References
- Eftimiades , Nick . 1995 . “DHS Stands Up,” . Communique , October : 1 10
- U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committe on Intelligence . 1996 . Authorizing Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1997 for the Intelligence Activities of the United States Government and the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability System and for Other Purposes, Report 104–258 , 32 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office .
- U.S. Congress, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence . 1996 . Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 , 31 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . Report 104–578, Part I.
- Pincus , Walter . 1996 . “Panels Continue Impasse on Intelligence,” . Washington Post , 7 June : A21
- 1996 . “Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997,” . Congressional Record , 12 October H.R. 3259,
- Darling , Arthur . 1990 . The Central Intelligence Agency: An Instrument of Government to 1950 , 182 University Park, Pa. : Penn State Press .
- NSCID 5 . 23 August 1951 . “Espionage and Counterespionage Operations,” . 23 August ,
- Darling . The Central Intelligence Agency 222
- NSCID 5 . 21 April 1958 . “U.S. Espionage and Counterintelligence Activities Abroad” . 21 April ,
- NSCID 5 . 15 September 1958 . “U.S. Espionage and Counterintelligence Activities Abroad,” . 15 September ,
- NSCID 5 . 18 January 1961 . “U.S. Espionage and Counterintelligence Activities Abroad,” . 18 January ,
- NSCID 5 . 17 February 1972 . “U.S. Espionage and Counterintelligence Activities Abroad,” . 17 February ,
- Jackson , Wayne G. 1973 . Allen Welsh Dulles as Director of Central Intelligence, 26 February 1953 ‐ 29 November 1961 , Volume II , 120 121 Washington, D.C. : CIA Historical Staff .
- Richelson , Jeffrey T. 1995 . The U.S. Intelligence Community , 69 – 72 . Boulder, Co : Westview Press .
- Ibid., pp. 71–72.
- Jackson . Allen Welsh Dulles as Director of Central Intelligence Vol. II , 124 144
- Richelson , Jeffrey T. 1996 . “Task Force 157: The U.S. Navy's Secret Intelligence Service.” . Intelligence and National Security , 11 1 January : 106 – 145 .
- Richelson . The U.S. Intelligence Community 248
- Private Information . 1994 . “Red Cell: The True Story,” . Brentwood Home Video . Vice Admiral J.A. Lyons Jr., Memorandum for the Vice Chief of Naval Operations, Subj: Management of Navy Response to Terrorism, 20 August 1984; Commanding Officer, Naval Security Coordination Team, Subj: Fact and Justification Sheet for Disestablishment of the Naval Security Coordination Team (NSCT), 4 June 1992
- Jackson . Allen Welsh Dulles as Director of Central Intelligence Volume II , 120
- 13 April 1951 . "Treaty Between Russian and Communist China“ ” . In Air Intelligence Information Report, IR‐58–51 13 April , Major General John A. Samford, Director of Intelligence, USAF, Memorandum for Director of Special Investigations, IG. Subject: (Confidential) USAF Program for an Increased Clandestine Collection Capability, 3 September 1954, NARA, MRB, RG 341, Entry 214, File 4–1912 to 4–2146.
- Schemmer , Benjamin . 1975 . The Raid , 26 – 27 . New York : Harper & Row .
- AFISR 23–2 . 20 December 1984 . “Organization and Functions: Air Force Special Activities Center,” . 20 December , 2
- Richelson . The U.S. Intelligence Community 246
- NSCID 5 . 12 December 1947 . “Espionage and Counterespionage Operations,” . 12 December ,
- Packard , Wyman H. 1996 . A Century of U.S. Naval Intelligence , 133 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office .
- Ibid., pp. 133–134.
- Beasy , Anity H. 1127 USAF Field Activities Group (AFNIA), 1 January ‐ 30 June 1967 , 4 Washington, D.C. : Air Force Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence . Ibid, p. 135;
- History of the Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, July ‐ December 1967 , 48 Washington, D.C. : OACSI .
- History of the Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence, July ‐ December 1967, p. 49.
- History 1127 USAF Field Activities Group (AFNIA), 1 January‐30 June 1968 , 3 Washington, D.C. : OACSI .
- Packard . A Century of U.S. Naval Intelligence 135
- Interview.
- Packard . A Century of U.S. Naval Intelligence 135
- Emerson , Steven . 1988 . Secret Warriors: Inside the Covert Military Operations of the Reagan Era , 83 New York : Putnam .
- Bonner , Raymond . 1983 . “Secret Pentagon Intelligence Unit is Disclosed,” . The New York Times , 11 May : A13
- Toth , Robert C. 1983 . “U.S. Spying: Partnership Re‐Emerges,” . Los Angeles Times , 14 November : 1 12 Intelligence shortcomings related to the attempted Iranian hostage rescue mission did lead to the establishment of the U.S. Army Intelligence Support Activity (ISA), which performed clandestine HUMINT, as well as other missions. However, with respect to HUMINT, ISA's staff was far smaller and its mission far narrower than that of the traditional Army HUMINT organizations or the proposed MONARCH EAGLE unit. On the history of ISA, see
- Warriors , Emerson Secret and Richelson , Jeffrey T. “'Truth Conquers All Chains’ ” . In The U.S. Army Intelligence Support Activity 1981–1989 forthcoming.
- U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command . Annual Historical Review, U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command, Fiscal Year 1991 , 52 54 Ft. Belvoir, Va : History Office, INSCOM . The collapse of Communism and unification of Germany had a direct impact on HUMINT operations. In 1990 Congress expressed concern that “the U.S. intelligence community was not making sufficient use of [the exodus of potential sources from Easter Europe and the Soviet Union].” Additional funding was provided to resolve the problem. In addition, the unification of Germany on 1 October 1990 “caused unexpected problems for the conduct of Army [clandestine] HUMINT” in Germany. See
- Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence . Annual Historical Review, 1 October 1990 to 30 September 1991 4 – 21 . 4 – 22 . Army HUMINT production during the 1992 and 1993 fiscal years included a number of reports on non‐military topics, including the activities of the Algerian Islamic party, neo‐Nazi organization membership in Germany, the operations of air cargo companies in Panama, political and economic conditions in the Ukraine, drug abuse in Kazakhstan, and Soviet Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations personalities. See
- Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence . 1995 . Annual Historical Review, 1 October 1991 to 30 September 1992 , 4 – 3 . 4 – 18 . Washington, D.C. : ODCSI .
- Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence . 1995 . Annual Historical Review, 1 October 1992 to 30 September 1993 , 4 – 32 . 4 – 43 . Washington, D.C. : ODCSI .
- Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence . Annual Historical Review, 1 October 1990 to 30 September 1991 4 – 22 .
- U.S. Department of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff . 1988 . Dictionary of Military Terms , 253 – 254 . New York : Arco . Ibid. Operational control involves the assignment of tasks, designation of objectives, and the “authoritative direction necessary to accomplish the mission.” See
- Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence . Annual Historical Review, 1 October 1990 to 30 September 1991 4 – 22 . Program resource execution control involves organization, training, personnel deployments, and implementation of directives from higher authority
- Ibid., pp. 4–22 to 4–23.
- Ibid., p. 4–23; Duane P. Andrews, Memorandum for Director Defense Intelligence Agency, Subject: Strengthening Defense Intelligence ‐ DIA HUMINT Plan, 6 August 1991.
- Andrews, “Strengthening Defense Intelligence.” The terms in brackets are deleted in the sanitized document obtained under the FOIA but are highly likely to be clandestine HUMINT.
- Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Annual Historical Review, 1 October 1990 to 30 September 1991, p. 4–23.
- Ibid., pp. 4–23 to 4–24.
- Ibid., pp. 4–24 to 4–25.
- Ibid., p. 4–25.
- Ibid.
- Ibid., pp. 4–25 to 4–26.
- Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence . Annual Historical Review: 1 October 1991 to 30 September 1992 4 – 20 . Ibid., p. 4–25;
- Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence . Annual Historical Review: 1 October 1991 to 30 September 1992 4 – 20 . 4 – 21 .
- Ibid., p. 4–21.
- Ibid.
- Telephone interview with Major General Charles F. Scanlon, September 16, 1996; Resume of Service Career of Charles Francis Scanlon, Major General,” 26 October 1989, p. 2. Scanlon also served as Commander, the 66th Military Intelligence Group from July 1978‐July 1980, INSCOM's biggest overseas HUMINT component.
- Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence . Annual Historical Review: 1 October 1991 to 30 September 1992 4 – 22 .
- Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence . Annual Historical Review: 1 October 1991 to 30 September 1992 4 – 22 . Biographical Sketch for Major General John A. Leide, USA, 1 July 1994;
- Interview.
- Telephone interview with Maj. Gen. John A. Leide (Ret.), 13 September 1996.
- Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence . Annual Historical Review: 1 October 1991 to 30 September 1992 4 – 22 . Charles Eichelberger interview.
- Department of Defense Directive 5200.37 . 18 December 1992 . “Centralized Management of Department of Defense Human Intelligence (HUMINT) Operations,” . 18 December ,
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- DoD Directive S‐5105.29 . 9 July 1987 . “Human Resources Intelligence (HUMINT) Activities,” . 9 July ,
- Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence) . 1993 . Plan for the Consolidation of Defense HUMINT 1
- Telephone interview with Lt. Gen. James R. Clapper Jr., 3 September 1996.
- Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence) . 1993 . Plan for the Consolidation of Defense HUMINT 2
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Ibid., p. 7.
- Ibid., pp. 9–10.
- Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence . Annual Historical Review: 1 October 1993 ‐ 30 September 1994 , 4 – 9 . Washington, D.C. : ODCSI . William J. Perry, Memorandum for Secretaries of the Military Departments, Subject: Consolidation of Defense HUMINT (U), 2 November 1993;
- Clapper interview.
- Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff . Annual Historical Review, 1 October 1993 ‐30 September 1994 5 – 13 .
- Aspin , Les Secretary of Defense . January 1994 . Annual Report to the President and Congress January , 240
- Jenuelson , William A. 1994 . “DIA in the Nineties ... So Far: A Decade of Crisis,” . Communique , 20 December Special Insert,
- 1995 . “National Military Intelligence Collection Center Changes Command,” . Communique , July : 2 Biographical Sketch for Major General John A. Leide, USA, 1 July 1994. Leide was succeeded on 26 June 1995 by Brig. Gen. Donald L. Kerrick. See
- DIA . 5 January 1995 . Implementation of Operations Plan 7–94 (MODERN AGE) 5 January , covering memo.
- ASD (C31) . Plan for the Consolidation of Defense HUMINT 9
- 1995 . “Cully Assumes Command of FSC,” . Communique , August : 8 USAINSCOM Regulation 10–42, United States Army Field Support Center, 31 July 1991;
- Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence . Annual Historical Review: 1 October 1993 to 30 September 1994 4 – 9 . 4 – 10 .
- United States Military Communications‐Electronics Board . 1993 . Message Address Directory, Update 9–25 , Washington, D.C. : USMCEB . U.S. Navy Plain Language Address Directory, 30 January 1993, p. 33 in
- 1994 . “Department of Defense HUMINT Awards Presented,” . Communique , 22 August : 6
- Air Intelligence Agency . 1994 . 497 IG Overview
- “Joint Department of Defense Plain Language Directory, in United States Military Communications‐Electronics Board . Message Address Directory, Update 9–25 , 71
- Starr , Barbara . 1995 . “Military NetworkNow Handles DoD HUMINT,” . Jane's Defence Weekly , 11 March : 13
- Aspin , Les . 1995 . Secretary of Defense Annual Report to the President and the Congress , 240 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office .
- Eftimiades, “DHS Stands Up.”
- Capaccio , Tony . 1996 . “CIA Coaches Pentagon on Setting Up Commercial Spy Fronts,” . Defense Week , 8 January : 3
- Lardner , George J. Jr. 1990 . “U.S. Military Spies in Fedoras?,” . Washington Post , 18 July
- Atkinson , Rick . 1996 . “German Spy Chief Quits in Dispute over Scandal,” . Washington Post , 1 March : A20 Defense Intelligence Agency officers, in conjunction with the British Secret Intelligence Service, purchased equipment from Soviet/Russian troops at bases in eastern Germany beginning in 1991. See
- Pincus , Walter . 1996 . “CIA, Military Spy Mission for Bosnia,” . Washington Post , January 13 : A1 A14
- Capaccio , Tony . 1995 . “New Pentagon Spy Service Conducted Operations in Haiti,” . Defense Week , 17 April : 1 9 12
- Waller , Douglas . 1995 . “The Soldier Spies,” . Time , 29 May : 31
- Capaccio , Tony . 1996 . “CIA Coaches Pentagon on Setting Up Commercial Spy Fronts”; Walter Pincus, “CIA, Military Spy Mission for Bosnia,” . Washington Post , 13 January : Al A14
- Private information
- Capaccio, “CIA Coaches Pentagon on Setting Up Commercial Spy Fronts.”
- Mufson , Steven . 1995 . “China Expels Two U.S. Attaches Accused of Spying,” . Washington Post , 3 August : Al A27
- Sieff , Martin . 1995 . “Two American officers ordered out of China,” . Washington Times , 3 August : Al A16
- Chong , Linda . 1995 . “Expelled Americans arrive in Hong Kong,” . Washington Times , 4 August : A15
- Weiner , Tim . 1996, . “China Detains U.S. Attache and Seeks Recall,” . The New York Times , 17 January : A26
- Mufson , Steven . 1996 . “U.S. and Japanese Attaches Detained Twice, China Says,” . Washington Post , 18 January : A19
- Sieff , Martin . 1996 . “Detained U.S. military aide to be sent home from China,” . Washington Times , 18 January : A13 Mufson, “U.S. and Japanese Attaches Detained Twice, China Says”;
- Darling . The Central Intelligence Agency 13
- Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community . 1996 . Preparing for the 21st Century: An Appraisal of U.S. Intelligence , 114 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office .
- 1996 . "The Brown Commission and the Future of Intelligence,” . Studies in Intelligence , 39 ( 5 ) : 1 – 9 . 8
- Telephone interview with Rear Admiral Thomas Brooks, 4 September 1996. Not surprisingly, Brooks is no advocate of the DHS, and remarked that had he still been DNI at the time its creation was proposed he would “have fought tooth and nail” to prevent its takeover of Task Force 168's assets.
- ‘Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community . Preparing for the 21st Century , xxiii
- U.S. Congress, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence . 1996 . IC 21 .‐Intelligence Community in the 21st Century , 222 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office .
- Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community . Preparing for the 21st Century 114
- Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence . Annual Historical Review, 1 October 1992 ‐ 30 September 1993 4 – 25 .
- Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence . Annual Historical Review, 1 October 1990 to 30 September 1991 4 – 10 . 4 – 11 .
- Ibid., p. 4–11.
- Ibid., pp. 4–11 to 4–12.
- Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the United States Intelligence Community . Preparing for the 21st Century 115
- U.S. Congress, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Report 104–258 . Authorizing Appropriations for Fiscal Year 1997 for the Intelligence Activities of the United States Government and the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability System and for Other Purposes 32
- U.S. Congress, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence . IC 21: Intelligence Community in the 21st Century 20 195 220 Eichelberger interview.
- U.S. Congress, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence . IC 21: Intelligence Community in the 21st Century 201
- Ibid., pp. 218, 220.
- Ibid., p. 221.
- Clapper interview.
- The Brown Commission and the Future of Intelligence,” p.8.
- Interview.
- Eichelberger interview.
- Ibid.
- U.S. Congress, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence . IC21: Intelligence Community in the 21st Century 218
- Interview with senior intelligence official.
- Telephone Interview with Lt. Gen. Harry E. Soyster, 10 September 1996.
- U.S. Congress, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence . 1994 . Report 103–541, Part 1: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1995 , 21 Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office .
- U.S. Congress, House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence . Report 103–541, Part 1: Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1995 22 Capaccio, “New Pentagon Spy Service Conducted Operations in Haiti.”
- House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence . IC 21: Intelligence Community in the 21st Century 20 195 220
- Ibid., p. 218.
- Pincus , Walter . 1995 . “Pentagon to Spy More Overseas,” . Washington Post , 30 October : A1 A7
- Tony Capaccio, “CIA Coaches Pentagon on Setting Up Commercial Spy Fronts”; Pincus, “Pentagon to Spy More Overseas.”