloan, Historical Dictionary of Terrorism.
- Central Intelligence Agency, The World Factbook—West Bank.
- Talal Nizameddin “Squaring the Middle East Triangle in Lebanon: Russia and the Nexus,” The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 86, No. 3, July 2008, pp. 457–500.
- Neil MacKay “Iran's Spies,” Sunday Herald, 24 December 2006, available at http://search.proquest.com/docview/331301170?accountid=10346.
- Richard Spencer “Wikileaks: How Iran Devised New Suicide Vest for Al-Qaeda to Use in Iraq,” The Telegraph (London), 23 October 2010; Sudarsan Raghavan and Robin Wright, “Iraq Expels 2 Iranians Detained by U.S.,” The Washington Post, 29 December 2006, available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/29/AR2006122901510.html.
- Neil MacKay “Iran's Spies;” Shehzad H Qazi, The Neo-Taliban, Counterinsurgency & the American Endgame in Afghanistan, Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, 18 April 2011, available at http://www.ispu.org/files/PDFs/586_ISPU%20Report_Neo%20Taliban_Qazi_WEB.pdf.
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- Eric Schmitt, Helene Cooper, and Michael S. Schmidt “Attack in Libya Was Major Blow to C.I.A. Efforts,” The New York Times, 12 September 2012.
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- Mark M. Lowenthal Intelligence: From Secrets to Policy, 5th ed. (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2011), p. 3.