References
- 1990 . Argumenty i Fakty , 30 June‐6 July Contributions to this debate include Kalugin's statement to the Democratic Platform of the CPSU on 16 June 1990 (published by
- Sobesednik , July and interviews with Kalugin by many Western media as well as Komsomolskaya Pravda of 20 June, Moscow News of 1–8 July,
- Argumenty i Fakty , 7–13 July and Sovetskaya Molodezh of Riga, 18 July 1990. The first entries, however, were a complaining article by KGB Colonel Yaroslav Karpovich and the revelations of three officers of the Rostov KGB (Ogonyok, 8–15 July 1989 and 17–24 February 1990). Subsequent interviews, letters, or articles presented the ideas of: former First Chief Directorate Colonel Mikhail Lyubimov
- 1990 . Moscow News , 15–22 July
- Zakirov , Major Oleg . 1990 . Moscow News , 20–26 July KGB active‐duty
- Morozov , Lt. Col. Vladimir . 1990 . (Komsomolskaya Pravda , 11 August KGB
- 1990 . Sobesednik , September and KGB Lt. Col. Valentin Korolev, recently retired from the Counterintelligence Directorate of the Moscow City/Oblast
- KGB . 1990 . Ogonyok , October Four active KGB officers of the KGB central apparatus in Moscow wrote an open letter in the first half of October 1990 protesting the KGB's continuing work for the Communist Party (the above‐mentioned Morozov, Majors Valeriy Bulychov and Sergey Voronin, and Lt. Col. Aleksandr Kichikhin), as reported by the news agency Interfax (Baltimore Sun and
- 1990 . Washington Times , 11 October Chairman Kryuchkov's attacks on Kalugin have been published in Pravda of 28 June (article by one V. Ivanov); his speech to the 28th Party Congress on 9 July 1990 was broadcast that day on Moscow television and reported by TASS; while Moscow television reported on 8 December 1990 his meeting with Komsomolskaya Pravda.
- 1990 . Komsomolskaya Pravda , 3 July Article by Kalugin in
- Interview with Moscow News, published in issue of 1–8 July 1990. He added, “Why? I think it reflects disillusionment and a reassessment of values. And we have a lot of weak human material who got their intelligence jobs through protection and nepotism.”
- 1990 . Argumenty i Fakty , 30 June‐6 July Statement to meeting of Democratic Platform in Moscow, 16 June 1990, published in
- Interview in late June with the magazine Sobesednik, issue of July 1990.
- Interview with Moscow TV, 23 June 1990. Kalugin went on to say, “So the KGB's aura of mystery and secrecy must be aimed at the home population, because abroad very many of the KGB's secrets have long been known and can be read in newspapers and other publications.”
- Statement to the CPSU Congress on 9 July 1990, broadcast on Soviet TV and reported by TASS. Kryuchkov insisted that his KGB had faced this problem squarely: “Not a single case was hushed up; each was profoundly and fully analyzed, steps were taken and those who were guilty were punished.”
- Meeting with Komsomolskaya Pravda, reported by Moscow television on 8 December 1990.
- 1990 . Sobesednik , September “C” remarked: “Every year we recall many of our employees for failures abroad. Some people have been turned because of their weak character, others went over for ideological reasons, but there have also been some due to the indiscriminate policies of our personnel services. Also, some professional agents of British and American intelligence services have operated successfully. Counterintelligence got interested in some of them, but their immediate supervisors ignored warnings and hampered investigations for a long time.” To identify and get at such delinquents, “C” recommended that parliament review the trial records of the traitors he had named.
- 1990 . Pravda , 26 August Grushko was at this time head of the Second Chief Directorate (internal security); in early 1991 he was promoted to the position of First Deputy Chairman of the KGB. It is noteworthy that as deputy chief of the First Chief Directorate in 1985, overseeing Western Europe, he was responsible for appointing Gordiyevsky as resident in London and later failed to worm a confession out of Gordiyevsky and then allowed him to escape under his nose. (See
- Andrew , Christopher and Gordiyevsky , Oleg . 1990 . KGB: The Inside Story , 11 – 14 . 565 New York : Harper Collins . Also British edition: Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1990, pp. xxvii‐xxx, 473–474.) In striking contrast to the draconian punishments the KGB meted out to others far less compromised (see elsewhere in this article), Grushko was rewarded with successive promotions to the highest counterintelligence positions of he Soviet Union.
- 1990 . Ogonek , October
- 1990 . Milliyet (Istanbul) , 28 November Interview with
- Soviet television interview, Moscow, 31 August 1990.
- TASS, Moscow, 26 October 1990.
- In addition to these, other Soviet officials have defected whom the press reported as having KGB affiliations, although it was never publicly confirmed that they were KGB staffers. Among these are Aleksey Leshchuk, diplomat, from Jamaica in July 1980; Vadim Ivanov, reported in the German press (perhaps erroneously) to have defected in 1984 from his post as TASS bureau chief in Vienna; and Oleg Agraniants from Tunisia in May 1986.
- 1990 . Pravda , 22 April First Chief Directorate chief Leonid Shebarshin mentioned Dzhirkvelov as a staff defector in an interview with
- 1990 . Le Figaro, Paris , 19 November : 32 “Farewell's” name was divulged by both the KGB (which allowed French television to interview his widow and Chairman Kryuchkov about the case) and by Oleg Gordiyevsky. Gordiyevsky did not identify Farewell in the English language edtion of his book with Christopher Andrew, cited above, but when he saw Farewell's name on “C's” list he decided to insert it in the French translation, entitled Le KGB dans le monde, 1917–1990, which was then being readied for publication.
- Krasnov , Vladislav . 1985 . Soviet Defectors: The KGB Wanted List , Stanford : Hoover Institution Press . Many of these defections have been described in books and articles by the defectors themselves or by others, and all are listed in
- 1972 . “A. I. Romanov,” . In Nights Are Longest There , Boston : Little, Brown & Co. . except Baklanov, who wrote, under the nom de plume
- Wolin , S. and Slusser , R. M. 1974 . The Soviet Secret Police , Westport, Conn. : (Greenwood Press . and was found dead in London in 1984. Burlutsky contributed to the book by
- To name only a few: Ignaz Reiss‐Poretsky (1937), Walter Krivitsky (whom we have already counted for his official‐cover service), Anatoly Granovskiy (1946), “Long Knife” (alias David Soboloff, working in place for the Canadians from 1953 to 1955), Nikolay Khokhlov (1954), Grigoriy Bratsikhin (1954), Kaarlo Tuomi (1959), Reino Hayhanen (1957), Yevgeniy Runge (1968), and Ludek Zemenek ("Rudi Herrmann,” 1976).
- Malone , W. S. and Cran , W. 1989 . “Code Name Catastrophe,” . The Washington Post , 22 January The Walkers were “the greatest case in KGB history,” Yurchenko asserted, implying that the KGB retained nothing comparable. The Walkers thought otherwise and so did some NSA experts; as one said, “There are no doubt other John Walkers still out there.” See
- 1987 . Izvestiya , 20 September
- Kessler's , Ronald . Escape from the CIA , New York : 3 published by Pocket Books, a division of Simon & Schuster .
- To judge by their respective career stories, Kalugin could only have supervised Yurchenko from afar or occasionally. During Kalugin's last five years as foreign CI chief in Moscow, Yurchenko headed CI work in the Washington residency and presumably checked in with Kalugin during visits to Moscow. But by the time Yurchenko returned to Moscow in August 1980 to head a department in the foreign CI directorate that Kalugin had commanded, Kalugin had already been serving in Leningrad for more than half a year. While both claimed to have been Moscow hand‐holders for the British traitors Philby and Blake, it must have been during different periods of time.
- 1990 . The Washington Post , 17 June Interview with foreign correspondents on 16 June 1990, as reported in The New York Times and
- 1990 . Sobsednik , July
- Ibid.
- 1990 . Moscow News , 1–8 July
- Whatever Kalugin may think of this story, the KGB must have thought it could pawn it off. (Perhaps some earlier experience has taught them how unwillingly Americans face up to the implications of a false KGB defection.) And they seem to have been right, for to judge by what their spokesmen have told reporters, CIA and FBI consider Yurchenko as genuine. This means that professional American counterintelligence officers are willing to believe that the KGB would let a top officer run off to the United States of America to betray secrets for a few months and then, when he chose to come home, treat him as if he'd been AWOL for a weekend on a Yalta beach. As one old KGB veteran in the West snorted, “And what's Yurchenko supposed to be teaching to young officers at the KGB Institute? How to defect and get away with it?”
- These American professionals must also accept that, having decided to defect to a country that he knew well, this veteran Chekist could get so disappointed with the early weeks of his (generous) treatment that he would prefer to go home to what he knew would be long imprisonment and possible execution. And he knew it, all right; he claimed to have personally investigated earlier treason in KGB ranks.
- It would not matter what leniency he might have been promised; he knew how unreliable such promises are. He would know, for example, of the much‐publicized case of Vladimir Balakhonov. This young Soviet translator for an international organization in Geneva had defected briefly in the early 1970s with his family. He had no secrets to disclose to the West, and spent only a few months in freedom. His wife found it difficult to adjust so, after having been promised forgiveness, he redefected. Instead of forgiveness he got twelve years hard labor.